RESUMO
Summary Background: phosphorus supplementation should help to keep bone integrity and prevent fractures during the development and slaughter of animals. Objective: to evaluate the effect of different phosphorus sources on one characteristics of pigs. Methods: one-hundred and twelve piglets (28.65 ± 2.82 Kg body weight) were distributed into an 8×2 factorial arrangement (eight sources of phosphorus × two sexes) in blocks in a completely randomized design. The diets were formulated on a total-phosphorus basis, with 0.32 and 0.31% of P for the control diet and 0.56 and 0.42% of P for the other treatments in the growth and finishing phases, respectively. Phosphorus was supplemented as dicalcium phosphate (DCP); mono-dicalcium phosphate (MDCP); triple superphosphate (TSP); single superphosphate (SSP); Catalão-rock phosphate (ROCK); a mixture of sources (MIX); phosphoric acid (PPA); and the control diet (CTR). Results: there was no interaction between phosphorus sources and sex in any of the parameters. Thickness of the compact tissue was the lowest in the CTR, differing from the diets containing DCP, MDCP, and PPA, followed by diets SSP, TSP, and ROCK, with the greatest value for MDCP. Porosity of the compact tissue was higher for the CTR and SSP diets. Conclusion: the use of less elaborate sources of phosphorus, such as rock phosphate and single superphosphate, was less effective than the other sources to improve bone integrity of pigs.
Resumen Antecedentes: la suplementación dietaria con fósforo ayuda a mantener la integridad del hueso y prevenir fracturas durante el desarrollo y sacrificio de los animales. Objetivo: evaluar el efecto de diferentes fuentes de fósforo sobre las características óseas de los cerdos. Métodos: ciento doce lechones (peso corporal: 28,65 ± 2,82 Kg) se distribuyeron en un arreglo factorial 8×2 (ocho fuentes de fósforo × dos sexos) en bloques al azar. Las dietas se formularon con base en fósforo total, con 0,32 y 0,31% de P para la dieta control y 0,56 y 0,42% de P para los otros tratamientos en las fases de crecimiento y finalización, respectivamente. El fósforo se suplementó como fosfato dicálcico (DCP), monofosfato dicálcico (MDCP), superfosfato triple (TSP), superfosfato simple (SSP), fosfato de roca Catalão (ROCK), mezcla de fuentes (MIX), ácido fosfórico (PPA) y dieta control (CTR). Resultados: no se observó interacción entre las fuentes de fósforo y el sexo en ninguno de los parámetros estudiados. El espesor del tejido compacto fue más bajo en el CTR, y diferente a las dietas que contenían DCP, MDCP y PPA, seguido por las dietas SSP, TSP y ROCK; con el mayor valor para MDCP. La porosidad del tejido compacto fue mayor para las dietas CTR y SSP. Conclusión: el uso de fuentes menos elaboradas de fósforo, tales como el fosfato de roca y superfosfato simple, fue menos efectivo que las otras fuentes en mejorar la integridad ósea de los cerdos.
Resumo Antecedentes: a suplementação de fósforo deve manter a integridade do tecido ósseo e prevenir fraturas durante o desenvolvimento e abate dos animais. Objetivo: avaliar o efeito de diferentes fontes de fósforo sobre as características ósseas dos suínos. Métodos: cento e doze leitões com peso médio inicial de 28,65 ± 2,82 Kg foram distribuídos em esquema fatorial 8×2 (oito fontes de fósforo × dois sexos) em blocos casualizados. As dietas foram formuladas baseadas em fósforo total com 0,32 e 0,31% de P para a dieta controle e com 0,56 e 0,42% de P para os outros tratamentos nas fases de crescimento e terminação, respectivamente. O fósforo nas dietas foi suplementado com fosfato bicálcico (DCP); mono-fosfato bicálcico (MDCP); superfosfato triplo (TSP); superfosfato simples (SSP); fosfato de rocha Catalão (ROCK); uma mistura de fontes (MIX); ácido fosfórico (PPA); e a dieta controle (CTR). Resultados: não houve interação entre as fontes de fósforo e sexo dos animais para qualquer um dos parâmetros estudados. A espessura do tecido compacto é menor na CTR, diferenciando-se das dietas DCP, MDCP e PPA, seguido pelas dietas SSP, TSP e ROCK, sendo que o maior valor foi observado na dieta com MDCP. A porosidade do tecido compacto foi maior com as dietas CTR e SSP. Conclusão: o uso de fontes menos elaboradas de fósforo como superfosfato simples e fosfato de rocha foram menos eficientes do que os outros tratamentos para melhorar a integridade óssea de suínos.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Creep feeding is used to stimulate piglet post-weaning feed consumption. L-Glutamine (GLN) is an important source of fuel for intestinal epithelial cells. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of creep feeding and adding GLN or AminoGut (AG; containing glutamine + glutamate) to pre- and post-weaning diets on pig performance and intestinal health. Litters (N = 120) were allotted to four treatments during 14-21 d of lactation: 1) No creep feed (NC, n = 45); 2) creep fed control diet (CFCD, n = 45); 3) creep fed 1% GLN (CFGLN, n = 15); 4) creep fed .88% AG (CFAG, n = 15). After weaning, the NC and CFCD groups were sub-divided into three groups (n = 15 each), receiving either a control nursery diet (NC-CD, CFCD-CD) or a diet supplemented with either GLN (NC-GLN, CFCD-GLN) or with AG (NC-AG, CFCD-AG). Litters that were creep fed with diets containing GLN or AG also were supplemented with those amino acids in the nursery diets (CFGLN-GLN, CFAG-AG). Glutamine was added at 1% in all three post-weaning diet phases and AG was added at .88% in phase 1 and 2 and at .66% in phase 3. RESULTS: Feed conversion (feed/gain) showed means among treatment means close to significance (P = 0.056) and Tukey's test for pairwise mean comparisons showed that Pigs in the CFGLN-GLN group had the best feed conversion (feed/gain) in the first three-week period post-weaning, exceeding (P = 0.044) controls (CFCD-CD) by 34%. The NC-AG group had (P = 0.02) the greatest feed intake in the last three week of the study, exceeding controls (CFCD-CD) by 12%. CFGLN-GLN, CFCD-GLN and sow reared (SR) pigs had the greatest (P = 0.049) villi height exceeding the CFCD-AG group by 18%, 20% and 19% respectively. The CFAG-AG group had the deepest (P = 0.001) crypts among all treatments. CFGLN-GLN, CFCD-GLN and SR groups had the greatest (P = 0.001) number of cells proliferating (PCNA) exceeding those in the NC-CD group by 43%, 54% and 63% respectively. Sow reared pigs showed the greatest (P = 0.001) intestinal absorption capacity for xylose and mannitol. CONCLUSION: Supplementation of creep feed and nursery diets with GLN and/or AminoGut in the first three week improved feed conversion possibly due to improved intestinal health.
RESUMO
Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in milk, and lactation is associated with increased glutamine utilization both for milk synthesis and as a fuel for the enlarged small intestine. A number of recent studies have indicated that lactation is accompanied by a mild catabolic state in which skeletal muscle proteins are degraded to provide amino acids that are used to synthesize additional glutamine. In this study we tested the hypothesis that supplemental L-glutamine or the commercially available glutamine supplement Aminogut (2.5% by weight mixed into daily feed) provided to gilts from 30 days prior to parturition until 21 days post-parturition would prevent a decrease in skeletal muscle glutamine while increasing the glutamine content of the milk. Muscle glutamine content decreased (P < 0.05) in control animals during lactation but this was prevented by supplementation with either L-glutamine or Aminogut. In this study, neither lactation nor supplementation had any effect on plasma glutamine or glutamate content. Free glutamine, and the total glutamine plus glutamate concentrations in milk from the control and the Aminogut group rose (P < 0.05) during the first 7 days of lactation, with milk concentrations in the L-glutamine supplemented group showing a similar trend (P = 0.053). Milk glutamate remained constant between day 7 and 21 of lactation in the control and L-glutamine supplemented groups, but by day 21 of lactation the free glutamine, glutamate, and glutamine plus glutamate concentrations in milk from Aminogut-treated gilts were higher than those of control gilts. Thus dietary glutamine supplementation can alleviate the fall in intramuscular glutamine content during lactation in gilts, and may alleviate some of the catabolic effects of lactation. Furthermore, the increased milk glutamine content in the supplemented gilts may provide optimum nutrition for piglet development.
