RESUMO
BACKGROUND: The Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) and the Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (PLR) are inflammatory biomarkers for several diseases, such as cancer and cardiovascular morbidities; however, there are currently few studies on kidney diseases. We aimed to evaluate nondialysis patients and determine the association of NLR and PLR with inflammation in these patients. METHODS: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted with 85 patients at different stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD), treated at the Kidney Disease Prevention Center of the University Hospital of the Federal University of Maranhão. This study included adult nondialysis patients diagnosed with CKD. The participants' blood samples were collected for a high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) test and blood count. They were divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of inflammation based on the hs-CRP value (<0.5 mg/dL). NLR and PLR were calculated based on the absolute number of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and platelets and were compared between them and with hs-CRP. Statistical analysis was performed using the Stata software, with the Shapiro-Wilk, Mann-Whitney, Spearman's Correlation, and receiver operating characteristic curve tests. This study was approved by the local ethics committee. RESULTS: The participants were categorized into two groups: with inflammation (n = 64) and without inflammation (n = 21). The mean age was 61.43 ± 14.63 y. The NLR and PLR values were significantly different between the groups with and without inflammation (p=0.045and p=0.004, respectively). However, only PLR showed a significant positive correlation with hs-CRP (p=0.015). The best cutoff point for NLR to detect inflammation was 1.98, with 76.19% sensitivity and 48.44% specificity. For PLR, it was 116.07, with 85.71% sensitivity and 51.56% specificity. There was no significant difference between the area under the NLR and PLR curve (0.71 vs. 0.64; p=0.186) for this population. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that PLR was positively correlated with hs-CRP in nondialysis CKD patients and can be used to identify inflammation in this population.
RESUMO
AIM OF THE STUDY: Synadenium umbellatum Pax (SU), a plant used in the Midwestern region of Brazil, was tested for its antitumor and antiangiogenic activities in vitro, using K-562 and Ehrlich ascites tumor (EAT) cells, and in vivo, using the EAT-bearing model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The viability of tumor cells was evaluated by MTT and trypan blue exclusion assays, after incubation with the ethanolic extract of SU (EESU) (0.15-20mg/mL) or equivalent concentrations of its partitioned fractions (chloroformic, hexanic, and methanolic). In vivo studies were performed in EAT-bearing mice treated intraperitoneally with 5, 10, and 25mg/kg of the EESU or equivalent doses of the fractions for 10 days. The methotrexate (1.5mg/kg), for 10 days, was used as control. RESULTS: SU and fractions, except the methanolic, decreased the viability of the cells in a concentration-dependent manner. In vivo results showed a significant dose-dependent antitumoral efficacy of SU against EAT growth. The best results in prolonging life span were produced by 25mg/kg of EESU. In these animals, the levels of vascular endothelial growth factor were markedly decreased after the treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The data presented herein could open interesting perspectives for further research of SU as a candidate anticancer agent.
