Reconsidering item response categories in gaming disorder symptoms measurement.

Gaming disorder (GD) screening often involves self-report survey measures to detect the presence of symptoms. Studies have shown that gamers' responses vary greatly across survey items. Some symptoms, such as preoccupation and tolerance, are frequently reported by highly engaged but non-problematic gamers, and therefore these symptoms are thought to lack specificity and are suggested to be less important in classification decisions. We argue that the influence of response categories (e.g., dichotomous responses, such as 'yes' or 'no'; or frequency categories, such as 'rarely' and 'often') on item responses has been relatively underexplored despite potentially contributing significantly to the psychometric performance of items and scales. In short, the type of item response may be just as important to symptom reporting as the content of survey questions. We propose some practical alternatives to currently used item categories across GD tools. Research should examine the performance of different response categories, including whether certain response categories aid respondents' comprehension and insight, and better capture pathological behaviours and harms.

Prevalence of problematic Internet use and problematic gaming in Spanish adolescents.

Epidemiological studies on problematic Internet use and problematic gaming conducted so far have mainly been carried out with unrepresentative and self-selected convenience samples, resulting in unreliable prevalence rates. This study estimates the prevalence of problematic Internet use and problematic gaming in a large sample of Spanish adolescents (N = 41,507) and identifies risk and protective factors for these risky behaviours. Data were collected online using the Adolescent Problem Internet Use Scale and the Adolescent Gaming Addiction Scale. Using a cut-off approach with measurement instruments inspired by the DSM-5 framework, we found a prevalence of 33% for problematic Internet use and 3.1% for problematic gaming. With a more conservative approach inspired by the ICD-11 framework, prevalence rates decreased to 2.98% for problematic Internet use and 1.8% for problematic gaming. Female gender, higher parents' education, elevated Internet connection time, reporting being online after midnight and using the mobile phone in class predicted problematic Internet use; whereas male gender, "living situation" where families do not have a traditional structure or stable environment, elevated Internet connection time and reporting using the mobile phone in class predicted problematic gaming. A cut-off approach involving scales that recycle substance use criteria (as in the DSM-5) over-pathologize Internet use and gaming behaviours. In contrast, the ICD-11 approach seems to provide more realistic and reliable prevalence rates.

Adaptation of the person centered therapeutic relationship patient version (PCTR-PT) to a version for physiotherapists (PCTR-PHYS) and evaluation of its psychometric properties.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The therapeutic relationship is a central component for developing person-centered care within physiotherapy services. However, it is necessary to understand how this relationship is perceived by both parties involved. The Person Centered Therapeutic Relationship-Patient scale (PCTR-PT) was constructed to identify patients' perceptions. No instruments are currently available to correlate patients' and physiotherapists' perceptions of the therapeutic relationship. This study sought to adapt the PCTR-PT to develop a version for physiotherapists, the Person Centered Therapeutic Relationship Scale for Physiotherapists (PCTR-PHYS) and to determine its psychometric properties. METHODS: A three-stage study was performed: (1) item generation, (2) pretesting of the questionnaire, (3) analysis of psychometric properties. Factor validity and psychometric properties were analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Convergent validity was calculated. Internal consistency was verified using the Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to examine temporal stability. RESULTS: Thirty-three physiotherapists participated in two rounds of cognitive interviews and 343 participated in the analysis of psychometric properties. The CFA confirmed the four-structure model. Reliability of the tool was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha (α = 0.863) for all four dimensions, as all were above 0.70, ranging from 0.704 (relational bond) and 0.898 (therapeutic communication). Test-retest was performed with 2-week intervals, indicating an appropriate stability for the scale (ICC = 0.908). DISCUSSION: The Person Centered Therapeutic Relationship Scale for Physiotherapists is a useful, valid and applicable instrument to evaluate the person-centered therapeutic relationship during physiotherapy interventions. It will enable the comparison of patients' and physiotherapists' perceptions. To provide person-centered care in physiotherapy services, there is a clear need to incorporate specific resources into clinical practice to evaluate the quality of the therapeutic relationship from the perspective of both the persons being treated and the professionals providing care.

"Oh, My God! My Season Is Over!" COVID-19 and Regulation of the Psychological Response in Spanish High-Performance Athletes.

Background: In an unprecedented situation of interruption of the sporting dynamics, the world of sport is going through a series of adaptations necessary to continue functioning despite coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). More than ever, athletes are facing a different challenge, a source of discomfort and uncertainty, and one that absolutely alters not only sports calendars, but also trajectories, progressions, and approaches to sports life. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the levels of psychological vulnerability that may have been generated in the athletes, because of the coexistence with dysfunctional responses during the COVID-19 experience, and which directly influence the decrease of their mental health. Methods: With a descriptive and transversal design, the study aims to identify the state of the dysfunctional psychological response of a sample of Spanish athletes (N = 284). The DASS-21 (Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale), Toronto-20 (alexithymia), and Distress Tolerance Scale questionnaires were administered to a sample of high-level Spanish athletes in Olympic programs. Results: The results suggest that the analyzed athletes indicate high levels of dysfunctional response (e.g., anxiety, stress, depression, and alexithymia) when their tolerance is low. In addition, the variables show less relational strength, when the capacity of tolerance to distress is worse and age is lower. At the same time, the greater the anxiety and uncertainty are, leading to more catastrophic and negative thoughts, the younger the athletes are. Conclusions: It is clear that both age and tolerance to distress are considered adequate protective factors for psychological vulnerability in general and for associated dysfunctional responses in particular. Moreover, the psychological resources offered by more experienced athletes are also a guarantee of protection against negativity and catastrophism.

The psychometric properties of the person-centered therapeutic relationship in physiotherapy scale.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the psychometric properties of the Person-Centered Therapeutic Relationship in Physiotherapy Scale (PCTR-PT) in order to find the most appropriate fit for the tool. METHODS: Patients who had received treatment at the physiotherapy service of nine hospitals in Spain were invited to complete the 31 items of the PCTR-PT scale. To select the most appropriate items of the PCTR-PT, an exploratory factorial analysis (EFA) was performed using the maximum likelihood and oblique rotation (promin) methods. Factor validity, goodness-of-fit and psychometric properties were analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Convergent (CFA) and discriminant validity were calculated. Internal consistency was verified using the Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to examine temporal stability. RESULTS: 366 patients over 18 years old who had received, at least, 15 physiotherapy treatment sessions completed the questionnaire. The results of the exploratory factor analysis revealed a tool with 15 items in four factors [Relational Bond (N items = 4); Individualized Partnership (N items = 4); Professional Empowerment (N items = 3) and Therapeutic Communication (N items = 4)], explaining 78.4% of the variance of the total variables of this tool. The confirmatory factor analysis further confirmed the four-structure model. Reliability of the tool was approved by Cronbach's alpha in all four dimensions, as all were above .70, ranging from .84 (Individualized Partnership) to .91 (Professional Empowerment). = 0.94. Test-retest was performed with two-week intervals, indicating an appropriate stability for the scale (ICC = 0.900). CONCLUSION: The Person-Centered Therapeutic Relationship in Physiotherapy Scale (PCTR-PT) is a useful, valid and applicable instrument to evaluate the person-centered therapeutic relationship during physiotherapy interventions. It would be interesting to investigate the predictive capacity (sensitivity and specificity) of the PCTR-PT scale.

Análisis del efecto del "Prevent Injury and Enhance Performance Program" en jugadoras de fútbol femenino / Analysis of "Prevent Injury and Enhance Performance Program" effect on female footballers / Análise do efeito de um "Programa para evitar lesões e melhorar Performance" em jogadoras de futebol feminino

Objetivo: Implementar el programa de prevención de lesiones Prevent Injury and Enhance Perfomance Program (PEP Program) en un equipo de fútbol femenino, y evaluar la evolución de la estabilidad dinámica y ángulo de flexión en salto como los factores de riesgo de rotura del Ligamento Cruzado Anterior por mecanismo indirecto. Método: 19 jugadoras participaron en el estudio (19.82 ± 3.54 años), divididas en grupo control (n=9), que llevaba a cabo los entrenamientos regulares; e intervención (n=10), que también realizaron el programa de prevención. Para evaluar si las jugadoras obtuvieron mejoras, se realizaron pruebas pre y post-intervención: Y Balance Test y Landing Error Scoring System. Resultados: Tras la implementación, ambos grupos obtuvieron mejoras en las dos pruebas, siendo mayores y significativas en el grupo intervención. Según el tamaño del efecto observado aumentó el control neuromuscular y el equilibrio dinámico, presumiblemente debido al programa de entrenamiento. Conclusiones: Existe una incipiente evidencia de que el uso de este protocolo para la prevención de rotura del Ligamento Cruzado Anterior en fútbol femenino es útil en la mejora de los patrones de control del aterrizaje, incidiendo en más de un factor de riesgo de sufrir esta lesión

Objective: To implement the Prevent Injuries and Enhance Performance Program (PEP Program) on a female soccer team, and to evaluate the evolution dynamic stability and knee flexion angle when landing like risk factors for Anterior Cruciate Ligament rupture by indirect mechanism. Method: 19 players participated in the study (19.82 ± 3.54 years), divided into control group (n= 9) which performed regular training; and intervention group (n=10) which also carried out the prevention program. In order to assess improvements, two tests were carried out: Y Balance Test and Landing Error Scoring System, before and after intervention. Results: After implementation, both groups obtained improvements on both tests, being greater and more significant on intervention group compared to the control, presumably due to the increased neuromuscular control and dynamic balance produced by the program. Conclusions: There are emerging evidences that use of this protocol for the prevention of Anterior Cruciate Ligament rupture in female football is useful improving landing control patterns, affecting more than one risk factor to suffer this injury

Objetivo: Para implementar o programa de prevenção de lesões, evitar lesões e melhorar ou evita-las por um Programa de Performance (Programa PEP) no time de futebol de mulheres, e avaliar a evolução da estabilidade dinâmica e ângulo de flexão em salto, como fatores de risco para lesão de Ligamento Cruzado Anterior pelo mecanismo indireto. Método: 19 jogadoras participaram do estudo (19.82 ± 3.54 anos), divididas em grupo controle (n = 9) que estavarealizando exercícios regulares; e intervenção (n = 10), que também realizou o programa de prevenção. Para avaliar se as jogadoras obtiveram melhorias, pré-testes e pós-intervenção foram realizados: Testes de Equilíbrio e Sistema de pontuação em Aterrisagem. Resultados: Depois da implantação do programa, os dois grupos apresentaram melhorias em ambos os testes, sendo maior no grupo de intervenção. Dependendo do tamanho do efeito observado sugere-se aumento do controle neuromuscular e equilíbrio dinâmico, provavelmentedevido ao programa de treinamento. Conclusões: Há evidências consideráveis de que o uso deste protocolo para a prevenção de ruptura do ligamento cruzado anterior no futebol feminino é útil para melhoraros padrões de controle de aterrisagem, afetando mais de um fator de risco para esta lesão