RESUMO
Despite substantial advancements in curative modern medicine in the last few decades, cancer risk and casualty rates have continued to mount globally. The exact reason for cancer's onset and progression is still unknown. However, skeletal and functional abnormalities in the genetic code are assumed to be the primary cause of cancer. Many lines of evidences reported that some medicinal plants can be utilized to curb cancer cell proliferation with a safe, fruitful, and cost-efficient perspective. Curcuminoids, isolated from Curcuma longa, have gotten a lot of focus due to their anticancer potential as they reduce tumor progression, invasion, and dissemination. Further, they modulated signal transduction routes like MAPK, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, JAK/STAT, and Wnt/ß-catenin, etc., and triggered apoptosis as well as actuated autophagy in malignant cells without altering the normal cells, thus preventing cancer progression. Besides, Curcuminoids also regulate the function and expression of anti-tumor and carcinogenic miRNAs. Clinical studies also reported the therapeutic effect of Curcuminoids against various cancer through decreasing specific biomarkers like TNF-α, Bcl-2, COX-2, PGE2, VEGF, IκKß, and various cytokines like IL-12p70, IL-10, IL-2, IFN-γ levels and increasing in p53 and Bax levels. Thus, in the present review, we abridged the modulation of several signal transduction routes by Curcuminoids in various malignancies, and its modulatory role in the initiation of tumor-suppressive miRNAs and suppression of the oncogenic miRNAs are explored. Additionally, various pharmacokinetic approaches have been projected to address the Curcuminoids bioavailability like the use of piperine as an adjuvant; nanotechnology-based Curcuminoids preparations utilizing Curcuminoids analogues are also discussed.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Congenital hypothyroidism is the most common cause of treatable mental impairment and growth retardation in newborns. Early diagnosis requires measurement of serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free T4 coupled with an ultrasound of the thyroid gland. However, detailed sonographic evaluation of the thyroid gland requires comparison to the local thyroid normative volumetric values, which is currently lacking. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 10, 2015, to April 18, 2018, recruiting 165 healthy neonates with normal TSH in their 1st week of life, from a single center in Northwest Malaysia. Ultrasound thyroid was done by a single ultrasonographer (κ = 0.86, percent agreement = 92.4), and the thyroid volume (TV) was calculated using the Brunn formula. RESULTS: All measurements showed skewed distribution with no significant difference between the right and left lobes. The local normative values for neonatal total TV was 0.61 (interquartile range [IQR] = 0.230) cm3, 0.31 (IQR = 0.150) cm3 for right TV, and 0.28 (IQR = 0.110) cm3 for left TV. There was a strong correlation between the right and left TVs, r = 0.767, P < 0.001. There were also no differences in the total TV across different genders and races. CONCLUSION: The normative values for TV determined in our study may be used accordingly in clinical practice to evaluate thyroid hypoplasia or goiter by other Asian countries due to the similarly shared biodemography.
