An Evidence of Carbonic Anhydrase Activity in Native Microalgae for CO2 Capture Application.

A promising alternative for effective carbon capture has been found in microalgae because of their high photosynthetic capacity and quick growth. The carbon concentration mechanism of many microalgae is heavily reliant on the enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA), which catalyze the production of bicarbonate from carbon dioxide. In this study, microalgal samples were collected, characterized, and cultured under controlled conditions for their optimal growth of cultures I-IX. The CA activity was investigated using a standard method; the Wilbur-Anderson assay was used to calculate CA activity in microalgal cultures. The comparative study was then used to measure the activity rate of the collected microalgae. Among the tested, culture I, VI, and IX showed a high enzyme activity rate of 4.15, 4.0, and 4.2 µg·mL-1, respectively. To determine the rate of carbon dioxide hydration, the method involved tracking the pH change in a reaction mixture. In addition, genetic analysis facilitates the identification of key genes involved in CA activity and other metabolic processes, which enhance the knowledge of microalgal physiology, and enables genetic engineering efforts in the future studies. Overall, this investigation emphasizes the significance of studying unknown microalgal culture and their potential CA activity for industrial and bio-energy applications.

Extraction and characterization of Chitosan from Shell of Borassus flabellifer and their antibacterial and antioxidant applications.

Chitosan is a bio-polymer made up of repeating units of N-acetyl glucosamine and glucosamine joined together by (1-4)-glycosidic linkages. Various bioresources have been used to develop bioactive materials that have a wide range of applications in different fields, including industry and medicine. Borassus flabellifer is a well-known source of chitin in the sub-Indian continent and is used in digestion, pharmaceuticals, and other applications. Chitin can be extracted from B. flabellifer fruit shells through demineralization and deproteinization and then converted into chitosan through deacetylation. This study aimed to investigate the biological activity of chitosan extracted from B. flabellifer fruit shells and to analyze its molecular structure using FT-IR analysis. Results showed the presence of NH, OH, and CO stretching, indicating the presence of various functional groups in chitosan. Scanning electron microscopic study revealed the topography of the chitosan. Well-diffusion and MIC tests showed that chitosan exhibited activity against E. coli and S. aureus. The chitosan extract also exhibited potential antioxidant polymer by scavenging free radicals.

Green Synthesis-Mediated Nanoparticles and Their Curative Character Against Post COVID-19 Skin Diseases.

Purpose of Review: This article provides the explanatory manuscript regarding the SARS-Corona virus 2. Sub-titled as the history of single-stranded RNA, internal characters of COVID-19, resource, the life cycle of COVID-19, reservoir of the disease, secondary infections of COVID-19 and nano herbal remedy. Recent Findings: The skin is not the main target of the SARS-corona virus 2 infections but somehow directly or indirectly, it causes exacerbating eruptions on the skin. Recent research shows that curcumin-mediated synthesized AgNPs show its potential character in the entry of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), blocks interaction with the viral surface, and damages the viral protein. In modern days, molecular docking studies fabricated copper iodide flower extract (CuI-FE) which shows tough inhibitory action against COVID-19. Many articles show green synthesis-mediated nanoparticles like silver, gold, zinc, copper, iron, titanium dioxide, selenium, and cadmium which possess high anti-viricidal activity. Summary: The anti-oxidant, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, anti-hive rich plant-mediated nanoparticle synthesis might be an alternative betterment, cost-effective, and eco-friendly medication for the skin disease caused by SARS-corona virus 2 (the viral clinical signs are itchy, hives, rashes, papules, psoriasis, and inflammation) and (non-viral clinical signs-pressure urticaria, contact dermatitis, and acne) that occurred as the result of COVID-19.

Metagenomic analysis of lichen-associated bacterial community profiling in Roccella montagnei.

A lichen is a composite organism formed of algae or cyanobacteria that live in a mutually advantageous symbiotic relationship with the filaments (hyphae) of fungus. Three lichen samples were obtained from diverse sites at a terrestrial habitat located in Coimbatore and coastal habitats located in Kanyakumari and Nagapattinam districts of Tamil Nadu. Amplification and sequencing of 16S rRNA V3-V4 regions were used for metagenomic study. Aside from the Next-Generation Sequencing data (NGS), distinct types of lichen microbiome profiles were clearly revealed. The bacterial diversity in the lichen genera of Roccella montagnei growing in coastal and terrestrial environments was further investigated using common and unique operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and the QIIME pipeline (1.9.1). Using similarity clustering, the heat map analysis depicts the abundance information of chosen OTUs as well as the similarity and difference between OTUs and lichen samples. Using multiple methods, the alpha and beta diversity analysis revealed that there were differences in all of the samples. However, UPGMA tree inference of comparable bacterial community in coastal habitat lichen samples compared to terrestrial habitat validates their evolutionary lineage. As a result, the bacterial population associated with corticolous lichen is dependent on geographic locations, growth substrate, and climatic circumstances of similar lichen genera produced in different habitats and tree substrates.

Plant Growth-Promoting Active Metabolites from Frankia spp. of Actinorhizal Casuarina spp.

In agriculture, plant growth enrichment via plant growth stimulating microbes has been recognized as an emergency, it is used as an alternatives to chemical pesticides and growth stimulants. The phytopathogens cause various diseases such as blister bark; stem cankers, and pink and brown rot diseases besides affect the growth frequency of Casuarina spp. toward biotic and abiotic stresses. Bio-control and plant growth-promoting potential of native Frankia isolates from Casuarina spp. in Tamil Nadu, India, was not much explored. Hence, in the present study, we are investigating the plant growth improvement activity and phytopathogen control in Casuarina spp. The Frankia sp. DDNSF-01 and Frankia casuarinae DDNSF-02 were isolated and identified from the root nodules of Casuarina spp. Additionally, it is recognized for plant growth promoter activity and in vitro antimicrobial activity against phytopathogens including Pseudomonas sp. and Colletotrichum sp. The plant growth regulators including IAA, siderophore, ammonia production, and phosphate solubilization were found out. Therefore, the formation of the most significant plant growth-promoting phytohormone IAA was confirmed by UV, FT-IR, TLC, HPLC, HPTLC, and NMR spectrum. Bioactive metabolites including methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, dodecanoic acid, and some novel flavonoids were identified. Therefore, various growth regulators such as L-aspartic acid, 1H-indole-3-carboxaldehyde were confirmed by GC-MS spectra. The present findings conclude Frankia spp. as efficient plant growth enhancement mediator and also inhibit the phytopathogens.

Glycoprotein Prompted Plausible Bactericidal and Antibiofilm Outturn of Extracellular Polymers fromNostoc microscopicum.

Nostoc microscopicum an effective extracellular polymers (EPs) synthesizer among cyanobacteria was isolated, and its elementary morphological features were defined with the aid of light microscope and CLSM. Bioseparation of EPs from 44 days-aged culture gave 0.90 g/L of the dry powdered extract. Chemical quantification of EPs showed the presence of 550 mg/g of carbohydrate and 395 mg/g of protein. HPLC results depicted the presence of mannose (monomer sugar), fucose (hexose deoxy sugar), mannitol (sugar alcohol) and N- acetylglucosamine (glycoprotein) in the EPs. The vibration-based spectrum produced by FT-IR proves the ß-Sheet structure of EPs glycoprotein and the size as 45 kDa by performing SDS-PAGE. Bactericidal activity evaluation of EPs on Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus co-expressed the MIC value as 125 µg/mL, while zone of inhibition was 12 mm for Gram-negative and 8 mm for Gram-positive bacteria. Biofilm inhibition assay was effective in 1.0 mg/mL concentration of EPs in both bacterial strains with a mean rate of 60 percentages which was further confirmed using confocal laser scanning microscopic imaging. This natural polymeric extract of Nostoc microscopicum indicates its possible applications in bactericidal and biofilm inhibition.

Biolubricant potential of exopolysaccharides from the cyanobacterium Cyanothece epiphytica.

Exopolysaccaharides (EPS) are carbohydrate polymers secreted by microbial cells, as a protective layer termed sheath or capsule. Their composition is variable. Optimisation of nutrient factors and the effect of some simple stresses on the ability of Cyanothece epiphytica to produce EPS were tested. Of the tested stresses, exposure to ozone for 50 s at 0.06 mg/L resulted in a relatively high EPS yield, without any damage to cell structure. EPS was characterised physicochemically. Chemically, it was found to be composed of pentoses arabinose and xylose; hexoses glucose, galactose and mannose; and the deoxyhexose fucose sugars which were sulphated and with different functional groups. EPS from C. epiphytica was found to be a good hydrophobic dispersant, an excellent emulsifier as well as a flocculant. Its potential as a biolubricant with characteristics better than the conventional lubricant 'grease' was revealed through analysis. This study gave the clue for developing a commercial technology to produce a less expensive and more environment-friendly natural lubricant from the cyanobacterium C. epiphytica for tribological applications.

An evidence of C16 fatty acid methyl esters extracted from microalga for effective antimicrobial and antioxidant property.

Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) derived from lipids of microalgae is known to have wide bio-functional materials including antimicrobials. FAME is an ideal super-curator and superior anti-pathogenic. The present study evaluated the efficiency of FAME extracted from microalgae Scenedesmus intermedius as an antimicrobial agent against Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, and Bacillus cereus) Gram negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria and Fungi (Aspergillus parasiticus and Candida albicans). The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for the gram negative bacteria was determined as 12-24 µg mL-1, whereas MIC for gram positive bacteria was 24-48 µg mL-1. MIC for the fungi was as high as 60-192 µg mL-1. The FAME profiles determined by gas chromatography showed 18 methyl esters. Among them, pharmacologically active FAME such as palmitic acid methyl ester (C16:0) was detected at high percentage (23.08%), which accounted for the bioactivity. FAME obtained in this study exhibited a strong antimicrobial activity at the lowest MIC than those of recent reports. This result clearly indicated that FAME of S. intermedius has a strong antimicrobial and antioxidant property and that could be used as an effective resource against microbial diseases.