Effect of incorporating modified pinhão starch in alginate-based hydrogel beads for encapsulation of bioactive compounds by hydrodynamic electrospray ionization jetting.

Known for its antioxidant properties, Araucaria angustifolia bracts extract was encapsulated using hydrodynamic electrospray ionization jetting within calcium alginate cross-linked hydrogel beads with varying contents of modified pinhão starch. The rheological properties of the dispersions and analysis of the physicochemical and digestive properties of encapsulated beads were studied. The results demonstrated that dispersions containing starch exhibited higher viscosity and reduced compliance values, indicating samples with stronger, more compact, and stable structures that are less susceptible to deformation. This was confirmed by the beads rupture strength test. The ATR-FTIR analysis suggest that no new chemical bonds were formed, with encapsulation being responsible only for physical interactions between the functional groups of the polymers used and the active groups of the compounds present in the extract. The thermal stability of starch-containing beads was higher. Total tannins were higher in beads containing starch, with 53.61 %, 56.83 %, and 66.99 % encapsulation yield for samples with 2 %, 4 %, and 6 % starch, respectively, and the remaining antioxidant activity ranged from 96.04 % to 81.08 %. In vitro gastrointestinal digestion simulation indicated that the highest releases occurred in the intestinal phase, ranging from 60.72 % to 63.50 % for the release of total phenolic compounds.

Effect of microwave followed by cooling on structural and digestive properties of pinhão starch.

To increase its resistant content, native pinhão starch was modified using a microwave (300 W, 90 s) and subsequently cooled at 4 °C for 4, 8, 16, 24, and 72 h. The results demonstrated that all starches exhibited a crystalline structure of type C, with decreased crystallinity after modification. In the modified samples, the ratio of peaks 1047/1022 cm-1 and 995/1022 cm-1, as identified by FTIR, indicated a reduction in the crystalline region and damage to the double helix structure of starch granules. DSC analysis revealed that modified starches had lower gelatinization temperature range values due to the presence of more homogeneous crystals. Rheological analyses showed that starch suspensions obtained exhibited pseudoplastic fluid behavior and gel-like viscoelastic structure formation, with higher storage moduli in samples with longer cooling times. The microwave-modified starch, cooled for 72 h, exhibited higher digestion resistance, resulting in a 43.6 % increase in resistant starch content and a 26.1 % decrease in rapidly digestible starch compared to native starch. The results highlight that the modification of native pinhão starch using a microwave, followed by cooling at 4 °C for 72 h, presents a promising method for increasing the resistant starch content.

Effect of UV-C Irradiation on Quality from Fresh Grapes var. Bordô

Abstract The effect of irradiation through UV-C on the content of phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, color, and texture profile was evaluated in Bordô variety grapes. Grapes were subjected to stress by irradiation at time of 0.5, 1.0, 4.0, 10 and 30 min that correspond at doses of 0.1, 0.3, 1.0, 2.4, and 7.2 kJ m-2, respectively. The total phenolic and anthocyanins content, antioxidant activity, color and texture of the grapes were evaluated after storage at 22 ºC for 24 and 48 h. In general, samples irradiated did not show an increase in total phenolic content, anthocyanin compounds and antioxidant activity. Hue and Chroma values indicated that the color of grapes did not change when irradiated. Texture profile analysis suggested that UV-C treatment delayed grapes softening.

Composition analysis of carotenoids and phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity from hibiscus calyces (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) by HPLC-DAD-MS/MS.

INTRODUCTION: The hibiscus flower has received increasing interest because it contains high levels of bioactive compounds with remarkable functional properties. To the best of our knowledge, for the first time a detailed description of the carotenoid composition of hibiscus calyces is reported. OBJECTIVES: Identification and quantification of carotenoids, phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity from hibiscus calyces. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The composition of the carotenoids and phenolic compounds from hibiscus calyces was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a diode array detector and tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS). Antioxidant activity was assessed using 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging and hydroxyl radicals scavenging assays. RESULTS: Twenty-one carotenoids were found and from these compounds 15 were identified or tentatively identified. The major carotenoids were all-trans-lutein (316.43 ± 19.92 µg/100 g) and all-trans-ß-carotene (147.76 ± 5.59 µg/100 g). Twenty phenolic compounds were found, from which 14 compounds were identified or tentatively identified. The major phenolic compounds were delphinidin 3-sambubioside (218.17 ± 12.69 mg/100 g) and 3-caffeoylquinic acid (79.22 ± 7.01 mg/100 g), representing almost 60% (w/w) of the total phenolic compounds from hibiscus calyces. The hibiscus presented low vitamin A activity, measure as retinol activity equivalent (13.52 µg/100 g). The scavenging activity of ABTS and hydroxyl radicals were 7.8 µmol Trolox equivalent/g and 81%, respectively. CONCLUSION: In this study we have shown that the hibiscus calyces can be considered as a food rich in lutein, chlorogenic acids and anthocyanins (delphinidin 3-sambubioside).

Effect of temperature and relative humidity on stability following simulated gastro-intestinal digestion of microcapsules of Bordo grape skin phenolic extract produced with different carrier agents.

The stability of microparticles of Bordo grape skin aqueous extract, produced by spray-drying and freeze-drying using polydextrose (5%) and partially hydrolyzed guar gum (5%), was evaluated under accelerated conditions (75 and 90% relative humidity, at 35, 45, and 55°C for 35days) and simulated gastrointestinal digestion. The temperature had a significant effect on the reduction of phenolics content, with retentions varying from 82.5 to 93.5%. The retention of total monomer anthocyanins were in the range of 3.9-42.3%. The antioxidant activity had a final retention of 38.5-59.5%. In the simulated gastrointestinal digestion, a maximum release was observed for the phenolic compounds in the intestinal phase (90.6% for the spray-dried powder and 94.9% for the freeze-dried powder), as well as the antioxidant activity (69.4% for the spray-dried powder and 67.8% for the freeze-dried powder). However, a reduction of monomeric anthocyanins was observed in the intestinal phase.

Development and characterization of phosphatidylcholine nanovesicles, containing garlic extract, with antilisterial activity in milk.

Phospholipid nanovesicles were developed to improve the stability of garlic (Allium sativum L.) extract. Electron microscopy of liposomes revealed nanometric and spherical-shaped vesicles with a mean particle size of 174.6±17.3nm and polydispersity index of 0.26±0.02. The entrapment efficiency was 47.5±7.3% and the nanoliposomes had a zeta potential of -16.2±5.5mV. The antimicrobial activity of free and encapsulated garlic extract was evaluated against different strains of Listeria spp. in milk at 37°C for 24h. For free and encapsulated garlic extracts at 5% concentration, a decrease of 4log cycles in viable cell counts was observed at 10h, against four of the five strains of Listeria spp. tested. The results indicate that liposomes constitute a suitable system for encapsulation of unstable garlic active compounds and the encapsulation of garlic extract proves to be a promising technology for multiple applications, including antimicrobial agents.

Microencapsulation of grape (Vitis labrusca var. Bordo) skin phenolic extract using gum Arabic, polydextrose, and partially hydrolyzed guar gum as encapsulating agents.

Bordo grape skin extract was microencapsulated by spray-drying and freeze-drying, using gum arabic (GA), partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG), and polydextrose (PD) as encapsulating agents. Total phenolics and total monomeric anthocyanin, antioxidant activity, color, moisture, water activity (aw), solubility, hygroscopicity, glass transition temperature (Tg), particle size, and microstructure of the powders were evaluated. The retention of phenolics and anthocyanins ranged from 81.4% to 95.3%, and 80.8% to 99.6%, respectively, while the retention of antioxidant activity ranged from 45.4% to 83.7%. Treatments subjected to spray-drying had lower moisture, aw, and particle size, and greater solubility, while the freeze-dried samples were less hygroscopic. Tg values ranged from 10.1 to 52.2°C, and the highest values corresponded to the spray-dried microparticles. The spray-dried particles had spherical shape, while the freeze-dried powders showed irregular structures. The spray drying technique and the use of 5% PHGG and 5% PD has proven to be the best treatment.

Encapsulation of Red Cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var.capitata L. f. rubra) Anthocyanins by Spray Drying using Different Encapsulating Agents

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the influence of the drying air temperature (140 and 160°C) and the concentration of encapsulating agents gum Arabic and polydextrose (10 and 15%) on the physicochemical characteristics of the red cabbage extract obtained through extraction in acidulated water and drying using a spray dryer. The anthocyanin retention, antioxidant activity, water activity, solubility, color and microstructure of the final product were analyzed. Results showed that increase in the temperature did not cause significant changes in the anthocyanin quantity and antioxidant activity. The microscopic analysis revealed that for both the encapsulating agents, the absence of fissures and porosity in the particle surfaces produced powder with high solubility in water. The principal component analyses showed a strong correlation between the anthocyanin content and the antioxidant activity (r = 0.82) and luminosity (r = 0.81).

Use of Different Kinds of Solutes Alternative to Sucrose in Osmotic Dehydration of Yacon

The present work aimed to evaluate glycerol, maltodextrin, polydextrose and sorbitol for the osmotic dehydration of yacon for diabetics, keeping its properties as prebiotic. Osmotic dehydration was carried out using a yacon to 33% concentrated syrup weight ratio of 1:12, with magnetic stirring at 23ºC and atmospheric pressure. The best results were achieved for glycerol and sorbitol with 80 ± 4% and 81± 1% of water removal and increase of 3.73 ± 0.11 and 4.30 ± 0.16 times in total soluble solids respectively. Maltodextrin did not promote dehydration.

Concentration and Purification of Yacon(Smallanthus sonchifolius) Root FructooligosaccharidesUsing Membrane Technology.

Yacon is a perennial plant originating from the Andean region whose roots have been receiving increased attention due to their high content of prebiotic fructooligosaccharides (FOS). Apart from many health benefits, FOS have interesting characteristics as food ingredients, so are used as sugar substitute, and their extraction from yacon roots may be an alternative to commercially available FOS. This work evaluates membrane technology for concentration and purification of FOS from yacon root extract, combining ultrafiltration (UF) with nanofiltration (NF), with and without the use of discontinuous diafiltration (DF). After UF, 63.75% of the saccharides from the initial feed were recovered in total permeate. DF did not largely influence FOS retention during NF (it increased from 68.78% without DF to 70.48% with DF), but decreased glucose and fructose retentions, from 40.63 to 31.61% and 25.64 to 18.69%, respectively, which was desirable, allowing greater purification of FOS in the retentate. The yield of total saccharides in the final retentate after combined UF and NF processes was 50.89% and of FOS was 51.85%, with 19.75% purity. The results indicate that the combined UF and NF is a promising technique for concentrating yacon saccharides, but more diafiltration steps are required for the improvement of FOS purity.

Physicochemical characterization of saccharides powder obtained from yacon roots (Smallanthus sonchifolius) by membrane technology

Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) are food ingredients applied due to combination of prebiotic benefits and interesting technological properties, being used as a sugar substitute. The knowledge of their physicochemical characteristics is important for predicting the stability of the food products where they are added. For this reason, a saccharides powder extracted from yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) roots by membrane technology and freeze-dried was investigated. Color, water activity (aw), microstructure by Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled to Energy- dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and crystallinity by X-ray diffraction were evaluated. The obtained product, containing 19.75% FOS, 36.66% glucose and 43.59% fructose (w/w) was a whitish granulated powder, with aw of 0.284 and CIELAB color coordinates L*, a* and b* of 76.25±1.19, -1.03±0.09 and 1.02±0.03, respectively. It was highly hygroscopic and with agglomeration tendency, confirmed by the formation of bridges between particles on the SEM images. No peaks were identified at X-ray diffractograms, indicating its amorphous characteristics, but sample high hygrospicity and formation of a rigid mass might have hampered a trustable X-ray analysis.

Study on the stability of ß-carotene microencapsulated with pinhão (Araucaria angustifolia seeds) starch.

Native and hydrolyzed pinhão starches were used as coating materials for ß-carotene microencapsulation by freeze-drying. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the stability of ß-carotene encapsulated under three different conditions: in the presence of ultraviolet light at 25±2 °C, in the dark at 25±2 °C and in the dark at 10.0±0.2 °C. The color of the samples was also analyzed. Microcapsules prepared with native starch showed the lowest stability during storage. In contrast, microcapsules encapsulated with 12 dextrose equivalent (DE) hydrolyzed starch exhibited the highest stability. First-order kinetic and Weibull models were applied to describe the degradation of ß-carotene over time. The R(2) values of the Weibull model were greater than those of the first-order kinetic model. Moreover, multivariate analyses (principal component and cluster analyses) were also conducted.

Efficacy of modified atmosphere packaging to control Sitophilus spp. in organic maize grain

The effect of modified atmosphere packaging on the mortality of Sitophilus spp. in organic maize grain was studied. Maize grains were packed with five different atmospheres consisting of 20 percent O2, or 20, 40, 60, 80 percent CO2 with remaining N2. The packages were stored for 30 days at 26°C. CO2 and O2 concentrations were monitored inside the packages during the storage. The moisture content, titratable acidity and pH were analysed on the first and thirtieth day. At 5, 15 and 30 days of storage no significant differences were observed in the percentages of dead insects when CO2 was used. The results of progeny indicated that from the fifth day the number of emerging insects was low at 20, 60 and 80 percent CO2. Complete inhibition of the insects was achieved with 30 days of exposure in CO2 atmospheres.

O efeito da embalagem em atmosferas modificadas sobre os insetos Sitophilus spp. nos grãos de milho orgânico foi estudado. Os grãos de milho foram empacotados em cinco atmosferas iniciais diferentes de 20 por cento de O2, ou 20, 40, 60, 80 por cento de CO2 com balanço de N2. As embalagens foram armazenadas por 30 dias a 26ºC. As concentrações de CO2 e O2 foram monitoradas dentro das embalagens durante o armazenamento. As análises de teor de umidade, acidez e pH foram também realizados no primeiro e trigésimo dia. Os resultados mostraram que no quinto, décimo quinto e trigésimo dia de estocagem não foram encontrados diferenças significativas nas porcentagens de insetos mortos quando CO2 foi usado. Os resultados relativos à progênie indicaram que no quinto dia o número de insetos emergentes foi menor a 20, 60 e 80 por cento CO2. A completa inibição dos insetos foi atingida com 30 dias de exposição em atmosferas de CO2.

Degradation kinetics of anthocyanin in blueberry juice during thermal treatment.

The kinetics of anthocyanin degradation in blueberry juice during thermal treatment at 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 degrees C were investigated in the present study. Anthocyanin degradation was analyzed up to the level of 50% retention using a pH differential method. The degradation of anthocyanin at each temperature level followed a first-order kinetic model, and the values of half-life time (t(1/2)) at temperatures of 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 degrees C were found to be 180.5, 42.3, 25.3, 8.6, and 5.1 h, respectively. The activation energy value of the degradation of the 8.9 degrees Brix blueberry juice during heating was 80.4 kJ.mol(-1). The thermodynamic functions of activation (DeltaG, DeltaH, and DeltaS) have been determined as central to understanding blueberry degradation.