High-Resolution Ultrasound for Complications of Botulinum Toxin Use: A Case Series and Literature Review.

Botulinum toxin (BTX) has revolutionized both aesthetic and therapeutic medicine by selectively inhibiting acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction, inducing localized muscle relaxation. However, its use can be associated with various complications. As a diagnostic modality, high-resolution ultrasound can better characterize these complications. Here, we present four clinical cases of complications associated with the application of BTX, along with their corresponding ultrasonographic findings. In this study, cases were selected randomly, irrespective of the timing of BTX injections, to illustrate a spectrum of complications observed in clinical practice. Despite its benefits, BTX can have adverse effects ranging from mild to severe, including aesthetic and functional complications, such as hematoma, ptosis, facial asymmetry, nodules, or pseudoaneurysm. High-resolution ultrasound emerges as a crucial tool in the multidisciplinary management of these complications, allowing for accurate evaluation and effective therapeutic guidance.

Unraveling Anastomosing Hemangioma: A Case Report.

Anastomosing hemangioma is a rare and benign subtype of capillary hemangioma, a soft tissue tumor. It tends to be asymptomatic, causes abdominal pain and hematuria, and is more common in the genitourinary tract. It can be confused with paragangliomas or ectopic pheochromocytomas. Pathology shares characteristics with angiosarcoma, particularly in well-differentiated areas. Diagnosis without a surgical specimen is difficult and is based on clinical characteristics, laboratories, and imaging behavior similar to hemangiomas in other locations. When in doubt, a diagnosis can be supported by a percutaneous biopsy. The prognosis is good, without relapses or metastases. Early identification with follow-up can avoid surgical interventions.

Magnetic Resonance Cholangiography Diagnosing Post-cholecystectomy Biliary Injuries.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the diagnostic performance of contrasted magnetic resonance cholangiography for detecting bile duct lesions following cholecystectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective case series study was conducted that included patients over 18 years of age with suspected bile duct injury after cholecystectomy, who underwent contrasted magnetic resonance cholangiography, and who also had endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, surgery, or subsequent clinical follow-up. The images were interpreted by two radiologists who assigned the type of lesion according to the Strasberg classification. Qualitative variables were represented by frequencies and proportions, while quantitative variables were described using measures of central tendency and dispersion. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values were assessed, along with interobserver variability, using the kappa index. RESULTS: We included 20 patients with a median age of 51.5 years (interquartile range: 35), and 14 (70%) were women. In all 20 patients, lesions were identified on magnetic resonance cholangiography, of which 19 were confirmed with the gold standard for a positive predictive value of 100% (hepatobiliary-specific contrast agents) and 92% (extracellular contrast). The most frequent lesions were Strasberg E2 and E4 in five patients each. The kappa index was 1 in determining the presence or absence of bile duct injury and 0.9 in the Strasberg classification. CONCLUSION: Contrasted magnetic resonance cholangiography is a method with high positive predictive value and almost perfect interobserver agreement for diagnosing bile duct lesions after cholecystectomy.

Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) Uptake in the Remnant Adrenal Gland Mimicking Tumor Recurrence in a Patient With Adrenocortical Carcinoma After Treatment With Mitotane.

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignancy with poor prognosis. Its diagnosis requires clinical suspicion and confirmation through laboratory and imaging studies, including computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and abdominal ultrasound, as well as histological confirmation. Positron emission tomography (PET) is useful for distinguishing between benign and malignant lesions and for evaluating tumor recurrences or metastases. A case is described in which the uptake of fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) in a remnant adrenal gland could be misinterpreted as tumoral pathology. The article presents the case of a patient with ACC who, after treatment, showed increased FDG uptake in the remnant adrenal gland, which disappeared after discontinuation of treatment with mitotane. Possible explanations for this increase in FDG uptake are discussed, including the action of mitotane. In summary, it is highlighted that FDG uptake in remnant adrenal glands in patients treated with mitotane does not always indicate tumor recurrence or adrenal hypertrophy.

Hallazgos tomográficos en el trauma del globo ocular / Tomographic findings in traumatic ocular injuries

Resumen El trauma del globo ocular es una emergencia frecuente en los servicios de urgencia. Su importancia radica en el riesgo de la pérdida visual e incluso la ceguera. La valoración clínica del trauma ocular es un reto diagnóstico. Clínicamente se pueden realizar algunos diagnósticos, pero muchas veces se requiere de la valoración imagenológica para determinar lesiones asociadas. La tomografía computada (TC) permite el diagnóstico oportuno de las lesiones traumáticas del globo ocular, especialmente la presencia de cuerpos extraños. Adicionalmente, el conocimiento de los hallazgos imagenológicos en otras patologías oculares que pueden confundirse con patologías traumáticas es importante para hacer un adecuado diagnóstico diferencial. El objetivo del presente artículo es realizar una revisión de los hallazgos por imagen de las lesiones traumáticas del globo ocular.

Abstract Traumatic ocular injuries are common cause of emergency room visits. Injuries of the globe are a significant cause of blindness and visual deficits. The clinical assessment of globe trauma can be challenging. Some diagnoses can be made clinically, but imaging assessment is often required to determine associated lesions. Computed tomography (CT) allows the timely diagnosis of traumatic injuries of the globe, especially the presence of foreign bodies. In addition, knowledge of the imaging findings in other ocular pathologies that can be confused with traumatic pathologies is important to make an adequate differential diagnosis. The aim of this article is to carry out a review of imaging findings of traumatic ocular injuries.

MRI for Evaluation of Complications of Breast Augmentation.

Breast augmentation is one of the most common aesthetic procedures performed in the United States. Several techniques of breast augmentation have been developed, including the implantation of breast prostheses and the injection of autologous fat and other materials. The most common method of breast augmentation is to implant a prosthesis. There are different types of breast implants that vary in shape, composition, and the number of lumina. The rupture of breast implants is the leading cause of implant removal. The rupture rate increases substantially with the increasing age of the implant. Most implant ruptures are asymptomatic. Implant complications can be grouped into two categories: local complications in the breast and adjacent soft tissue, and systemic complications associated with rheumatologic or neurologic symptoms. The onset of local complications may be early (infection and periprosthetic collections including seromas, hematomas, or abscesses) or late (capsular contraction, implant rupture, gel bleed, or breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma). Although mammography is the imaging modality for breast cancer screening, noncontrast breast MRI is the imaging modality of choice for evaluation of the integrity of breast implants and the complications of breast augmentation, for equivocal findings at conventional imaging, and as a supplement to mammography in patients with free injectable materials. The fifth edition of the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) provides a systematic outline for MRI evaluation of patients with breast implants. Silicone- and water-selective sequences provide useful supplemental information to confirm intracapsular and extracapsular rupture. Breast MRI for evaluation of implant integrity does not require intravenous contrast material. The use of MRI contrast material in patients with breast augmentation is indicated when infection or malignancy is suspected. Radiologists should have a thorough understanding of the different techniques for breast augmentation, normal imaging features, and complications specific to breast augmentation. An invited commentary by Ojeda-Fournier is available online. ©RSNA, 2022.

Ovarian Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma in a Pediatric Patient: A Case Report.

We present a case of an eight-month-old girl who was brought to the emergency department with bloody stools. An initial ultrasound reported a mass in the left iliac fossa that was further characterized by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a hypervascular ovarian tumor. Prior to surgical resection of the tumor, abdominal arteriography with selective embolization and vessel occlusion was performed. Pathology reported epithelioid hemangioendothelioma of the left ovary. This condition has not been previously reported in girls. In this case report, we describe the ultrasound, MRI, and arteriographic findings with a histopathologic correlation of an adnexal tumor that is unknown in the pediatric female population until now.

Renal Medullary Carcinoma in an Adolescent With Unknown Sickle Cell Trait.

Renal medullary carcinoma (RMC) is an aggressive and rare malignancy that usually presents in adolescents and young adults with sickle cell disease. Herein, we describe a case of a white male with an unknown sickle cell trait, who presented with left iliac fossa pain, without any other finding that suggested renal neoplasia. Imaging findings were a renal mass of central location with caliectasis, renal hilar adenopathy, and paraaortic lymphadenopathy. Biopsy confirmed an RMC diagnosis. RMC diagnosis requires clinical suspicion in sickle cell patients who present with pain and hematuria. Imaging shows a central mass, with an infiltrative appearance, frequently associated with calyx's dilation and lymphadenopathy. Prognosis is poor in spite of the treatment.

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor in a child.

Among the diverse causes of posterior mediastinal masses, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors is a very rare neurogenic tumor. Imaging features tend to be variable. A 20-month-old toddler presented with a 3-month history of persistent diffuse thoracic and abdominal pain. A chest magnetic resonance imaging was taken and shown a posterior mediastinal lesion. Histopathology and immunohistochemical analysis confirmed the diagnosis of a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor with myxoid areas. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors are an uncommon entity in the children with a poor prognosis. Magnetic resonance imaging is the preferred technique in children to limit the use of ionizing radiation and because has a higher contrast resolution; however, all suspicious tumors should be biopsied to make an appropriate diagnosis. Treatment is radical surgery with excision of the entire mass; however, there is a high incidence of local recurrence.

Unmasking of Sarcoidosis After Successful Management of Cushing's Syndrome.

Cushing's syndrome is characterized by excessive glucocorticoid secretion leading to immunosuppression. The unmasking or aggravation of autoimmune diseases upon the normalization of cortisol levels after Cushing's syndrome cure has been reported infrequently. The case of a 45-year-old woman who presented with an 11-month history of severe signs and symptoms of hypercortisolism is reported. Hormonal tests suggested the presence of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-independent Cushing's syndrome. Imaging studies detected an adrenal adenoma. The patient underwent laparoscopic adrenalectomy, and the mass was resected. Five months later the patient developed generalized arthralgias, malaise, a dry cough, and erythema nodosum. A diagnosis of sarcoidosis was confirmed by imaging and biopsy.