[Diagnostics of early signs of ocular pathology in patients with HIV/tuberculosis co-infection]. / Diagnostika rannikh priznakov patologii organa zreniia u patsientov s koinfektsiei VICh/tuberkulez.

INTRODUCTION: The current epidemic situation in Russia is characterized by increasing rate of co-infection (HIV/tuberculosis). Damage to the organ of vision is more common among patients with this pathology, presenting significant difficulties in diagnosis of the ophthalmic manifestations. High-tech imaging method - optical coherence tomography (OCT) allows exploration of the eye tissues with high accuracy and depth, as well as evaluation of the structure of the choroid and microcirculation parameters of the anterior and posterior eye segments.

[Clinical and morphological parallels in the validation of surgical treatment of nephrotuberculosi].

AIM: To Study clinical and morphological variants of kidney tuberculosis (KTB), for grounding a tactics of surgical treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: There were 107 examined patients (patients with cavitary lesions of kidneys: cavernous and multi-cavernous), operated in different phases of KTB. There were 56 men (52,3%) and women - 51(47,7%). The mean age of patients was 57,6 years (23-84 years). All the patients had a complex examination, including X-ray and ultrasound investigations, computer tomography ( was performed selectively), bacteriological examinations of urine and morphological examinations of removed kidneys or their parts. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Surgical interventions were as follows: open surgery nephrectomy 86/107 (80,4%), open organ-sparing surgery (resections of kidneys) 21/107 ( 19,6%). Mycobacterium tuberculosis were revealed by cultural method in 68,6% of cases in patients with cavernous KTB and in 76,3% of cases in patients with multi-cavernous KTB. In appliance with pathomorphological results of presented specimens, there were revealed 3 groups, each one with its own properties of cavern wall. I group (74 specimens) - stage of active progressing KTB, II group (20 specimens) - stage of intermediate activity, III group (13 specimens) - stage of healed caverns. Performed morphological investigations allowed us grounded a rational tactics of surgical treatment. It was defined that the longer specific anti-TB therapy was carried out the less frequency of TB progression we would have. However when it presented isolated cavitary lesion (isolated cavern), the performance of adequate and long courses of chemotherapy is not worth to do. Only surgical interventions (resection of infected tissue) with the anti-TB therapy allowed to reach the satisfactory results in treatment of KTB.

Reactive oxygen species and high-nitrogen compound in the mechanism of protection and damage in white blood cells in pulmonary tuberculosis.

The purpose: The aim of the study was to determine changes in the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and high-nitrogen compounds (HNC) of white blood cells of patients with various forms of pulmonary tuberculosis, and attempt to identify the pathogenic importance marked disturbances in protection mechanisms and damaged by the disease. Methods: A prospective study of 92 people, who were divided into 4 groups: I - 25 patients with newly diagnosed infiltrative tuberculosis and localization process within the same lobe of the lung, II - 42 patients with newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis with a limited process (tuberculoma), III - 15 patients with fibrosis - cavernosis pulmonary tuberculosis with disease duration of less than 2 years old and group IV - healthy people - 10. Results: It has been found that chronic TB infection suppresses the phagocytes activity of leukocytes in any form of study of its development. However, in more severe forms of tuberculosis with a predominance of exudative tissue reactions (infiltrative) levels of these metabolites in the white blood cells increases and they become damaging significance. With limited forms of pulmonary tuberculosis - tuberculoma - levels of these metabolites (especially ICA) in white blood cells is reduced, which may have a protective value. Conclusion: The obtained results allow to claim that in the diagnosis and assessment of the nature of the tuberculosis process may be used definition of functional and metabolic characteristics of blood leukocytes and plasma (phagocytosis, peroxide, total lipid, BURST TEST, AFC, ICA and their derivatives), as well as the number of amino acids, taurine and arginine in plasma and leukocytes.

[Surgical treatment of tuberculosis of the kidney with a total lesion of the ureter].

The study was aimed to improve the efficiency of surgical treatment of renal tuberculosis with total lesion of the ureter. The clinical course and the results of surgical treatment of 104 patients with extended or multiple ureteral strictures of specific (n=92) and non-specific (n=12) etiology. Thirty-five patients with nephrotuberculosis underwent percutaneous needle-guided nephrostomy (PNGNS), 79 underwent surgery with removal of organs: open nephrectomy with lumbar access (48), combined nephroureterectomy (31). According to the evaluation the glomerular filtration rate after PNGNS, value less than 10 ml/min led to performing nephrectomy, more than 10 ml/min - ureteroplasty. It was established that combined nephroureterectomy has significant advantages in the case of specific kidney disease, despite a long duration as compared with a nephrectomy. Removal of the kidney with ureter in patient with nephrotuberculosis is the prevention of persistent dysuria, empyema of ureter stump, its possible malignant transformation, and contributes to significant improvement of quality of life of the patient. Of the 35 patients after CHPNS, 25 underwent intestinoplasty of ureter: ileum was used in 23 patients, appendix- in 2 patients. It is shown that reconstructive surgery using small intestine allows to release 92% of patients from a lifetime external drainage of the kidney.

[Endoscopic methods for the correction of ureteral strictures].

The comprehensive examination and treatment of 80 patients aged 19 to 63 years with strictures of the ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) and ureter obstruction was performed. 23 patients underwent probing with ureteral stenting, 30 patients underwent balloon dilation of strictures under fluoroscopic guidance, 18 patients--endoureteropielotomy with "cold" knife, 9 patients underwent endoureteropielotomy using holmium laser. Correction of ureteral stricture with the removal of the stone was performed in 6 patients. It was found that efficiency of the methods increases in the following order: balloon dilatation (73.3%), dissection using "cold" knife (77.8%), probing with ureteral stenting (82.6%), and laser endoureteropielotomy (100%). In general, endoscopic correction of ureteral contractions is a minimally invasive treatment option for restoring its continuity, without perfoming traumatic surgery in 80% of patients with UPJ and ureteral strictures, including complicated by stone formation.

[Particular features of detection of patients with urogenital tuberculosis and their management].

The rate and trend in extrapulmonary tuberculosis (TB) incidence including urogenital tuberculosis (UTB) were estimated in population of the Sverdlovsk region for the last 25 years. Long-term results of treatment of 591 patients with different forms of UTB (renal parenchyma TB, tuberculosis papillitis, monocavernous and polycavernous renal TB, male genital TB) were studied. Ureter was involved in tuberculosis process in 24.7% of UTB cases, urinary bladder--in 20.1%, renal TB combined with male genital TB. Early (non-destructive) forms incidence increased 2.8-fold while advanced forms incidence decreased 1.7-fold. This shows an increased level of detection. Total number of patients operated in state hospitals with undetected, mostly complicated urogenital male tuberculosis remains high--from 7.3 to 16% from all newly detected patients.

[The induction of protective immune response in mice vaccinated by recombinant avian adenovirus CELO expressing glycoprotein G of the rabies virus].

The recombinant avian adenovirus CELO-gpRb expressing glycoprotein G of rabies virus (strain TS-80, ARRIW&M, Pokrov, Russia) was used for mice vaccination against rabies. Double intramuscular immunization by recombinant CELO-gpRb adenovirus in a dose 10(9) pfu per mouse caused the induction of virus neutralizing antibodies (VNA) synthesis in 78% of mice, while twice repeated intradermal injections of the recombinant adenovirus failed to induce the VNA production. The protection level in groups of vaccinated mice after intracerebral injection of CVS rabies virus in a dose of 100 MLD50 was equal to 45% at single intramuscular immunization and to 91% after twice repeated intramuscular immunization. The recombinant adenoviral vaccine against rabies, based on CELO viral genome, has a good perspective for domestic and wild animal vaccination, not only due to rather high protection level, but also because the production of adenoviral CELO vaccine in chicken embryos is of high technology and inexpensive.

[Active detection of patients with tuberculosis of urinary organs from increased risk groups at the polyclinics of the general therapeutic-and-prophylactic network].

To timely detect tuberculosis of urinary organs (TUO), the authors have proposed a procedure for detecting the disease in increased risk groups. By analyzing 272 cases with TUO and 12 control persons, they established the most important risk factors. The authors have developed a procedure for stratification of contingents and differential measures in accordance with the risk (three degrees). The procedure has shown to be effective.

[Treatment of epithelial tumors of the upper urinary tracts]. / Operativnoe lechenie épitelial'nykh opukholei verkhnikh mochevyvodiashchikh putei.

The authors present the results of different operative treatments of tumors of the upper urinary tracts (UUT). A total of 116 patients with UUT tumors were examined and treated from 1990 to 2002 (age 19-80 years, mean age 61.3+/- 1.3 years; males 82, females 34). Tumors of the renal pelvis and the ureter were detected in 76 (65.5%) and 40 (34.5%) patients, respectively (8.0 and 4.3% of a total number of patients with tumors of the kidneys and UUT). 107 (92.2%) patients were operated. Nephroureterectomy and ureterectomy with resection of the urinary bladder were performed in 73 (68.2%) patients, TUR of the urinary bladder wall, ureteral ostium with pelvic part of the ureter and nephroureterectomy (including endovideosurgery) in 22 (20.6%), nephroureterocystectomy in 4 (3.7%), resection of the pelvic ureter with Boari's operation in 5 (4.7%), nephroscopy, ureteroscopy with removal of urothelial tumor in 3 (2.8%) patients. Postoperative complications (most of them infectious-inflammatory) developed in 10 (9.3%) patients. Lethality was 0.9%. Tumor recurrences occurred in 27 (25.2%) patients within 5-year follow-up. 15 (14.0%) patients were reoperated. 5-year survival reached 67.0%. Conventional and radical method of treating patients with tumors of the renal pelvis and ureter is nephroureterectomy with urinary bladder resection and its modification. In invasion of the tumor in the muscular layer of the bladder wall surgery should be extended and supplemented with cystectomy. Conservative surgical interventions are indicated in tumors of the sole kidney, bilateral process, benign or surface tumor of the urothelium.

[Tuberculosis morbidity in the Sverdlovsk region]. / Zabolevaemost' tuberkulezom v Sverdlovskoi oblasti.

Childhood and adolescence tuberculosis morbidity rates are higher in girls than in boys. Adult males fall ill 5.3 times more frequently than adult females. Males fall ill with destructive (6.1 times), bacillary (4.1 times), pulmonary tuberculosis (5.3 times) more frequent than females. Females experience extrapulmonary tuberculosis 1.6 times as high as males. Convicts and those under investigation are ascertained to have earlier forms of respiratory tuberculosis than in the general population. At the same time, the facilities of the RF Ministry of Justice do not record extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Goal-oriented work with these facilities has caused a reduction in tuberculosis morbidity in the whole Sverdlovsk region.

[Tuberculosis mortality in Sverdlovsk Region]. / Smertnost' ot tuberkuleza v Sverdlovskoi oblasti.

Tuberculosis mortality is 9.3 times higher in men than in women. Women more commonly recover and less frequently die from progressive tuberculosis. The main causes of death are fibrocavernous or infiltrative tuberculosis, and caseous pneumonia. In young people, the most common cause of death is tuberculosis of the meninga or central nervous system, women more frequently die from caseous pneumonia. Prisoners more commonly die from infiltrative tuberculosis and more rarely from fibrocavernous tuberculosis than the general population of Sverdlovsk. The most common causes of death of patients with tuberculosis who die in the first year of its diagnosis are caseous pneumonia and fibrocavernous tuberculosis. The factors predisposing to poor prognosis were late detection of the disease, treatment refusal, severe concomitant diseases, and intolerance of antituberculous agents.

Summary of workshop findings for antibodies reacting with porcine T-cells and activation antigens: results from the Second International Swine CD Workshop.

After initial evaluation of the 176 new and 19 control monoclonal antibodies (mAb) submitted to the Second International Swine CD Workshop, 57 were assigned to the T-cell/activation marker subgroup. These 57 mAb were further analyzed using flow cytometry on whole blood lymphocytes, splenocytes, Peyer's patch lymphocytes, in vitro cell lines, broncho-alveolar lavage cells, Con A and PHA blasts, fetal cell populations, and by 2-color flow cytometry against mAb to porcine CD2, CD4, and CD8. Finally, the molecular weights of the target antigens were characterized when possible. As a result of these analyses, 23 mAb were distributed into 7 CD clusters. Newly confirmed mAb assignments included: two CD2; one CD4; two CD5; one wCD6; and one wCD25. Three new mAb were found that reacted with wCD8, one of which defined a new epitope, wCD8c. For the first time, mAb against porcine CD3 were identified, including 6 mAb that reacted with three different epitopes. Several new mAb reacted with antigens whose expression varied depending on the activation state of the test cell. These will require further characterization in order to assign a CD number.

Analyses of monoclonal antibodies reacting with porcine CD3: results from the Second International Swine CD Workshop.

Among the 57 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) analyzed within the T-cell group from the Second Swine CD Workshop, six mAb fell within clusters T10 and T11 (No. 088, STH164; No. 148, FY1A3; No. 149, FY2C1; No. 150, FY1H2; No. 151, FY2A11; No. 169, BB23-8E6). The mAb within these two groups gave a similar appearance on flow cytometry and stained all peripheral blood T-cells as defined by CD4 and wCD8 staining. All six mAb precipitated a 24 kDa protein. On the basis of inhibition analyses performed as part of the workshop and from published data, the mAb define at least three epitopes. There is only minimal stimulation of resting peripheral lymphocytes, but four of the mAb produce strong stimulation in the presence of PMA. With the exception of STH164, all have been shown to react with CD3 epsilon-transfected COS cells. The new mAb, therefore, react with three epitopes on porcine CD3 epsilon designated CD3a (BB23-8E6, FY2A11), CD3b (FY1A3, FY2C1), and CD3c (FY1H2). mAb STH164 appears to be reactive with another epitope, however, since its reactivity with CD3 has not been confirmed it is designated as wCD3.

Report on the analyses of mAb reactive with porcine CD8 for the second international swine CD workshop.

Based on an analysis of their reactivity with porcine peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), only three of the 57 mAbs assigned to the T cell/activation marker group were grouped into cluster T9 along with the two wCD8 workshop standard mAbs 76-2-11 (CD8a) and 11/295/33 (CD8b). Their placement was verified through the use of two-color cytofluorometry which established that all three mAbs (STH101, #090; UCP1H12-2, #139; and PG164A, #051) bind exclusively to CD8+ cells. Moreover, like the CD8 standard mAbs, these three mAbs reacted with two proteins with a MW of 33 and 35 kDa from lymphocyte lysates and were, thus, given the wCD8 designation. Because the mAb STH101 inhibited the binding of mAb 76-2-11 but not of 11/295/33, it was given the wCD8a designation. The reactivity of the other two new mAbs in the T9 cluster with the various subsets of CD8+ lymphocytes were distinct from that of the other members in this cluster including the standards. Although the characteristic porcine CD8 staining pattern consisting of CD8low and CD8high cells was obtained with the mAb UCP1H12-2, a wider gap between the fluorescence intensity of the CD8low and CD8high lymphocytes was observed. In contrast, the mAb PG164A, not only exclusively reacted with CD4-/CD8high lymphocytes, but it also failed to recognize CD4/CD8 double positive lymphocytes. It was concluded that this mAb is specific for a previously unrecognized CD8 epitope, and was, thus, given the wCD8c designation. A very similar reactivity pattern to that of PG164A was observed for two other mAbs (STH106, #094; and SwNL554.1, #009). Although these two mAbs were not originally positioned in the T cell subgroup because of their reactivity and their ability to inhibit the binding of PG164A, they were given the wCD8c designation. Overall, five new wCD8 mAbs were identified. Although the molecular basis for the differences in PBL recognition by these mAbs is not yet understood, they will be important in defining the role of CD8+ lymphocyte subsets in health and disease.

Analyses of monoclonal antibodies reacting with porcine CD5: results from the Second International Swine CD Workshop.

Among the 57 monoclonal antibodies analyzed within the T-cell group, three mAbs fell within cluster T13 including the CD5a standard b53b7 (No. 174). The two new mAbs 1H6/8 (No. 058) and BB6-9G12 (No. 166) both precipitated 55 and 60 kDa proteins that were of similar molecular weights as the standard. Staining patterns on the various cell types were similar. Both new antibodies inhibited the binding of the CD5a reference mAbs b53b7 to peripheral lymphocytes. These mAbs, therefore both react with the CD5a epitope bringing the number of anti-porcine CD5 mAbs to eight, all of which appear to recognize the same epitope.

Analyses of monoclonal antibodies reacting with porcine wCD6: results from the Second International Swine CD Workshop.

Among the 57 monoclonal antibodies analyzed within the T-cell group of the Second International Swine CD Workshop, one mAb fell within cluster T14a that included the CD6 standard a38b2 (No. 175). The new mAb MIL8 (No. 082) and a38b2 both precipitated from activated T-cells a 150 kDa monomeric protein. Staining patterns on the various cell types were similar. There was no inhibition of binding of either mAb to peripheral blood T-cells with the opposite mAb. The new mAb, MIL8, reacts with a separate epitope on porcine wCD6.

[Post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes: effect of stressors on mRNA stability in vitro]. / Posttranskriptsionnaia reguliatsiia ékspressii genov éukariot: vliianie stressov na stabil'nost' mRNK in vitro.

The effect of field drought on gene expression in developing Zea mays L. grain and the influence of the imbalance of essential amino acids on the expression of genes in white-rat liver at the mRNA stability level were studied. A special ommp system, which included incubation (65 degrees C, 5 min) of an aqueous preparation of highly purified, high molecular-weight RNA isolated in the presence of Mg2+, was used for the analysis of mRNAs relative stability in eukaryotes. Drought changed the relative stability of seven specific mRNA in the maize developing grain: there occurred a considerable stabilization of the eEF-1 alpha mRNA and, conversely, a destabilization of the 19-kDa zein mRNA. The imbalance for lysine and tryptophan reduced the stability of the total polyadenylated mRNA and the eEF-1 alpha mRNA of rat liver. The mRNA stability positively correlated with animal growth. Thus, using the ommp system, the effect of stressful factors on the stability of specific mRNA in eukaryotes--depending on mRNA species, stressful factors, and the tissue--was shown.