RESUMO
La Sociedad Chilena de Obstetricia y Ginecología (SOCHOG) y la Sociedad Chilena de Ultrasonido en Medicina y Biología (SOCHUMB) convocaron a un comité de expertos en el tema de ultrasonido y crecimiento fetal con el fin de proponer utilizar la curva fetal que mejor se adapte a la población chilena. Luego de la discusión, al no contar con curvas chilenas de crecimiento fetal, se concluye proponer que la curva estándar de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) sería la indicada dada la calidad de su metodología y por ser multicéntrica.
The Chilean Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology (SOCHOG) and the Chilean Society of Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology (SOCHUMB) have convened a committee of experts on the subject of ultrasound and fetal growth in order to propose using the fetal curve that best adapts to the Chilean population. After the discussion, since there are no Chilean fetal growth curves, it is concluded that the World Health Organization (WHO) standard curve would be the one to use given the quality of its methodology and the fact that it is multicentric.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Organização Mundial da Saúde , Ultrassonografia Pré-Natal/normas , Padrões de Referência , Chile , Peso Fetal , ConsensoRESUMO
Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) has been the standard treatment for neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic En cephalopathy (HIE) for more than a decade. This therapy has been one of the best studied treatments in neonatal medicine, moving from preclinical models to patient application. Its implementation has been accompanied by the development of neuromonitoring, neonatal neurology as a specific area of expertise, and the intense search for new neuroprotective strategies. This article provides an update on the clinical scope of this therapy, with emphasis on the problems of our geographic region. In addition, some additional strategies that can improve the therapeutic efficacy of TH are reviewed, as well as controversial aspects in its application and some future perspectives in the care of neonates with HIE.
Assuntos
Hipotermia Induzida , Hipóxia-Isquemia Encefálica , Humanos , Hipóxia-Isquemia Encefálica/complicações , Hipóxia-Isquemia Encefálica/terapia , Recém-Nascido , NeuroproteçãoRESUMO
El aneurisma de la arteria pulmonar (AAP) es una patología poco frecuente, con una prevalencia estimada en 0,06 %; si bien sus mecanismos fisiopatológicos aún se encuentran en estudio, se cree que la principal causa es el incremento de la presión y/o del flujo a través de la arteria pulmonar (AP), como sucede en la hipertensión pulmonar y el síndrome de Eisenmenger. Con frecuencia el AAP tiene un curso asintomático o desencadena síntomas inespecíficos, pero sus complicaciones pueden presentarse con independencia de los síntomas y llegar a tener un desenlace fatal. En el presente artículo se realiza una revisión de la literatura y se presentan dos casos de AAP.
Pulmonary artery aneurysm (PAA) is a rare disease with an estimated prevalence of 0.06%. Although its pathophysiological mechanisms are still under study, the main cause is believed to be an increased pressure and/or flow through the pulmonary artery (PA), as occurs in pulmonary hypertension and Eisenmenger syndrome. PAA often has an asymptomatic course or triggers nonspecific symptoms, but its complications can occur regardless of the symptoms and be fatal. In this article, a literature review is carried out and two cases of PAA are reported.
Assuntos
Aneurisma , Artéria Pulmonar , Diagnóstico por Imagem , Angiografia por Tomografia ComputadorizadaRESUMO
RESUMEN Objetivo: Describir los resultados de la tiroidectomía endoscópica transaxilar sin insuflación de CO2 en Perú. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo de una serie de casos basado en la revisión de las historias clínicas de los pacientes con tumor tiroideo sometidos a tiroidectomía endoscópica transaxilar sin insuflación de CO entre noviembre 2014 y marzo 2017, en instituciones públicas y privadas del sistema nacional de salud de la ciudad de Lima. Resultados: Se realizaron 24 tiroidectomías endoscópicas, de las cuales 15 fueron hemitiroidectomia, 8 tiroidectomía total y una tiroidectomía subtotal. El tiempo operatorio promedio fue de 193,8 minutos. Las complicaciones más frecuentes fueron el hematoma postoperatorio (12,5%) seguido de la hipocalcemia transitoria (8,3%); ningún caso presentó lesión del plexo braquial. Conclusiones: La tiroidectomía endoscópica por vía transaxilar es un procedimiento seguro, factible de realizar en instituciones de salud que cuenten con el equipamiento de cirugía video endoscópica, que podría indicarse en determinados pacientes.
SUMMARY Objective: To describe the results of transaxillary endoscopic surgery of the thyroid gland without insufflating CO2 in Peru. Methods: A retrospective case series based of chart review of patients with thyroid cancer undergoing transaxillary endoscopic surgery of the thyroid gland without insufflating CO2 from November 2014 to March 2017 in public and private institutions in Lima. Results: 24 transaxillary endoscopic procedures were performed, 15 of which were hemithyroidectomies, 8 were total thyroidectomies and one subtotal thyroidectomy. Mean operating time was 193.8 minutes. The most common complication was post operatory hematoma (12.5%) followed by transient hypocalcemia (8.3%), no lesions of the brachial plexus were observed. Conclusions: Transaxillary endoscopic surgery of the thyroid gland is a safe and feasible procedure to be performed in equipped centers.
RESUMO
Objetivo Estimar el costo-efectividad de la administración de calcio (1 200 mg diarios) a partir de la semana 14 de gestación a todas las gestantes, comparada con no administrarlo, para reducir la incidencia de preeclampsia. Métodos Se construyó un árbol de decisión en TreeAge® con desenlace en años de vida ganados (AVG). Los costos se incluyeron desde la perspectiva del sistema de salud colombiano, en pesos (COP) de 2014. La tasa de descuento fue de 0%. Se realizaron análisis de sensibilidad univariados y probabilísticos para costos y efectividad. Resultados El suplemento de calcio es una alternativa dominante frente a la no intervención. Si la incidencia de preeclampsia es menor a 51,7 por 1 000 gestantes o el costo por tableta de calcio de 600 mg es mayor a COP$ 507,85, el suplemento de calcio deja de ser una alternativa costo-efectiva en Colombia para un umbral de 3 veces el PIB per cápita de 2013 (COP$ 45 026 379) por AVG. Conclusiones La administración de calcio a todas las gestantes a partir de la semana 14 de gestación es una alternativa dominante frente a la no intervención, que permite ganar 200 años de vida, al tiempo que disminuye costos del orden de COP$ 5 933 millones por 100 000 gestantes.(AU)
Objectives To estimate the cost-effectiveness of administering calcium (1200 mg per day) starting in week 14 of pregnancy to all pregnant women compared to not supplying it to reduce the incidence of preeclampsia. Methods A decision tree was built in TreeAge® with outcome measured in life years gained (LYG) associated with the reduction in maternal deaths. Costs were included from the perspective of the health system in Colombia and expressed in Colombian pesos in 2014 (COP). The discount rate was 0 %. We performed sensitivity univariate and probabilistic analyses for costs and effectiveness. Results Compared to no intervention, calcium supplement is a dominant alternative. If the incidence of preeclampsia is lower than 51.7 per 1 000 pregnant women or the cost per tablet of calcium of 600 mg is greater than COP $507.85, calcium supplement is no longer a cost-effective alternative in Colombia for a threshold of COP $ 45 026 379 (3 times the Colombian per capita GDP of 2013 per LYG). Conclusions Supplying calcium to all pregnant women from week 14 of gestation is a dominant alternative compared to no intervention, which saves 200 LYG, while it decreases costs to the order of COP$5 933 million per 100.000 pregnant women.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Pré-Eclâmpsia/mortalidade , Carbonato de Cálcio/administração & dosagem , Mortalidade Materna/tendências , Análise Custo-Benefício , Colômbia/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Objectives To estimate the cost-effectiveness of administering calcium (1200 mg per day) starting in week 14 of pregnancy to all pregnant women compared to not supplying it to reduce the incidence of preeclampsia. Methods A decision tree was built in TreeAge® with outcome measured in life years gained (LYG) associated with the reduction in maternal deaths. Costs were included from the perspective of the health system in Colombia and expressed in Colombian pesos in 2014 (COP). The discount rate was 0 %. We performed sensitivity univariate and probabilistic analyses for costs and effectiveness. Results Compared to no intervention, calcium supplement is a dominant alternative. If the incidence of preeclampsia is lower than 51.7 per 1 000 pregnant women or the cost per tablet of calcium of 600 mg is greater than COP $507.85, calcium supplement is no longer a cost-effective alternative in Colombia for a threshold of COP $ 45 026 379 (3 times the Colombian per capita GDP of 2013 per LYG). Conclusions Supplying calcium to all pregnant women from week 14 of gestation is a dominant alternative compared to no intervention, which saves 200 LYG, while it decreases costs to the order of COP$5 933 million per 100.000 pregnant women.
Assuntos
Carbonato de Cálcio/economia , Cálcio da Dieta/economia , Suplementos Nutricionais/economia , Pré-Eclâmpsia/mortalidade , Pré-Eclâmpsia/prevenção & controle , Carbonato de Cálcio/administração & dosagem , Cálcio da Dieta/administração & dosagem , Colômbia , Análise Custo-Benefício , Árvores de Decisões , Feminino , Humanos , Mortalidade Materna , Gravidez , Segundo Trimestre da GravidezRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Bivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (bOPV; types 1 and 3) is expected to replace trivalent OPV (tOPV) globally by April, 2016, preceded by the introduction of at least one dose of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) in routine immunisation programmes to eliminate vaccine-associated or vaccine-derived poliomyelitis from serotype 2 poliovirus. Because data are needed on sequential IPV-bOPV schedules, we assessed the immunogenicity of two different IPV-bOPV schedules compared with an all-IPV schedule in infants. METHODS: We did a randomised, controlled, open-label, non-inferiority trial with healthy, full-term (>2·5 kg birthweight) infants aged 8 weeks (± 7 days) at six well-child clinics in Santiago, Chile. We used supplied lists to randomly assign infants (1:1:1) to receive three polio vaccinations (IPV by injection or bOPV as oral drops) at age 8, 16, and 24 weeks in one of three sequential schedules: IPV-bOPV-bOPV, IPV-IPV-bOPV, or IPV-IPV-IPV. We did the randomisation with blocks of 12 stratified by study site. All analyses were done in a masked manner. Co-primary outcomes were non-inferiority of the bOPV-containing schedules compared with the all-IPV schedule for seroconversion (within a 10% margin) and antibody titres (within two-thirds log2 titres) to poliovirus serotypes 1 and 3 at age 28 weeks, analysed in the per-protocol population. Secondary outcomes were seroconversion and titres to serotype 2 and faecal shedding for 4 weeks after a monovalent OPV type 2 challenge at age 28 weeks. Safety analyses were done in the intention-to-treat population. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01841671, and is closed to new participants. FINDINGS: Between April 25 and August 1, 2013, we assigned 570 infants to treatment: 190 to IPV-bOPV-bOPV, 192 to IPV-IPV-bOPV, and 188 to IPV-IPV-IPV. 564 (99%) were vaccinated and included in the intention-to-treat cohort, and 537 (94%) in the per-protocol analyses. In the IPV-bOPV-bOPV, IPV-IPV-bOPV, and IPV-IPV-IPV groups, respectively, the proportions of children with seroconversion to type 1 poliovirus were 166 (98·8%) of 168, 95% CI 95·8-99·7; 178 (100%), 97·9-100·0; and 175 (100%), 97·9-100·0. Proportions with seroconvsion to type 3 poliovirus were 163 (98·2%) of 166, 94·8-99·4; 177 (100%), 97·9-100·0, and 172 (98·9%) of 174, 95·9-99·7. Non-inferiority was thus shown for the bOPV-containing schedules compared with the all-IPV schedule, with no significant differences between groups. In the IPV-bOPV-bOPV, IPV-IPV-bOPV, and IPV-IPV-IPV groups, respectively, the proportions of children with seroprotective antibody titres to type 1 poliovirus were 168 (98·8%) of 170, 95% CI 95·8-99·7; 181 (100%), 97·9-100·0; and 177 (100%), 97·9-100·0. Proportions to type 3 poliovirus were 166 (98·2%) of 169, 94·9-99·4; 180 (100%), 97·9-100·0; and 174 (98·9%) of 176, 96·0-99·7. Non-inferiority comparisons could not be done for this outcome because median titres for the groups receiving OPV were greater than the assay's upper limit of detection (log2 titres >10·5). The proportions of children seroconverting to type 2 poliovirus in the IPV-bOPV-bOPV, IPV-IPV-bOPV, and IPV-IPV-IPV groups, respectively, were 130 (77·4%) of 168, 95% CI 70·5-83·0; 169 (96·0%) of 176, 92·0-98·0; and 175 (100%), 97·8-100. IPV-bOPV schedules resulted in almost a 0·3 log reduction of type 2 faecal shedding compared with the IPV-only schedule. No participants died during the trial; 81 serious adverse events were reported, of which one was thought to be possibly vaccine-related (intestinal intussusception). INTERPRETATION: Seroconversion rates against polioviruses types 1 and 3 were non-inferior in sequential schedules containing IPV and bOPV, compared with an all-IPV schedule, and proportions of infants with protective antibodies were high after all three schedules. One or two doses of bOPV after IPV boosted intestinal immunity for poliovirus type 2, suggesting possible cross protection. Additionally, there was evidence of humoral priming for type 2 from one dose of IPV. Our findings could give policy makers flexibility when choosing a vaccination schedule, especially when trying to eliminate vaccine-associated and vaccine-derived poliomyelitis. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Assuntos
Esquemas de Imunização , Poliomielite/prevenção & controle , Vacina Antipólio de Vírus Inativado/administração & dosagem , Vacina Antipólio de Vírus Inativado/imunologia , Vacina Antipólio Oral/administração & dosagem , Vacina Antipólio Oral/imunologia , Vacinação/métodos , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Chile , Fezes/virologia , Feminino , Voluntários Saudáveis , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Vacina Antipólio de Vírus Inativado/efeitos adversos , Vacina Antipólio Oral/efeitos adversos , Resultado do Tratamento , Eliminação de Partículas ViraisRESUMO
Objetivo: estimar la razón costo-efectividad del diagnóstico etiológico con pruebas rápidas para la cervicitis por C. trachomatis frente al diagnóstico sindrómico, en mujeres no gestantes con síntomas de infección del tracto genital inferior en Colombia. Materiales y métodos: se construyó un árbol de decisión para determinar la razón de costo-efectividad de la aproximación etiológica con las pruebas rápidas Acon®Plate, Acon®Duo y QuickVue® para la detección de C. trachomatis comparada con el diagnóstico sindrómico. La perspectiva fue la del sistema de salud colombiano incluyendo todos los costos médicos directos. El horizonte de tiempo fue de 15 días, ya que la unidad de resultado fue el número de casos correctamente identificados (número de verdaderos positivos y verdaderos negativos). Las características operativas de las pruebas se obtuvieron en un estudio de corte transversal diseñado y conducido para este propósito. Resultados: la alternativa más costosa y más efectiva fue QuickVue® seguida de Acon®Plate y del abordaje sindrómico. Acon®Duo fue una estrategia dominada. La razón de costo-efectividad incremental de QuickVue®, comparada con Acon®Plate, fue de $ 430.671; la de Acon®Plate, comparada con el abordaje sindrómico, fue de $ 79.747. Conclusión: si la disponibilidad a pagar (DAP) por un caso correctamente identificado adicional es mayor que $ 430.671, QuickVue® sería la mejor alternativa en términos de costo-efectividad; de otro lado, si la DAP está entre $ 79.747 y $ 430.671, Acon®Plate sería la alternativa costo-efectiva. Finalmente, si la DAP es menor que $ 79.747, el abordaje sindrómico sería la mejor alternativa en términos de costo-efectividad.
Objective: To estimate the cost-effectiveness of etiological approach with rapid tests for C. trachomatis cervicitis versus syndromic diagnosis, in non-pregnant women with symptoms of lower genital tract infection in Colombia. Materials and methods: A decision tree was developed for determining the cost-effectiveness ratio of the aetiological approach using the Acon®Plate, Acon®Duo and QuickVue® quick tests for the detection of C. trachomatis, compared with the syndromic diagnosis. The perspective was that of the Colombian healthcare system, including medical direct costs. The time period was 15 days, considering that the outcome unit was the number of cases identified correctly (number of true positives and true negatives). The operational characteristics of the tests were derived from a cross-sectional study designed and conducted for that specific purpose. Results: The more costly and effective option was QuickVue®, followed by Acon®Plate and the syndromic approach. Acon®Duo was a dominated strategy. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for QuickVue® compared with Acon®Plate was $430.671, and that of Acon®Plate compared with the syndromic approach was $79.747. Conclusion: If the willingness to pay (WTP) for an additional case that is correctly identified is greater than $430.671, QuickVue® would be the best option in cost-effectiveness terms. On the other hand, if the WTP is between $79.747 and $430.671, Acon®Plate would be the cost-effective strategy. Finally, if the WTP is less than $79.747, the syndromic approach would be the best option in cost-effectiveness terms.
Assuntos
Feminino , Adulto , Análise Custo-Benefício , Cervicite Uterina , ColômbiaRESUMO
Objetivos Cuantificar niveles urinarios de 1-hidroxipireno (1-OHP) y 3-hidroxibenzo [a] pireno (3-BAP) metabolitos de hidrocarburos policíclicos aromáticos (HAP) de interés toxicológico y relacionar su detección con el grado de exposición a material particulado de tamaño menor a 10 micras (PM10) u otros factores, en una población de Policías de Tránsito ocupacionalmente expuestos en el área metropolitana de Bogotá D.C. Métodos Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal en 524 Policías de Tránsito de los cuales 413 desarrollaban funciones operativas y 111 administrativas. Se tomaron muestras de orina de todos los individuos incluidos, para la determinación de metabolitos de HAP mediante cromatografía de gases con detección de masas. Se analizó la presencia de factores asociados con la detección de los metabolitos como tabaquismo, consumo de alimentos asados, lugar de residencia y exposición a PM10. Como medida de asociación se calcularon Odds Ratio (OR). Resultados Se encontraron niveles de 1-OHP y 3-BAP superiores en los individuos expuestos con OR significativos para detección de los metabolitos de 6,3 (IC 95% (3,6-11,1)) y 15,6 (IC 95% (6,2-39)), respectivamente. Se hallaron OR significativos para detección de metabolitos de HAP y exposición a PM10, tabaquismo y consumo de alimentos asados. Discusión Existe una asociación importante y significativa entre la exposición laboral a contaminación ambiental y la detección de metabolitos de HAP de importancia toxicológica en muestras de orina. Factores tales como tabaquismo, consumo de alimentos asados recientemente y exposición a PM10 también se encontraron asociados positivamente con la detección de dichos metabolitos pero en menor proporción.(AU)
Objective Quantifying polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon levels in urine samples taken from a population of traffic police working in the metropolitan area of Bogotá who were occupationally exposed to 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) and 3-hydroxy-benzo [a] pyrene (3-BaP) metabolites from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) having toxicological interest, related to their detection, and a degree of exposure to particulate material having a size less than 10 micrometres (PM10) and/or other factors. Methods A cross-sectional study was made of 524 traffic police, 413 of whom were engaged in operational and 111 in administrative functions. Urine samples were taken from all the individuals included in the study for determining PAH metabolites by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The presence of factors associated with the detection of metabolites was analysed, such as smoking, consuming roasted/grilled food, place of residence and exposure to PM10. The odds ratio (OR) was calculated as a measure of association. Results Higher 1-OHP and 3-BaP levels were found in exposed individuals, having a significant OR for detecting 6.3 ((3.6-11.1) 95 % CI) and 15.6 ((6.2-39) 95 % CI) metabolites, respectively. Significant OR were found for detecting PAH metabolites and exposure to PM10, smoking and consuming roasted/grilled food. Discussion There was an important and significant association between work-related exposure to environmental contamination and detecting toxicologically important PAH metabolites in urine samples. Factors such as smoking, consuming freshly grilled/roasted food and exposure to PM10 were also found to be positively associated with detecting such metabolites, but to a lesser extent.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos/urina , Exposição Ocupacional/análise , Poluição Ambiental , Biomarcadores , Epidemiologia Descritiva , Estudos Transversais/instrumentação , ColômbiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Quantifying polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon levels in urine samples taken from a population of traffic police working in the metropolitan area of Bogotá who were occupationally exposed to 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) and 3-hydroxy-benzo[a]pyrene (3-BaP) metabolites from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) having toxicological interest, related to their detection, and a degree of exposure to particulate material having a size less than 10 micrometres (PM10) and/or other factors. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was made of 524 traffic police, 413 of whom were engaged in operational and 111 in administrative functions. Urine samples were taken from all the individuals included in the study for determining PAH metabolites by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The presence of factors associated with the detection of metabolites was analysed, such as smoking, consuming roasted/grilled food, place of residence and exposure to PM10. The odds ratio (OR) was calculated as a measure of association. RESULTS: Higher 1-OHP and 3-BaP levels were found in exposed individuals, having a significant OR for detecting 6.3 ((3.6-11.1) 95 % CI) and 15.6 ((6.2-39) 95 % CI) metabolites, respectively. Significant OR were found for detecting PAH metabolites and exposure to PM10, smoking and consuming roasted/grilled food. DISCUSSION: There was an important and significant association between work-related exposure to environmental contamination and detecting toxicologically important PAH metabolites in urine samples. Factors such as smoking, consuming freshly grilled/roasted food and exposure to PM10 were also found to be positively associated with detecting such metabolites, but to a lesser extent.
Assuntos
Poluentes Ocupacionais do Ar/urina , Exposição Ocupacional/efeitos adversos , Polícia , Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos/urina , Colômbia , Estudos Transversais , Humanos , Saúde da População UrbanaRESUMO
Objetivos Cuantificar cocaína e identificar otros componentes bajo las condiciones de estudio en muestras de bazuco incautadas en Colombia que proceden del Laboratorio de Estupefacientes del Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal y Ciencias Forenses Regional Bogotá durante el primer semestre de 2010. Métodos Estudio analítico exploratorio de corte transversal con el fin de caracterizar químicamente muestras de bazuco por la metodología analítica de cromatografía de gases con espectrometría de masas de trampa iónica desarrollada y validada en el Laboratorio de Toxicología Facultad de Medicina Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Bogotá. Resultados De las 109 muestras analizadas se encontró la concentración de cocaína como base entre 4 y 70 % p/p, con una media de 37 % p/p. El 73 % de las muestras tiene una concentración entre el 20 y 50 % p/p. Otros alcaloides de coca como tropacocaína, transcinamoilcocaína, norcocaína y ecgoninametilester fueron identificados. Se identifico cafeína en el 57 % de las muestras y fenacetina en el 2,8 % como adulterantes presentes. Discusión Se realiza un análisis sobre la importancia toxicológica de los resultados para los consumidores de bazuco dada la característica de consumidores crónicos.
Objectives Quantifying crack-cocaine (known locally as bazuco or smokable cocaine base paste-PBC) use and identifying other components in study conditions regarding samples of crack-cocaine seized in Colombia and held by the Colombian Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Science Narcotics Laboratory in Bogota during the first half of 2010. Methods A cross-sectional, exploratory analytical study was carried out for chemically characterizing crack-cocaine samples by the gas chromatography analytical methodology using ion trap mass spectrometry developed and validated in the Universidad National de Colombia's Medicine Faculty's Toxicology Laboratory in Bogota. Results A 4 % to 70 % w/w cocaine base concentration was found in the 109 samples tested (37 % w/w mean); 73 % of the samples had 20 % to 50 % w/w concentration. Other coca alkaloids were identified, such astropacocaine, trans-cinnamoylcocaine, norcocaine and ecgonine methyl ester. Caffeine was identified as an adulterantin 57 % of the samples and phenacetin in 2.8 % of them. Discussion The toxicological significance of the results concerning crack-cocaine consumers was quantified, given the profile for chronic users.
Assuntos
Cocaína Crack/química , Colômbia , Controle de Medicamentos e EntorpecentesRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The immunosuppressive mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors are widely used in solid organ transplantation, but their effect on kidney disease progression is controversial. mTOR has emerged as one of the main pathways regulating cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, migration, and survival. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of delayed inhibition of mTOR pathway with low dose of everolimus on progression of renal disease and TGFß expression in the 5/6 nephrectomy model in Wistar rats. METHODS: This study evaluated the effects of everolimus (0.3 mg/k/day) introduced 15 days after surgical procedure on renal function, proteinuria, renal histology and mechanisms of fibrosis and proliferation. RESULTS: Everolimus treated group (EveG) showed significantly less proteinuria and albuminuria, less glomerular and tubulointerstitial damage and fibrosis, fibroblast activation cell proliferation, when compared with control group (CG), even though the EveG remained with high blood pressure. Treatment with everolimus also diminished glomerular hypertrophy. Everolimus effectively inhibited the increase of mTOR developed in 5/6 nephrectomy animals, without changes in AKT mRNA or protein abundance, but with an increase in the pAKT/AKT ratio. Associated with this inhibition, everolimus blunted the increased expression of TGFß observed in the remnant kidney model. CONCLUSION: Delayed mTOR inhibition with low dose of everolimus significantly prevented progressive renal damage and protected the remnant kidney. mTOR and TGFß mRNA reduction can partially explain this anti fibrotic effect. mTOR can be a new target to attenuate the progression of chronic kidney disease even in those nephropathies of non-immunologic origin.
Assuntos
Rim/efeitos dos fármacos , Nefrectomia/efeitos adversos , Proteinúria/tratamento farmacológico , Sirolimo/análogos & derivados , Serina-Treonina Quinases TOR/antagonistas & inibidores , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/metabolismo , Análise de Variância , Animais , Western Blotting , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Creatinina/sangue , Creatinina/urina , Everolimo , Imuno-Histoquímica , Proteinúria/etiologia , Ratos , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , Sirolimo/farmacologia , EspectrofotometriaRESUMO
Las intoxicaciones por sustancias químicas representan un problema de salud pública. En Colombia hay poca información al respecto. Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo-retrospectivo longitudinal del comportamiento de la intoxicación originada por exposición a sustancias químicas y notificadas a través del Sistema de Vigilancia en Salud Pública (Sivigila) en Colombia durante el 2010. Los principales casos que presentan la mayor incidencia de intoxicación por sustancias químicas en Colombia son, en orden descendente, los plaguicidas, los medicamentos y otras sustancias químicas con el 89,65% del total de la notificación. El principal tipo de exposición fue la intencional suicida con el 44,04% de la notificación; la principal vía de exposición, la oral con el 72,14% de los casos notificados. El grupo de edad con el mayor número de casos notificados se concentró entre los 15 y 19 años, con el 22,17% del total de la notificación. El grado de escolaridad con el mayor número de casos de intoxicación correspondió a la educación secundaria, que representó el 47,47% de la notificación. El método de confirmación para la intoxicación fue la clínica con el 92,87% de la notificación.
The chemical poisoning is a public health problem. In Colombia there is little information. They conducted a retrospective longitudinal study of the behavior of the poisoning that was caused by chemical exposure and reported through the surveillance system in public health (Sivigila) in Colombia during 2010. The main events that have the highest incidence of chemical poisoning in Colombia are in descending order pesticides, drugs and other chemicals with 89.65% of the notification. The main type of exposure was intentional suicide with 44.04% of the notification, the main route of oral exposure to 72.14% of the reported cases. The age group with the highest number of reported cases was between 15 and 19 years with 22.17% of the notification. The level of education with the largest number of cases of poisoning was secondary education accounted for 47.47% of the notification. The method of confirming the poisoning was the clinic with 92.87% of the notification.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Quantifying crack-cocaine (known locally as bazuco or smokable cocaine base paste-PBC) use and identifying other components in study conditions regarding samples of crack-cocaine seized in Colombia and held by the Colombian Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Science Narcotics Laboratory in Bogota during the first half of 2010. METHODS: A cross-sectional, exploratory analytical study was carried out for chemically characterizing crack-cocaine samples by the gas chromatography analytical methodology using ion trap mass spectrometry developed and validated in the Universidad National de Colombia's Medicine Faculty's Toxicology Laboratory in Bogota. RESULTS: A 4 % to 70 % w/w cocaine base concentration was found in the 109 samples tested (37 % w/w mean); 73 % of the samples had 20 % to 50 % w/w concentration. Other coca alkaloids were identified, such astropacocaine, trans-cinnamoylcocaine, norcocaine and ecgonine methyl ester. Caffeine was identified as an adulterantin 57 % of the samples and phenacetin in 2.8 % of them. DISCUSSION: The toxicological significance of the results concerning crack-cocaine consumers was quantified, given the profile for chronic users.
Assuntos
Cocaína Crack/química , Colômbia , Controle de Medicamentos e EntorpecentesRESUMO
Se analizó el efecto de dos intervenciones educativas en intervalos de seis meses sobre el uso de aines (grupo M01 según ATC de 2008), medido en términos de costos totales y dosis diarias definidas (ddd)/consultas de urgencias y ambulatorias, entre enero de 2007 y junio de 2008 en el hospital San Antonio del municipio de Marmato (Caldas) en el centro de Colombia. El costo total del grupo M01 disminuyó el 69,3% a diciembre de 2007 y 65,1% en junio de 2008. En ddd/consultas de urgencias y ambulatorias, el descenso fue en el primer semestre del 40,7% y en el segundo semestre del 48,5%. Naproxeno 250 mg e ibuprofeno 400 mg tabletas y diclofenaco 75 mg ampolla disminuyeron en consumos el 74,1%, 38,9% y 78,7%, respectivamente; mientras que diclofenaco 50 mg tableta incrementó el 280,0%. La sustitución en el perfil de uso de diclofenaco oral en lugar de naproxeno oral, y la disminución del uso de diclofenaco inyectable, contribuyó a la disminución del costo total. Los resultados positivos se obtuvieron por la participación y actitud favorable de todos los médicos generales del hospital hacia las reuniones de educación basadas en evidencias.
Two educational interventions were analyzed at intervals of six months on the use of nsaids (group M01 as atc, 2008) measured in terms of total costs and Defined Daily Dose (ddd)/Ambulatory and emergency visits between January 2007 and June 2008 at the San Antonio hospital of Marmato (Caldas) in the center of Colombia. The total cost of the M01 group decreased 69.3% in December 2007 and 65.1% in June 2008. The decline of ddd/emergency and ambulatory consultations was of 40.7% in the first semester, and 48.5% in the second semester. Consumptions of naproxen 250 mg and ibuprofen 400 mg tablets, and diclofenac 75 mg ampoules decreased 74.1%, 38.9%, and 78.7% respectively, while diclofenac 50 mg tablet increased 280.0%. Oral diclofenac substitution instead of oral naproxen, and decreased use of diclofenac injectable, contributed to low total cost. Positive results were obtained by the participation and positive attitude of hospital general physicians to the educational evidence-based meetings.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides , Prescrições de Medicamentos , Química FarmacêuticaRESUMO
Introducción: El quilotórax congénito (QC) es un desorden respiratorio poco común; sin embargo, es la causa más frecuente de derrame pleural en recién nacidos (RN). Objetivo: Presentar un caso de QC como causa infrecuente de distrés respiratorio en un RN sano atendido en nuestro centro. Caso clínico: Un RN a término, sin factores de riesgo conocidos, nació por cesárea de urgencia por una inducción de parto fallida. Luego de un apgar adecuado, desarrolló en la primera hora de vida, retracción subcostal y quejido audible asociado a una saturación de oxígeno de 86% con oxígeno ambiental. La radiografía de tórax a las 2 horas reveló un velamiento total del pulmón derecho y desplazamiento del mediastino contralateral, decidiendo su conexión inmediata a ventilación mecánica convencional (VMC). La toracocentesis mostró 10 ml de un líquido ligeramente turbio, amarillo lechoso; con proteínas 4.1 g/dl; glucosa 95 mg/dl; LDH: 151 U/L; albúmina 3.1 g/dl y un recuento celular (predominio mononuclear) de 4000/mm3 que confirmó el diagnostico de QC. Luego de 36 horas de VMC y régimen cero, se extubó e inició un aporte enteral mínimo, sin requerir nuevamente oxígeno. Se mantuvo control radiológico periódico, observándose la resolución espontánea al 5 dia de vida sin necesidad de drenajes pleurales. Conclusión: El QC es una causa rara de distres respiratorio en el RN. Su reconocimiento y diagnóstico precoz permitió iniciar una terapia conservadora y disminuir el riesgo de complicaciones en este RN.
Assuntos
Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Quilotórax/complicações , Quilotórax/congênito , Quilotórax , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Derrame Pleural/etiologia , Quilotórax/terapia , Radiografia Torácica , Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório do Recém-Nascido/etiologiaRESUMO
La aflatoxina B1 (AFB1), producida por algunos hongos del género Aspergillus, está entre los más potentes carcinógenos conocidos. Su acción carcinogénica se basa en la biotransformación por el sistema hepático microsomal P450 a AFB1-8,9-epóxido, un intermediario altamente reactivo capaz de unirse a las proteínas, a los ácidos ribonucleico y desoxirribonucleico; formando un compuesto estable con el N7 de los residuos guanil que puede causar mutaciones en el codón 249 del gen p53 supresor de tumores. Esta alteración es característica de varios carcinomas, especialmente del carcinoma hepático en el hombre. La AFB1-8,9-epóxido forma uniones covalentes (aductos) con los residuos de guanina del ADN, que se excretan por vía urinaria y pueden utilizarse como biomarcadores de exposición en los grupos a riesgo de cáncer del hígado
Assuntos
Humanos , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Mecanismos Moleculares de Ação Farmacológica , Biomarcadores , ToxicologiaRESUMO
El presente trabajo fue una evaluación transversal de tipo encuesta. Se utilizó un cuestionario de 12 preguntas para evaluar aspectos sobre el uso de AINEs en Lima. Se encuestó a 200 médicos que ejercían medicina general en centros periféricos de Lima Metropolitana. La primera pregunta evaluó el concepto de inhibición selectiva de la ciclooxigenasa, 82 por ciento de médicos reconocían conocerlo y 18 por ciento lo desconocían. El 75 por ciento respondió que era una ventaja, 7 por ciento respondió que era una desventaja y 18 por ciento no respondió. El 67 por ciento reconoció prescribir AINEs de manera frecuente y 31 por ciento de manera poco frecuente. Las indicaciones en las cuales se prescriben AINEs fueron: Lumbalgia (82,5 por ciento), artritis (6,5 por ciento), amigdalitis (67,5 por ciento), dismenorrea (65,5), faringitis (62,5 por ciento), reumatismos diversos (62 por ciento), dolor (55 por ciento), celulitis (46,5 por ciento) y otras a un porcentaje menor. La mayoría de los entrevistados reconoció que las indicaciones en reumatología requieren mayor tiempo de prescripción. Los eventos adversos considerados más frecuentes fueron gastritis y dispepsia, mientras que los más severos fueron hemorragia digestiva, úlcera péptica, toxicidad hepática y toxicidad renal. La mayoría de médicos (85 por ciento) considera que existe un grupo en riesgo para desarrollar eventos adversos y fueron reconocidos como factores de riesgo: edad (ancianos), antecedentes de enfermedad ulceropéptica, antecedente de gastritis, insuficiencia hepática/renal, uso concomitante de prednisona, uso de dos o más AINEs combinados. El 56 por ciento consideró que se podían emplear conjuntamente AINEs y antibióticos y cerca de la tercera parte reconoció que los AINEs favorecen la penetración de los antibióticos. El 84 por ciento de los entrevistados consideró que no se deberían emplear combinaciones de AINEs.