RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Although withdrawal symptoms are commonly reported by persons seeking treatment for marijuana dependence, the validity and clinical significance of a marijuana withdrawal syndrome has not been established. This controlled outpatient study examined the reliability and specificity of the abstinence effects that occur when daily marijuana users abruptly stop smoking marijuana. METHODS: Twelve daily marijuana smokers were assessed on 16 consecutive days during which they smoked marijuana as usual (days 1-5), abstained from smoking marijuana (days 6-8), returned to smoking marijuana (days 9-13), and again abstained from smoking marijuana (days 14-16). RESULTS: An overall measure of withdrawal discomfort increased significantly during the abstinence phases and returned to baseline when marijuana smoking resumed. Craving for marijuana, decreased appetite, sleep difficulty, and weight loss reliably changed across the smoking and abstinence phases. Aggression, anger, irritability, restlessness, and strange dreams increased significantly during one abstinence phase, but not the other. Collateral observers confirmed participant reports of these symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: This study validated several specific effects of marijuana abstinence in heavy marijuana users, and showed they were reliable and clinically significant. These withdrawal effects appear similar in type and magnitude to those observed in studies of nicotine withdrawal.
Assuntos
Dronabinol/análogos & derivados , Dronabinol/efeitos adversos , Abuso de Maconha/complicações , Síndrome de Abstinência a Substâncias/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Adulto , Sintomas Afetivos/induzido quimicamente , Sintomas Afetivos/diagnóstico , Agressão/psicologia , Assistência Ambulatorial , Comportamento Aditivo/induzido quimicamente , Comportamento Aditivo/diagnóstico , Creatinina/urina , Dronabinol/metabolismo , Dronabinol/urina , Transtornos da Alimentação e da Ingestão de Alimentos/induzido quimicamente , Transtornos da Alimentação e da Ingestão de Alimentos/diagnóstico , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Abuso de Maconha/diagnóstico , Abuso de Maconha/urina , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Inventário de Personalidade/estatística & dados numéricos , Agitação Psicomotora/etiologia , Agitação Psicomotora/psicologia , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Transtornos do Sono-Vigília/induzido quimicamente , Transtornos do Sono-Vigília/diagnóstico , Detecção do Abuso de Substâncias/estatística & dados numéricos , Síndrome de Abstinência a Substâncias/etiologia , Síndrome de Abstinência a Substâncias/urina , Redução de PesoRESUMO
Sixty individuals seeking outpatient treatment for marijuana dependence were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: motivational enhancement (M), M plus behavioral coping skills therapy (MBT), or MBT plus voucher-based incentives (MBTV). In the voucher-based incentive program, participants earned vouchers exchangeable for retail items contingent on them submitting cannabinoid-negative urine specimens. MBTV engendered significantly greater durations of documented marijuana abstinence during treatment compared with MBT and M, and a greater percentage of participants in the MBTV group compared with the MBT or M groups were abstinent at the end of treatment. No significant differences in marijuana abstinence were observed between the MBT and M groups. The positive effects of the voucher program in this study support the utility of incentive-based interventions for the treatment of substance dependence disorders including marijuana dependence.
Assuntos
Adaptação Psicológica , Abuso de Maconha/reabilitação , Motivação , Reforço por Recompensa , Adulto , Assistência Ambulatorial , Terapia Comportamental , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Abuso de Maconha/psicologiaRESUMO
AIMS: The clinical relevance of marijuana withdrawal has not been established. This study is the first to document the incidence and severity of perceived marijuana withdrawal symptoms in a clinical sample of marijuana-dependent adults. MEASUREMENTS: Fifty-four people seeking outpatient treatment for marijuana dependence completed a 22-item Marijuana Withdrawal Symptom checklist based on their most recent period of marijuana abstinence. FINDINGS: The majority (57%) indicated that they had experienced > or = six symptoms of at least moderate severity and 47% experienced > or = four symptoms rated as severe. Withdrawal severity was greater in those with psychiatric symptomatology and more frequent marijuana use. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides further support for a cluster of withdrawal symptoms experienced following cessation of regular marijuana use. The affective and behavioral symptoms reported were consistent with those observed in previous laboratory and interview studies. Since withdrawal symptoms are frequently a target for clinical intervention with other substances of abuse, this may also be appropriate for marijuana.
Assuntos
Abuso de Maconha/reabilitação , Aceitação pelo Paciente de Cuidados de Saúde , Síndrome de Abstinência a Substâncias/etiologia , Adulto , Análise de Variância , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Análise de Regressão , Estresse Psicológico/etiologiaRESUMO
This investigation examined the factor structure and correlates of the Reasons for Exercise Inventory among 101 exercising women. Subjects completed the 24-item inventory (with one added item), reported their weekly frequency of exercise, and completed two standardized body-image measures. Factor analysis indicated that, with minor modifications, the instrument has an internally consistent structure with four factors of Appearance/Weight Management, Fitness/Health Management, Stress/Mood Management, and Socializing. Appearance/Weight Management was associated with a more negative body image independent of actual body mass and was the only motive related to self-reported frequency of exercise.