C60 Fullerene as Promising Therapeutic Agent for the Prevention and Correction of Skeletal Muscle Functioning at Ischemic Injury.

The therapeutic effect of pristine C60 fullerene aqueous colloid solution (C60FAS) on the functioning of the rat soleus muscle at ischemic injury depending on the time of the general pathogenesis of muscular system and method of administration C60FAS in vivo was investigated. It was found that intravenous administration of C60FAS is the optimal for correction of speed macroparameters of contraction for ischemic muscle damage. At the same time, intramuscular administration of C60FAS shows pronounced protective effect in movements associated with the generation of maximum force responses or prolonged contractions, which increase the muscle fatigue level. Analysis of content concentration of creatine phosphokinase and lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in the blood of experimental animals indicates directly that C60FAS may be a promising therapeutic agent for the prevention and correction of ischemic-damaged skeletal muscle function.

The effect of chlorpyrifos upon ATPase activity of sarcoplasmic reticulum and biomechanics of skeleta l muscle contraction.

We investigated the effect of chlorpyrifos, an organophosphate insecticide, on Ca2+,Mg2+-ATPase activity of sarcoplasmic reticulum and on contraction dynamics (force and length changes) of Rana temporaria m. tibialis anterior muscle fiber bundles. All of the used concentrations of chlorpyrifos (10-6 to 10-5 M) caused decrease of Ca2+,Mg2+-ATPase activity. The inhibition of Ca2+,Mg2+-ATPase activity by chlorpyriphos in concentrations of 10-6 M to 7.5·10-6 M is due to permeation of sarcoplasmic reticulum rather than due to direct enzyme inhibition by organophosphate insecticides. The inhibitory properties of the compound were higher at increased concentration and exposure timeframes. Chlorpyrifos in concentration range of 10-6 to 7.5·10-6 M causes changes in muscle fiber response force that were more pronounced than changes in contractile length. We demonstrated inhibition of Ca2+,Mg2+-ATPase activity caused by noncholinergic effects of chlorpyriphos. It is possible to conclude that influence of organophosphate insecticides happens not only in the neuromuscular transmission but also on the level of subcellular structures.

[ACTIVITY OF Ca2+,Mg(2+)-ATPase OF SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM AND CONTRACTION STRENGTH OF THE FROG SKELETAL MUSCLES UNDER THE EFFECT OF ORGANOPHOSPHORUS INSECTICIDES].

The results of an experimental study of organophosphorus insecticides, including pirimiphosmethyl, diazinon and chlorpyrifos caused a decline of the contraction properties in m. tibialis anterior fiber bundles of Rana temporaria, as well as sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+, Mg(2+)-ATPase enzymatic activity reduction are outlined in this paper. Concentration-dependent strengths response diminishing in isolated skeletal muscle fiber bundles as a result of non-cholinergic influence of organophosphorus insecticides were found. A decrease of Ca2+, Mg(2+)-ATPase enzymatic activity in sarcoplasmic reticulum was observed after administration of each insecticide. The most significant inhibition of this enzyme was observed when using chlorpyrifos.

Impact of C 60 fullerene on the dynamics of force-speed changes in soleus muscle of rat at ischemia-reperfusion injury.

The effect of C60 fullerene nanoparticles (30-90 nm) on dynamics of force response development to stimulated soleus muscle of rat with ischemic pathology, existing in muscle during the first 5 hours and first 5 days after 2 hours of ischemia and further reperfusion, was investigated using the tensometric method. It was found that intravenous and intramuscular administration of C60 fullerene with a single dose of 1 mg/kg exert different therapeutic effects dependent on the investigated macroparameters of muscle contraction. The intravenous drug administration was shown to be the most optimal for correction of the velocity macroparameters of contraction due to muscle tissue ischemic damage. In contrast, the intramuscular administration displays protective action with respect to motions associated with generation of maximal force response or continuous contractions elevating the level of muscle fatigue. Hence, C60 fullerene, being a strong antioxidant, may be considered as a promising agent for effective therapy of pathological states of the muscle system caused by pathological action of free radical processes.

ALUMINUM CHLORIDE EFFECT ON Ca2+,Mg(2+)-ATPase ACTIVITY AND DYNAMIC PARAMETERS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE CONTRACTION.

We studied enzymatic activity and measured strain-gauge contraction properties of the frog Rana temporaria m. tibialis anterior muscle fascicles during the action of aluminum chloride solution. It was shown that AlCl3 solutions did not affect the dynamic properties of skeletal muscle preparation in concentrations less than 10(-4) M Increasing the concentration of AlCl3 to 10(-2) M induce complete inhibition of muscle contraction. A linear correlation between decrease in Ca2+,Mg(2+)-ATPase activity of sarcoplasmic reticulum and the investigated concentrations range of aluminum chloride was observed. The reduction in the dynamic contraction performance and the decrease Ca2+,Mg(2+)-ATPase activity of the sarcoplasmic reticulum under the effect of the investigated AlCl3 solution were minimal in pre-tetanus period of contraction.

THE EFFECT OF THE ALUMINUM CHLORIDE--QUERCETIN COMPLEX ON Ca2+, Mg(2+)-ATPase ACTIVITY AND CONTRACTION DYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF MUSCLE TIBIALIS ANTERIOR FROM RANA TEMPORARIA.

Combined effect of aluminum chloride and quercetin solutions on the enzymatic activity and contraction dynamics of muscle fiber bundles of the Rana temporaria m. tibialis anterior was investigated. It was shown that these complexes inhibit muscle contraction. Linear reduction of Ca2+, Mg(2+)-ATPase activity induced by all of the used concentrations of AlCl3 - quercetin was demonstrated. It was found that complex of quercetin with AlCl3 has a greater inhibitory effect on muscle contraction dynamic and causes greater reduction during all periods of stimulation in comparison to the separate effect of the investigated compounds. All the studied concentrations of AlCl3 and quercetin solutions (AlCl3: 10(-4)-10(-2) M; quercetin: 10(-6)-10(-5) M) caused concentration depended contraction strengths and lengths reduction. The decrease in strength and length of muscle contractions was of constant and mostly linear nature within observed timeframe as well as within each periods of contraction. The changes were least pronounced within pretetanic period, but were profound within terminal period of muscle activity. The changes in dynamic contraction properties and Ca2+, Mg(2+)-ATPase activity of sarcoplasmic reticulum under effect of the investigated compounds was minimal in the beginning of the muscle's response to stimulus, prior to muscle strength reaching stable contraction level.

[The use of aluminum and its compounds for the biomedical purposes].

Taking into consideration the nanodimension of functional components of living cells, the application of nanotechnology in the biomedical purposes is currently an urgent task. One of these directions is the use of aluminum nanoparticles for molecular diagnostics, targeted delivery of drugs, the development of new pharmaceuticals. The action of aluminum chloride on the regulatory mechanisms of smooth and skeletal muscle contraction and also the effect of aluminum ions on the ATPase activity and superprecipitation of actomyosin of different types of muscles is discussed.