Desarrollo de la Psicomotricidad en Estudiantes de Odontología Durante el Confinamiento por COVID-19

Las habilidades psicomotrices son un pilar fundamental del aprendizaje en odontología y clásicamente han sido trabajadas a través de la simulación o atención de pacientes. Durante el confinamiento debido a COVID-19, los estudiantes no tuvieron factibilidad de realizar procedimientos preclínicos. Debido a esto, se implementaron sesiones de entrenamiento de habilidades psicomotrices, en formato online, que permitieran preparar a los estudiantes durante el confinamiento para el retor no a la clínica. Se implementaron sesiones de entrenamiento psicomotriz a través de la utilización de materiales de artes plástica s e instrumental odontológico en formato online y guiados por una Terapeuta ocupacional. Para su medición, se realizó un estudio de casos y controles, donde los grupos se seleccionaron por conveniencia entre estudiantes que participaron de las sesiones y aquellos que tuvieron la formación virtual tradicional. La experiencia se evaluó a través cuestionario de autopercepción contestado por los estudiantes con respuestas en una escala de Likert y se comparó a través de pruebas estadísticas no paramétricas. Se recolectó una muestra total de 27 estudiantes, con una edad promedio de 23,7 años. Al comparar las respuestas de ambos grupos, los estudiantes del grupo casos percibieron significativamente una mejor sujeción de objetos pequeños utilizando pinzas, manipulación de instrumentales manuales y rotatorios de manera más precisa y mejor coordinación entre ambas manos durante un procedimiento simple en boca en comparación al grupo que no participó de las mismas. El entrenamiento de habilidades psicomotrices realizadas durante el periodo de confinamiento mostró resultados positivos en la percepción de las habilidades psicomotrices de los estudiantes, siendo una estrategia de bajo costo para ser implementada durante la formación de destrezas de los estudiantes de odontología en diferentes contextos. Sin embargo, para una mejor implementación debe estar en conjunto a estrategias de simulación para ser totalmente efectiva.

Psychomotor skills are a fundamental pillar of learning in dentistry and traditionally have been worked on through simulation or patient care. During the confinement due to COVID-19, students were not able to perform preclinical procedures. Due this, psychomotor skills training sessions were implemented, in online format to prepare students during confinement for the return to the patient care. Psychomotor training sessions were implemented using plastic arts materials and dental instruments in online format and guided by an occupational therapist. For its measurement, a case-control study was carried out, where the groups were selected by convenience between students who participated in the sessions and those who had traditional virtual training. The experience was evaluated through a self- perception questionnaire answered by the students with answers on a Likert scale and compared through non- parametric statistical tests. A total sample of 27 students was collected, with an average age of 23.7 years. When comparing the responses between groups, the students in the case group perceived significantly better grasping of small objects using forceps, more precise manipulation of hand and rotary instruments and better coordination between both hands during a simple mouth procedure compared to the group that did not participate in the same. The psychomotor skills training performed during the confinement period showed positive results in the perception of psychomotor skills of the students, being a low-cost strategy to be implemented during the skills training of dental students in different contexts. However, for a better implementation it should be in conjunction with simulation strategies to be fully effective.

Intra and inter-individual variability in functional connectomes of patients with First Episode of Psychosis.

Patients with Schizophrenia may show different clinical presentations, not only regarding inter-individual comparisons but also in one specific subject over time. In fMRI studies, functional connectomes have been shown to carry valuable individual level information, which can be associated with cognitive and behavioral variables. Moreover, functional connectomes have been used to identify subjects within a group, as if they were fingerprints. For the particular case of Schizophrenia, it has been shown that there is reduced connectome stability as well as higher inter-individual variability. Here, we studied inter and intra-individual heterogeneity by exploring functional connectomes' variability and related it with clinical variables (PANSS Total scores and antipsychotic's doses). Our sample consisted of 30 patients with First Episode of Psychosis and 32 Healthy Controls, with a test-retest approach of two resting-state fMRI scanning sessions. In our patients' group, we found increased deviation from healthy functional connectomes and increased intragroup inter-subject variability, which was positively correlated to symptoms' levels in six subnetworks (visual, somatomotor, dorsal attention, ventral attention, frontoparietal and DMN). Moreover, changes in symptom severity were positively related to changes in deviation from healthy functional connectomes. Regarding intra-subject variability, we were unable to replicate previous findings of reduced connectome stability (i.e., increased intra-subject variability), but we found a trend suggesting that result. Our findings highlight the relevance of variability characterization in Schizophrenia, and they can be related to evidence of Schizophrenia patients having a noisy functional connectome.

usencia de asociación entre estrés parental y caries temprana de la infancia en preescolares / Absence of association between parental stress and early childhood caries in preschoolers

RESUMEN: La caries temprana de infancia (CTI) es un problema de salud pública. Los determinantes de CTI pueden ser biológicos, conductuales y psicosociales, siendo estos últimos los menos estudiados. El objetivo de este estudio es establecer la asociación entre estrés parental y CTI. Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal en niños de 3 a 5 años que asisten a jardines infantiles de INTEGRA en la ciudad de Temuco, Chile. La variable dependiente fue índice ceod; la variable independiente fue estrés parental, medida a través de la versión en español del Parenting Stress Index, versión corta (PSI-sf). El cuestionario fue entregado al cuidador principal del niño. Posteriormente, se realizaron los exámenes clínicos a los preescolares por investigadores calibrados. Las variables de control fueron sexo, estado civil, nivel socioeconómico, higiene oral y dieta cariogénica. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo con las características sociodemográficas. El test exacto de Fisher, la prueba ttest y ANOVA fueron utilizados para determinar asociación entre las variables de estudio (nivel de significancia p<0,05). Fueron incluidos 202 preescolares (105 niños y 97 niñas) con edad promedio de 3,3 (SD 0,6). Los cuidadores principales fueron mayoritariamente mujeres (91,0 %). El 48,5 % de los padres presentaron nivel de estrés adecuado y sólo un 18,3 % presentaron nivel de estrés clínicamente significativo. La prevalencia de caries fue un 69,8 %. No se encontró asociación entre alto nivel de estrés o estrés clínicamente significativo e índice ceod (p>0.05). Los padres que reportaron una peor salud de sus hijos o quienes no realizaban higiene oral, presentaron significativamente un mayor índice ceod (p<0,01). Los ingresos económicos y la composición familiar mostraron estar asociados a mayor índice ceod (p<0,05). Este estudio no mostró asociación significativa entre CTI y estrés parental.

ABSTRACT: Early childhood caries (ECC) is a public health problem. ECC determinants can be biological, behavioral and psychosocial, the latter being the least studied. The aim of this study is to establish the association between parental stress and ECC. A cross-sectional study was carried out with children from 3 to 5 years of age who attend INTEGRA kindergartens in Temuco, Chile, The dependent variable was dmft index. The independent variable was parental stress, measured by the Spanish version of the Parenting Stress Index, short form (PSI-sf). The questionnaire was given to the main caregiver of the child. Subsequently, preschooler clinical examinations were performed by calibrated researchers. Control variables were sex, marital status, socioeconomic level, oral hygiene and cariogenic diet of the preschooler. A descriptive analysis was carried out with the sociodemographic characteristics. Fisher's exact test, t test and ANOVA test were used to determine association between the study variables. The level of significance was p <0.05. Two hundred and two preschoolers were included (105 boys and 97 girls); the average age was 3.3 (SD 0.6). The main caregivers were mostly women, (91.0 %). Forty eight point five percent of parents presented an adequate level of stress and only 18.3 % presented a clinically significant level of stress. The prevalence of caries was 69.8 %. No association was found between high level of stress or clinically significant stress and dmft index (p> 0.05). Parents who reported worse health of their children, or who did not perform oral hygiene with their children presented a significantly higher dmft index (p <0.01). The economic income and the family composition showed to be significantly associated to a higher dmft index (p<0,05). This study showed no significant association between early childhood caries and parental stress.