Addition of synthetic polymers to a conventional cryoprotectant solution in the vitrification of bovine ovarian tissue.

Some synthetic polymers can be used at low concentrations to reduce the toxicity of conventional cryoprotectant agents. In this study we investigated whether the addition of synthetic polymers to a conventional cryoprotectant solution would improve the cryopreservation of bovine ovarian tissue. Freshly collected ovaries from ten adult crossbred cows were incised using a scalpel in the frontal section. From each cow, ovarian cortical slices of 1 mm thickness were divided into 30 fragments of 3 × 3 mm, of which 10 served as fresh controls, 10 were vitrified with conventional cryoprotectant agents (2.93 M glycerol, 27 % w/v; 4.35 M ethylene glycol, 27 % w/v), and 10 were vitrified using the same cryoprotectant agents in addition to synthetic polymers (0.2 % PVP K-12, 0.2 % SuperCool X-1000 ™ w/v and 0.4 % SuperCool Z-1000 ™ w/v). After warming, histology was used to assess follicular quantity and integrity, while in vitro culture of mechanically isolated follicles encapsulated in an alginate matrix was performed for 15 days to assess their growth and hormonal production. Vitrified ovarian tissues presented abnormal morphology, a higher percentage of atretic follicles, and their isolated follicles had lower survival rates and lower frequency of antrum formation during in vitro culture compared to those from fresh tissue. At the end of culture, the follicles that had been cryopreserved produced less estradiol and progesterone than the fresh ones. The addition of synthetic polymers during tissue vitrification did not modify any of these parameters. We conclude that, under the conditions of this study, the use of this combination of synthetic polymers for tissue vitrification did not enhance the preservation of the morphological or functional integrity of bovine ovarian follicles.

Flow regime and nutrient input control invasive alien aquatic plant distribution and species composition in small closed estuaries.

Nutrient pollution is facilitating the encroachment of invasive aquatic plants in various water bodies globally. This study investigated seasonal aquatic macrophyte responses in two temporarily closed estuaries with different nutrient inputs. Consistent effluent discharge from the upstream wastewater treatment works (WWTW) facilitated the establishment of numerous freshwater invasive alien aquatic plants (IAAPs) in the uThongathi Estuary. IAAPs (Myriophyllum aquaticum, Pistia stratiotes and Pontederia crassipes) were only displaced from the estuary after high flow events (>5 m3 s-1). In the less polluted uMdlotane Estuary nutrient pulses (>1 mg/L DIN) associated with high rainfall changed the aquatic macrophyte composition. The nutrient tolerant non-rooted Ceratophyllum demersum outcompeted the rooted submerged macrophyte Stuckenia pectinata. Species composition changed in response to flow and nutrient inputs, with the exception of emergent macrophytes, such as the grass Echinochloa pyramidalis, that remained consistent in cover and distribution in the uMdlotane Estuary. This study demonstrated that aquatic macrophytes are more responsive to nutrient inputs in unimpacted estuaries compared to consistently nutrient-rich systems where flow is an important driver of IAAPs community dynamics. Many temporarily closed estuaries are subjected to nutrient pollution from WWTWs and restoration efforts such as diversion of discharges to constructed wetlands needs urgent implementation.

Cryoprotectant agents for ovarian tissue vitrification: Systematic review.

Studies on the cryopreservation of ovarian tissue usually compare slow freezing versus vitrification and aim to optimize protocols, evaluate combinations or concentrations of cryoprotectant agents (CPAs), exposure time, and the addition of synthetic polymers. This systematic review aimed to identify the different CPAs used for the vitrification of human or primate ovarian tissue and to compare their results in terms of follicular survival and functional preservation. We searched Pubmed and EMBASE for randomized clinical trials or cohort studies comparing CPAs for human and/or primate ovarian vitrification. The highest rate of morphologically normal follicles after cryopreservation was 98% and was obtained with a combination of 27% ethylene glycol (EG) plus 27% glycerol, in addition to non-permeable synthetic polymers. The use of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in relatively low concentrations combined with EG and other CPAs yielded more than 90% of intact follicles after vitrification. The methods and outcomes varied largely among studies, making it difficult to combine their results. While there is no definite answer to what is the best combination of CPAs for vitrification of human ovarian tissue, the data reviewed here suggest that current vitrification techniques are able to preserve the integrity of most follicles.

HLA-DRB1 GENE POLYMORPHISMS IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS WITH TYPE 1 AUTOIMMUNE HEPATITIS AND TYPE 1 AUTOIMMUNE HEPATITIS OVERLAP SYNDROME WITH AUTOIMMUNE CHOLANGITIS.

BACKGROUND: Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a rare chronic inflammatory liver disease associated with a loss of immunological tolerance to self-antigens. Susceptibility to AIH is partially determined by the presence of genes related to human leukocyte antigen (HLA), mainly allelic variants of DRB1. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the frequencies of the polymorphisms in HLA-DRB1 gene in children and adolescents with type 1 AIH and type 1 AIH overlap syndrome with autoimmune cholangitis (overlap syndrome, OS) in comparison to healthy sex and age-matched individuals (control group). METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study of 25 pediatric patients diagnosed with type 1 AIH and 18 with OS. Fifty-seven healthy individuals were included as controls. The polymorphisms of the HLA-DRB1 gene were evaluated by PCR and included HLA-DRB1*03, HLA-DRB1*04, HLA-DRB1*07, and HLA-DRB1*13. RESULTS: Our results showed that the presence of the allele HLA-DRB1*13 increased the chance of autoimmune cholangitis (OR=3.96, CI 1.07 to 14.61, P=0.04). The HLA-DRB1*04 and HLA- DRB1*07 have no association with the AIH and autoimmune cholangitis in a young sample. CONCLUSION: This work demonstrates an association of the main polymorphisms in the HLA-DRB1 gene to AIH with or without cholangitis in a Brazilian sample.

Polimorfismos do gene HLA-DRB1 em pacientes pediátricos com hepatite autoimune tipo 1 e hepatite autoimune associada à colangite autoimune / Hla-drb1 gene polymorphisms in pediatric patients with type 1 autoimmune hepatitis and type 1 autoimmune hepatitis overlap syndrome with autoimmune cholangitis

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a rare chronic inflammatory liver disease associated with a loss of immunological tolerance to self-antigens. Susceptibility to AIH is partially determined by the presence of genes related to human leukocyte antigen (HLA), mainly allelic variants of DRB1. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the frequencies of the polymorphisms in HLA-DRB1 gene in children and adolescents with type 1 AIH and type 1 AIH overlap syndrome with autoimmune cholangitis (overlap syndrome, OS) in comparison to healthy sex and age-matched individuals (control group). METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study of 25 pediatric patients diagnosed with type 1 AIH and 18 with OS. Fifty-seven healthy individuals were included as controls. The polymorphisms of the HLA-DRB1 gene were evaluated by PCR and included HLA-DRB1*03, HLA-DRB1*04, HLA-DRB1*07, and HLA-DRB1*13. RESULTS: Our results showed that the presence of the allele HLA-DRB1*13 increased the chance of autoimmune cholangitis (OR=3.96, CI 1.07 to 14.61, P=0.04). The HLA-DRB1*04 and HLA- DRB1*07 have no association with the AIH and autoimmune cholangitis in a young sample. CONCLUSION: This work demonstrates an association of the main polymorphisms in the HLA-DRB1 gene to AIH with or without cholangitis in a Brazilian sample.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: Hepatite autoimune (HAI) é uma doença hepática inflamatória crônica, rara, associada à perda da tolerância imunológica aos auto-antígenos. A susceptibilidade à HAI é parcialmente determinada pela presença de genes relacionados ao antígeno leucocitário humano (HLA), principalmente variantes alélicas do DRB1. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a frequência de polimorfismos no gene HLA-DRB1 em crianças e adolescentes com HAI tipo 1 e HAI tipo 1 associada à colangite autoimune, em comparação com indivíduos saudáveis pareados por sexo e idade (grupo controle). MÉTODOS: Este é um estudo transversal de 25 pacientes pediátricos com diagnóstico de HAI tipo 1 e 18 com HAI associada à colangite autoimune. Cinquenta e sete indivíduos saudáveis foram incluídos como controles. Os polimorfismos do gene HLA-DRB1 foram avaliados por PCR e incluíram HLA-DRB1*03, HLA-DRB1*04, HLA-DRB1*07 e HLA-DRB1*13. RESULTADOS: Nossos resultados mostraram que a presença do alelo HLA-DRB1*13 aumentou a chance de colangite autoimune (OR=3,96; IC 1,07 a 14,61; P=0,04). O HLA-DRB1*04 e o HLA-DRB1*07 não apresentam associação com a HAI e colangite autoimune no grupo de pacientes mais jovens. CONCLUSÃO: Este trabalho demonstra uma associação dos principais polimorfismos no gene HLA-DRB1 à HAI com ou sem colangite na população brasileira.

Human oocyte morphometry before and after cryopreservation: A prospective cohort study.

The cryopreservation of human oocytes is an important strategy to spare fertility in women submitted to gonadotoxic therapy, ovarian surgery, or even to allow gestation by assisted reproduction technology after natural ovarian senescence. Methods to predict oocyte resistance to cryopreservation are still based on qualitative morphological assessment. In this study we evaluated whether morphometric characteristics of mature oocytes before vitrification and after warming are related to successful fertilization by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). This was a prospective cohort study including 28 infertile women and 71 oocytes. Morphometric assessments included oocyte diameter, perivitelline space (PS), zona pellucida (ZP) and first polar body (PB). Out of 49 warmed oocytes, 27 (55%) survived cryopreservation and their pre-vitrification measures were similar to those of the 22 oocytes that perished. However, the oocytes that eventually failed to be fertilized had undergone more enlargement of the total diameter (p = 0.029) and shrinking of the PS (p = 0.033) after cryopreservation, compared to oocytes that were successfully fertilized. These findings suggest that the morphometric characteristics of fresh oocytes do not predict their survival to vitrification, while fertilization failure is associated with oocyte enlargement and PS shrinking after cryopreservation.

Application of the DPSEEA Model to Healthcare Waste Management. / A aplicação do modelo FPSEEA no gerenciamento de resíduos de serviço de saúde.

The use of health indicators is indispensable for understanding the complex relationship between the environmental and health fields. For the proposition of environmental health indicators, the Brazilian Ministry of Health (MH) recommends using a model proposed by the World Health Organization. This model is composed of the following elements: Driving Force, Pressure, State, Exposure, Effect, and Action; it is called the DPSEEA model. The objective of this study is to propose the application of this model in healthcare waste (HCW) management. This study was performed by documentary research using two data sources: a) technical reports on research on HCW from the last 15 years (outpatient, dental, hospital, veterinary, university, and primary care unit) at the University of Caxias do Sul, Brazil; and b) the MH manual entitled "Environmental Health: Basic Guide for the Construction of Indicators". The results show that the model is relevant because it makes it possible to analyse a particular context, proposing indicators and defining specific actions for the case of this study, to monitor and improve methods of managing HCW. The results also show that the proposed model is an important analytical tool for both medical waste management and planning actions that will minimize risks, particularly chemical and biological, resulting in environmental health and protection.

Para compreender a complexa relação entre o campo ambiental e o da saúde é indispensável o uso de indicadores. Para propor os de Saúde Ambiental, o Ministério da Saúde recomenda um Modelo proposto pela OMS. Este, denominado Modelo FPSEEA, é composto pelos elementos: Força Motriz, Pressão, Situação, Exposição, Efeito, Ações. O objetivo deste artigo é propor a aplicação deste Modelo no Gerenciamento dos Resíduos de Serviço de Saúde (RSS). Trata-se de pesquisa documental utilizando duas fontes de dados: a) relatórios técnicos de pesquisas sobre RSS dos últimos 15 anos (ambulatorial, odontológico, hospitalar, veterinário, universitário e de UBS) na Universidade de Caxias do Sul; b) Manual do MS "Saúde Ambiental: guia básico para construção de indicadores". Os resultados evidenciam que o Modelo é relevante por permitir analisar determinado contexto, propor indicadores e definir ações específicas para, no caso deste estudo, monitorar e aprimorar formas de manejo dos RSS. Evidenciam, ainda, que o modelo proposto constitui uma importante ferramenta de análise, tanto na MWM, como no planejamento de ações que minimizem os riscos, especialmente biológicos e químicos, resultando em saúde e proteção do ambiente.

Shifts in phytoplankton community structure in response to hydrological changes in the shallow St Lucia Estuary.

Hydrological regimes are key in shaping the structure of phytoplankton communities in estuaries. Because anthropogenic disturbances often alter the quantity and quality of riverine inputs, this research focused on investigating phytoplankton dynamics in the St. Lucia Estuary, since being reconnected to the Mfolozi River. Due to the closed mouth state of the estuary, the input from the river resulted in oligohaline (≥5) conditions and the characteristic reverse salinity gradient to persist throughout the study (i.e. one year). Model results indicated that phytoplankton communities were structured by rainfall, light transmittance and depth, while shifts between dominant groups were driven by salinity and flow season. The persistence of chlorophytes and euglenophytes as the co-dominant functional group indicates the freshening and nutrient-enriched nature of the river. This study provides the first detailed account documenting the response of the phytoplankton community to recent restoration efforts in the St Lucia Estuary, a Ramsar Site.

A aplicação do modelo FPSEEA no gerenciamento de resíduos de serviço de saúde / Application of the DPSEEA Model to Healthcare Waste Management

Resumo Para compreender a complexa relação entre o campo ambiental e o da saúde é indispensável o uso de indicadores. Para propor os de Saúde Ambiental, o Ministério da Saúde recomenda um Modelo proposto pela OMS. Este, denominado Modelo FPSEEA, é composto pelos elementos: Força Motriz, Pressão, Situação, Exposição, Efeito, Ações. O objetivo deste artigo é propor a aplicação deste Modelo no Gerenciamento dos Resíduos de Serviço de Saúde (RSS). Trata-se de pesquisa documental utilizando duas fontes de dados: a) relatórios técnicos de pesquisas sobre RSS dos últimos 15 anos (ambulatorial, odontológico, hospitalar, veterinário, universitário e de UBS) na Universidade de Caxias do Sul; b) Manual do MS "Saúde Ambiental: guia básico para construção de indicadores". Os resultados evidenciam que o Modelo é relevante por permitir analisar determinado contexto, propor indicadores e definir ações específicas para, no caso deste estudo, monitorar e aprimorar formas de manejo dos RSS. Evidenciam, ainda, que o modelo proposto constitui uma importante ferramenta de análise, tanto na MWM, como no planejamento de ações que minimizem os riscos, especialmente biológicos e químicos, resultando em saúde e proteção do ambiente.

Abstract The use of health indicators is indispensable for understanding the complex relationship between the environmental and health fields. For the proposition of environmental health indicators, the Brazilian Ministry of Health (MH) recommends using a model proposed by the World Health Organization. This model is composed of the following elements: Driving Force, Pressure, State, Exposure, Effect, and Action; it is called the DPSEEA model. The objective of this study is to propose the application of this model in healthcare waste (HCW) management. This study was performed by documentary research using two data sources: a) technical reports on research on HCW from the last 15 years (outpatient, dental, hospital, veterinary, university, and primary care unit) at the University of Caxias do Sul, Brazil; and b) the MH manual entitled "Environmental Health: Basic Guide for the Construction of Indicators". The results show that the model is relevant because it makes it possible to analyse a particular context, proposing indicators and defining specific actions for the case of this study, to monitor and improve methods of managing HCW. The results also show that the proposed model is an important analytical tool for both medical waste management and planning actions that will minimize risks, particularly chemical and biological, resulting in environmental health and protection.

Lesões cervicais não-cariosas associadas ao recobrimento radicular: quando restaurar / Non-carious cervical lesions associated with the root coverage: when restore

O tratamento das recessões gengivais passou a ser uma exigência comum devido, principalmente, à preocupação estética associada muitas vezes, com a hipersensibilidade dentinária. Abordagens cirúrgicas como o retalho reposicionado coronalmente e a técnica bilaminar podem ser associadas ao enxerto de tecido conjuntivo subepiteliale têm sido relatadas como sendo mais previsíveis quando comparadas com outras, no que tange ao recobrimento radicular. Nos casos de recessões gengivais extensas o recobrimento radicular através de técnicas cirúrgicas mucogengivais tradicionais pode não ser a melhor escolha devido à necessidade de alisamento radicular abrangente, o que poderia comprometer a estrutura dentária. Nestes casos a combinação de um material restaurador adesivo associado ao recobrimento radicular pode estar indicada. A utilização do ionômero de vidro e da resina composta é combinada ao retalho reposicionado coronalmente associado ou não ao enxerto de tecido conjuntivo subepitelial nos casos de cavidades profundas. Os dois tipos de materiais restauradores possuem uma boa resposta tecidual quando bem adaptados e polidos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma revisão de literatura sobre a utilização de materiais restauradores nas lesões cervicais não-cariosas quando da técnica do retalho reposicionado coronalmente associado ou não ao enxerto de tecido conjuntivo subepitelial, nos casos de recobrimento radicular.

Treatment of gingival recession has become a common requirement, mainly due to aesthetic concerns often associated with hypersensitive teeth. Surgical approaches as coronally repositioned flap and technique bilaminar may be associated with subepithelial connective tissue graft and has been reported to be more predictable when compared with others in relation to root coverage. In cases of gingival recession extensive the root coverage through traditional surgical techniques mucogengivais may not be the best choice given the need for extensive root planing, which could compromise the tooth structure. In these cases the combination of an adhesive restorative material associated with the root coverage may be indicated. The use of glass ionomer and composite resin is combined with the coronally repositioned flap with or without subepithelial connective tissue graft in cases of deep cavities. The two types of restorative materials have good tissue response when properly adjusted and polished. The aim of this study was a literature review on the use of restorative materials in non-carious cervical lesions when the coronally repositioned flap with or without subepithelial graft in cases of root coverage