What Are Risk Factors for an Ileus After Posterior Spine Surgery?-A Case Control Study.

STUDY DESIGN: Case-Control Study. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this retrospective study is to evaluate risk factors for developing a postoperative ileus after posterior spine surgery. METHODS: Patient charts, including radiographs were evaluated retrospectively. Diagnosis of an ileus was confirmed radiographically by a CT scan in all cases. The control group was retrieved by selecting a random sample of patients undergoing posterior spine surgery who did not develop bowel dysfunction postoperatively. RESULTS: A total of 40 patients had a postoperative ileus. The control group consisted of 80 patients. Both groups did not differ significantly in age, gender, BMI, tobacco use, comorbidities or status of previous abdominal surgery. Significant differences between the 2 groups was the length of stay (5.9 vs. 11.2; p = 0.001), surgery in the lumbar spine (47.5% vs. 87.5%; p < 0.001) and major spine surgery involving > 3 levels (35.0% vs. 57.5%; p = 0.019). Patients who suffered from an ileus were more likely to be treated in ICU (23.8% vs. 37.5%; p = 0.115), being re-admitted (0.0% vs 5.0%; p = 0.044) and having a delayed discharge (32.5% vs. 57.5%; p = 0.009). Multivariable analysis demonstrated that lumbar spine surgery compared to thoracic and/or cervical spine surgery (p = 0.00, OR 8.7 CI 2.9-25.4) and major spine surgery involving > 3 levels (p = 0.012; OR 3.0, CI 1.3-7.2) are associated with developing an ileus postoperatively. CONCLUSION: Surgeries of the lumbar spine as well as those involving > 3 levels are associated with developing a postoperative ileus. Further studies are needed to expand on possible risk factors and to better understand the mechanism underlying postoperative ileus in spine surgery patients.

Outcome After Extreme Lateral Transpsoas Approach: Corpectomies Versus Interbody Fusion.

INTRODUCTION: The lateral transpsoas approach (LTPA) has gained popularity in thoracolumbar spine surgery procedures; however, there is an insufficient amount of data pertaining to motor and sensory complications that arise when a corpectomy is performed through the LTPA approach. METHODS: Patients who underwent a corpectomy through a LTPA at a single institution between 2006 and 2016 were analyzed. Demographics, neurological outcomes, and complications were recorded. The minimum follow-up was 6 months. Univariate analysis was performed to compare demographics, surgical characteristics, complications, and outcome scores. To compare categorical variables, the χ2 test was used. For continuous outcomes, simple linear regression was used. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. RESULTS: A total of 166 patients were included. The patients were divided into 2 groups; LTPA without corpectomy (n = 112) versus LTPA with corpectomy (n = 54). Patients without corpectomy showed a significantly lower rate of postoperative infections compared with patients with corpectomy (3.6% vs. 22.2%; P < 0.000). A higher percentage of postoperative complications was found in patients with corpectomy (31.5% vs. 13.4%; P = 0.006). The rate of neurologic complications at the 6-month follow-up and the reoperation rate (22.7% vs. 32.4%; P = 0.256) were higher in the corpectomy group (8.9% vs. 7.4%; P = 0.741), no significant difference was found between the groups. CONCLUSION: Patients who underwent an LTPA corpectomy have a higher risk to suffer from postoperative complications. The results at the 6-month follow-up did not significantly differ between the groups.

Is There an Optimal Wound Closure Technique for Major Posterior Spine Surgery? A Systematic Review.

STUDY DESIGN: Systematic review. OBJECTIVES: In patients undergoing posterior spinal fusion: (1) What are the types and risks of wound complications in major (≥3 levels) surgery, and does the risk vary by number of levels fused? (2) What types of fascial closure result in the fewest wound complications? (3) What subcutaneous closure technique is more effective in preventing wound complications for obese patients (body mass index >30 kg/m2)? (4) What type of skin closure results in the fewest wound complications? (5) What type of dressing results in the fewest wound complications? METHODS: Electronic databases and reference lists of key articles were searched from January 1, 2000 to December 4, 2017 to identify studies meeting inclusion criteria. RESULTS: Six lower quality retrospective studies (evidence level III) met the inclusion criteria. The risk of wound complications in patients with ≥3 level posterior spine fusion ranges from 1.5% to 3.7% depending on the definition of wound complications. Skin closure with sutures resulted in fewer wound infections compared with staples (0.0% vs 8.0%, P = .023). We were unable to demonstrate an association between the number of levels fused and infection risk. Wound infections, primarily superficial, occurred less frequently with Silverlon dressing versus routine dressing. CONCLUSIONS: We were unable to determine if infection risk changed with increasing number of levels fused. There is a lack of evidence for optimal wound closure technique in posterior spine surgery. Several questions still remain unanswered, such as the optimal fascial closure technique or the optimal subcutaneous closure technique in obese patients.

Neurovascular Relationships of S2AI Screw Placement: Anatomic Study.

INTRODUCTION: The S2 alar-iliac (S2AI) screw is a modification of the traditional iliac fixation technique and has surgical and biomechanical benefits. However, there are significant regional neurovascular structures along the path of such screws. Therefore the current anatomic study was performed to better elucidate these relationships. METHODS: Using fluoroscopy, S2AI screws were placed in 2 adult cadavers through a standard posterior midline exposure. The screw insertion point was placed 10 mm lateral to a line bisecting the S1 and S2 foramina, adjacent to the sacroiliac joint. Using 30- to 40-degree lateral angulation from the midline and 20- to 30-degree caudal angulation, a pedicle probe was directed toward the anterior inferior iliac spine. The final trajectory was positioned to sit 1-2 cm superior to the greater sciatic foramen. Lastly, the screws and surrounding bone were drilled in order to visualize both lateral and medial neurovascular relationships. RESULTS: Removing the bone around the S2AI-screw illustrated the close relationship to the medial (internal) neurovascular structures including the obturator nerve, lumbosacral trunk, sacral plexus and, specifically, the S1 ventral ramus and iliac vein and artery. By removing the outer cortex of the ilium, the close relationship to the superior gluteal artery, vein, and nerve was observed. In addition, we were able to identify the proximity to the iliopsoas muscle and internal iliac vessels. CONCLUSIONS: A comprehensive knowledge of the surrounding neurovascular anatomy relevant to S2AI screw placement can decrease patient morbidity and allow spine surgeons to better diagnose potential postoperative complications.

Wound Closure After Posterior Multi-level Lumbar Spine Surgery: An Anatomical Cadaver Study and Technical Note.

Meticulous attention to wound closure in posterior lumbar spine surgery is an important principle in reducing surgical site infections. We detail standardized wound closure used for posterior lumbar spine surgery at a tertiary care referral center and illustrate this as a step-by-step cadaveric dissection. The lumbar spine of a cadaveric specimen (male, 73 years at death) was used for dissection. Standardizing wound closure in posterior lumbar spine surgery may help limit wound complications and infection. Some key points of our technique, as demonstrated on a cadaveric specimen, include separating fascial compartments, avoiding suture abscesses, and creating a tension-free wound.

Cervico-thoracic Interspinous Bursitis Associated with Bilateral Upper-extremity Numbness: A Case Report.

The authors describe a 48-year-old woman suffering from bilateral upper-extremity numbness and axial radiating pain. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed soft-tissue edema and enhancement surrounding the dorsal tip of the C7 spinous process. Excisional biopsy of the lesion revealed a mildly inflamed bursa, with no evidence of an active infection. Removal of the inflamed bursa resulted in complete resolution of the upper-extremity numbness and improvement in her neck pain. Although similar cases have been reported to be associated with rheumatologic conditions, most notably polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR), the current report underlines the presentation of radicular-like complaints associated with interspinous bursitis in the absence of other conditions affecting the musculoskeleton.

Standardizing ICU management of pediatric traumatic brain injury is associated with improved outcomes at discharge.

OBJECT The goal of critical care in treating traumatic brain injury (TBI) is to reduce secondary brain injury by limiting cerebral ischemia and optimizing cerebral blood flow. The authors compared short-term outcomes as defined by discharge disposition and Glasgow Outcome Scale scores in children with TBI before and after the implementation of a protocol that standardized decision-making and interventions among neurosurgeons and pediatric intensivists. METHODS The authors performed a retrospective pre- and postprotocol study of 128 pediatric patients with severe TBI, as defined by Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores < 8, admitted to a tertiary care center pediatric critical care unit between April 1, 2008, and May 31, 2014. The preprotocol group included 99 patients, and the postprotocol group included 29 patients. The primary outcome of interest was discharge disposition before and after protocol implementation, which took place on April 1, 2013. Ordered logistic regression was used to assess outcomes while accounting for injury severity and clinical parameters. Favorable discharge disposition included discharge home. Unfavorable discharge disposition included discharge to an inpatient facility or death. RESULTS Demographics were similar between the treatment periods, as was injury severity as assessed by GCS score (mean 5.43 preprotocol, mean 5.28 postprotocol; p = 0.67). The ordered logistic regression model demonstrated an odds ratio of 4.0 of increasingly favorable outcome in the postprotocol cohort (p = 0.007). Prior to protocol implementation, 63 patients (64%) had unfavorable discharge disposition and 36 patients (36%) had favorable discharge disposition. After protocol implementation, 9 patients (31%) had unfavorable disposition, while 20 patients (69%) had favorable disposition (p = 0.002). In the preprotocol group, 31 patients (31%) died while 6 patients (21%) died after protocol implementation (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Discharge disposition and mortality rates in pediatric patients with severe TBI improved after implementation of a standardized protocol among caregivers based on best-practice guidelines.

Trends for Spine Surgery for the Elderly: Implications for Access to Healthcare in North America.

The proportion of the population over age 65 in the United States continues to increase over time, from 12% in 2000 to a projected 20% by 2030. There is an associated rise in the prevalence of degenerative spinal disorders with this aging population. This will lead to an increase in demand for both nonsurgical and surgical treatment for these disabling conditions, which will stress an already overburdened healthcare system. Utilization of spinal procedures and services has grown considerably. Comparing 1999 to 2009, lumbar epidural steroid injections have increased by nearly 900,000 procedures performed per year, while physical therapy evaluations have increased by nearly 1.4 million visits per year. We review the literature regarding the cost-effectiveness of spinal surgery compared to conservative treatment. Decompressive lumbar spinal surgery has been shown to be cost-effective in several studies, while adult spinal deformity surgery has higher total cost per quality-adjusted life year gained in the short term. With an aging population and unsustainable healthcare costs, we may be faced with a shortfall of beneficial spine care as demand for spinal surgery in our elderly population continues to rise. ABBREVIATION: QALY, quality-adjusted life year.

Natural history and imaging prevalence of cavernous malformations in children and young adults.

OBJECT: This study was undertaken to define the age-related prevalence of cavernous malformations (CMs) in children and young adults undergoing intracranial imaging. In addition, the authors aim to clarify the natural history of CMs in young people, especially in those with incidentally discovered lesions. METHODS: To identify those patients with CMs, the authors retrospectively reviewed the electronic medical records of 14,936 consecutive patients 25 years of age or younger who had undergone brain MR imaging. In patients with a CM, clinical and imaging data were collected. Patients with untreated cavernomas who had more than 6 months of clinical and MR imaging follow-up were included in a natural history analysis. The natural history analysis included 110 CMs in 56 patients with a 3.5-year mean clinical follow-up interval (199 patient-years and 361 cavernoma-years). RESULTS: In 92 patients (0.6%), 164 CMs were identified. The imaging prevalence of cavernomas increased with advancing age (p = 0.002). Multiple CMs occurred in 28 patients (30%), and 8 patients (9%) had a family history of multiple CMs. Fifty patients (54%) presented with symptoms related to the cavernoma, of whom 30 presented with hemorrhage (33%). Of the 164 cavernomas identified, 103 (63%) were considered incidental, asymptomatic lesions. Larger size was associated with acute symptomatic presentation (p = 0.0001). During the follow-up interval, 6 patients with 8 cavernomas developed 11 symptomatic hemorrhages after initial identification. Five of the patients who had a hemorrhage during the follow-up interval had initially presented with hemorrhage, while only 1 had presented incidentally. The hemorrhage rate for all patients in the natural history group was 1.6% per patient-year and 0.9% per cavernoma-year. The hemorrhage rate was 8.0% per patient-year in the symptomatic group versus 0.2% in the incidental group. Symptomatic hemorrhage after long-term follow-up was associated with initial acute presentation (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: The imaging prevalence of CM increases with advancing age during childhood. Patients presenting without hemorrhage have a significantly lower risk of bleeding compared with those who present with acute neurological symptoms. Comparing this series of children to prior analyses of CM natural history in adults, the authors' data do not suggest a higher bleeding risk in younger patients.

Pediatric cerebellar pilomyxoid-spectrum astrocytomas.

OBJECT: Pediatric cerebellar astrocytomas with pilomyxoid features include classic pilomyxoid astrocytomas (PMAs) and intermediate pilomyxoid tumors (IPTs). Since the original description of PMA in 1999, most reports in the literature have described PMAs arising from the hypothalamic/chiasmatic region. To the authors' knowledge, PMAs arising from the posterior fossa have not been discussed in the neurosurgical literature. Intermediate pilomyxoid tumors, or tumors with pathological features of both pilocytic astrocytoma (PA) and PMA, have only recently been described. In this article, the authors present 2 cases that fall within the spectrum of pediatric cerebellar PMA-including a classic PMA and an intermediate pilomyxoid tumor. The authors compare the radiological presentation, surgical results, and postoperative course to findings in a cohort of 15 patients with cerebellar PAs. METHODS: Between 2003 and 2010, 2 patients with pilomyxoid-spectrum astrocytomas underwent treatment at Vanderbilt Children's Hospital. One was a 22-month-old girl who presented with progressive gait disturbance and falls. The other was a 4-year-old girl who presented with ataxia and generalized weakness. In a retrospective review of pediatric cerebellar neoplasms resected by the senior author during this period, these tumors comprised 4% of cerebellar neoplasms and approximately 10% of cerebellar glial neoplasms. RESULTS: Both patients were treated with midline suboccipital craniotomy for resection. In both cases, tumor invasion anteriorly into the brainstem prevented gross-total resection. the patient in Case 1 was placed on chemotherapy following pathological diagnosis and later developed definitive evidence of leptomeningeal dissemination (LD) 3 years after the operation. The patient in Case 2 was placed on chemotherapy after exhibiting progressive evidence of local recurrence (findings were negative for LD) 12 months following resection. CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric patients with cerebellar pilomyxoid-spectrum astrocytomas appear to suffer higher rates of local recurrence and LD than pediatric patients with cerebellar PAs.

The effect of age on arteriovenous malformations in children and young adults undergoing magnetic resonance imaging.

OBJECTIVE: Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are the most frequently encountered structural cause of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage in childhood, excluding hemorrhages of prematurity. The goal of our study was to examine the relationship between age and AVM prevalence on imaging in children, which to date has not been well described. METHODS: We queried the electronic and radiographic records of 14,936 consecutive patients aged 25 years or less who had undergone brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at a single institution over an 11-year period to identify those with a cerebral AVM. We collected age, gender, and other demographic characteristics for all patients. For all patients with a cerebral AVM, we recorded the location, size, drainage pattern, Spetzler-Martin grade, medical history, and presence of neurological symptoms. RESULTS: Cerebral AVMs were identified in 55 patients (0.37%). The prevalence of AVMs detected on MRI significantly increased with age (p = 0.001). AVMs were found in 0.34% of boys (25 of 7,447) and 0.40% of girls (30 of 7,489). AVMs were most commonly identified in the frontal lobes (36%), followed by parietal (20%) and temporal lobes (13%). Sixty percent (n = 33) of AVMs were less than 3 cm in size, 35% (n = 19) were 3-6 cm in size, and 5.5% (n = 3) were greater than 6 cm in size. As for Spetzler-Martin grade of the AVMs, 25.5% were grade I, 18.2% were grade II, 36.4% were grade III, 16.4% were grade IV, and 3.6% were grade V. CONCLUSIONS: AVMs are seen more frequently on MRI with advancing age in children and young adults.