Open-source graphical user interface for the creation of synthetic skeletons for medical image analysis.

Purpose: Deformable medial modeling is an inverse skeletonization approach to representing anatomy in medical images, which can be used for statistical shape analysis and assessment of patient-specific anatomical features such as locally varying thickness. It involves deforming a pre-defined synthetic skeleton, or template, to anatomical structures of the same class. The lack of software for creating such skeletons has been a limitation to more widespread use of deformable medial modeling. Therefore, the objective of this work is to present an open-source user interface (UI) for the creation of synthetic skeletons for a range of medial modeling applications in medical imaging. Approach: A UI for interactive design of synthetic skeletons was implemented in 3D Slicer, an open-source medical image analysis application. The steps in synthetic skeleton design include importation and skeletonization of a 3D segmentation, followed by interactive 3D point placement and triangulation of the medial surface such that the desired branching configuration of the anatomical structure's medial axis is achieved. Synthetic skeleton design was evaluated in five clinical applications. Compatibility of the synthetic skeletons with open-source software for deformable medial modeling was tested, and representational accuracy of the deformed medial models was evaluated. Results: Three users designed synthetic skeletons of anatomies with various topologies: the placenta, aortic root wall, mitral valve, cardiac ventricles, and the uterus. The skeletons were compatible with skeleton-first and boundary-first software for deformable medial modeling. The fitted medial models achieved good representational accuracy with respect to the 3D segmentations from which the synthetic skeletons were generated. Conclusions: Synthetic skeleton design has been a practical challenge in leveraging deformable medial modeling for new clinical applications. This work demonstrates an open-source UI for user-friendly design of synthetic skeletons for anatomies with a wide range of topologies.

In vitro fertilization practice in patients with absolute uterine factor undergoing uterus transplant in the United States.

OBJECTIVE: To report detailed, pooled multicenter experiences and outcomes after in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment among patients undergoing uterus transplantation (UTx) in the US. DESIGN: Cohort study. SETTING: Hospital. PATIENTS: Patients undergoing UTxsfrom the three longest-running UTx clinical trials in the US. INTERVENTION: In vitro fertilization treatment among patients undergoing UTx.. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Reproductive outcomes pretransplant and posttransplant ovarian stimulation. RESULTS: Thirty-one uterus transplant recipients were included in this cohort (mean [±SD] age at transplant was 31 ± 4.7 years). Before transplant, recipients completed a mean of two oocyte retrievals (range 1-4), banking a mean of eight untested embryos (range 3-24) or six euploid embryos (range 2-10). Posttransplant retrieval cycles were required in 19% (n = 6/31) of recipients, for a total of 16 cycles (range 2-4 cycles per recipient). All posttransplant retrievals were performed vaginally without complications. Preimplantation genetic testing was used by 74% (n = 23/31) of subjects. Seventy-two autologous single embryo transfers (ETs) occurred in 23 patients who completed at least one ET. Two ETs followed a fresh IVF treatment cycle, and the remainder (n = 70) were frozen ETs. Endometrial preparation was more commonly performed with programmed protocols (n = 61) (exogenous administration of estrogen and progesterone) compared with natural cycle protocols (n = 9). The overall live birth rate (LBR) for this cohort was 35% (n = 25/72) per ET. Among those patients (n = 21) who had an ET leading to a live birth, a mean of 2.2 ETs were performed. The overall LBR after the first ET was 57% (n = 13/23) and rose to 74% (n = 17/23) after a second ET. There was no difference in rate of preeclampsia, live birth, neonatal birth, or placental weights among programmed vs. natural cycle frozen ETs. There were no differences in the LBR between living or deceased donor uteri (37% vs. 32%). CONCLUSIONS: Posttransplant ovarian stimulation was required in 26% (n = 6/23) of recipients undergoing at least one ET, despite high rates of preimplantation genetic testing and pretransplant embryo cryopreservation. Posttransplant retrievals were performed transvaginally, without complications. Future reporting of IVF treatment experiences will be essential to optimizing reproductive outcomes after a uterus transplant. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBERS: NCT02656550 (Baylor University Medical Center); NCT03307356 (University of Pennsylvania); and NCT02573415 (Cleveland Clinic).

Classification and treatment of vaginal strictures at the donor-recipient anastomosis after uterus transplant.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the incidence and management of vaginal stricture after uterus transplantation (UTx) in the US, to propose a grading system to classify stricture severity, and to identify risk factors for stricture formation. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: University Hospital. PATIENTS: Recipients undergoing UTx from 2016-2023 at Baylor University Medical Center in Dallas, Cleveland Clinic, the University of Pennsylvania, and the University of Alabama at Birmingham were monitored postoperatively with regular pelvic examinations. Stricture was defined as vaginal narrowing of <3 cm in patients with graft survival of at least 7 days. INTERVENTION: Demographic and surgery characteristics. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Stricture development and severity (grade 1 for diameter 2-<3 cm, grade 2 for 1-<2 cm, or grade 3 for <1 cm). RESULTS: Of the 45 UTx from 2016-2023 (16 deceased donors and 29 living donors), 3 were excluded from the analysis because of graft loss within 7 days. Of the 42 remaining recipients, 39 (92.9%) had Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome and 3 (7.1%) had a prior hysterectomy. Twenty-eight (66.7%) UTx recipients developed postoperative vaginal strictures with a median time to stricture of 33 days (interquartile range 19-53 days). Most strictures were of moderate severity, with 4 (14.3%) strictures categorized as grade 1, 19 (67.9%) as grade 2, and 5 (17.9%) as grade 3. History of Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome and preoperative recipient vaginal length were significant risk factors for stricture, after adjustment for donor and recipient age and body mass index, anastomosis technique, total ischemia time, center, and year. Patients with longer preoperative vaginal length had a lower risk of stricture (hazard ratio 0.45, 0.29-0.70). The severity grading of the stricture was associated with the effectiveness of a nonoperative treatment approach (grade 1 vs. grade 3). No patients with grade 3 strictures improved with self-dilation alone; all required surgical repair and/or dilation under anesthesia. Conversely, for grade 1 or 2 strictures, self-dilation alone was successful in 47.8% (11/23), and no grade 1 strictures required surgical repair. CONCLUSIONS: Vaginal stricture is a common postoperative complication after UTx, affecting >65% of recipients. Short preoperative vaginal length and history of müllerian agenesis in the recipient are significant risk factors. Vaginal self-dilation was effective for some mild to moderate strictures, although dilation under anesthesia or surgical repair was required in most cases. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBERS: Dallas UtErus Transplant Study (DUETS) at Baylor University Medical Center (NCT02656550), Uterine transplantation for the treatment of uterine factor infertility at the Cleveland Clinic (NCT02573415), The University of Pennsylvania Uterus Transplant for Uterine Factor Infertility Trial (UNTIL) (NCT03307356).

Targeting Tryptophan Catabolism in Ovarian Cancer to Attenuate Macrophage Infiltration and PD-L1 Expression.

High-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) of the fallopian tube, ovary, and peritoneum is the most common type of ovarian cancer and is predicted to be immunogenic because the presence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes conveys a better prognosis. However, the efficacy of immunotherapies has been limited because of the immune-suppressed tumor microenvironment (TME). Tumor metabolism and immune-suppressive metabolites directly affect immune cell function through the depletion of nutrients and activation of immune-suppressive transcriptional programs. Tryptophan (TRP) catabolism is a contributor to HGSC disease progression. Two structurally distinct rate-limiting TRP catabolizing enzymes, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase 2 (TDO2), evolved separately to catabolize TRP. IDO1/TDO2 are aberrantly expressed in carcinomas and metabolize TRP into the immune-suppressive metabolite kynurenine (KYN), which can engage the aryl hydrocarbon receptor to drive immunosuppressive transcriptional programs. To date, IDO inhibitors tested in clinical trials have had limited efficacy, but those inhibitors did not target TDO2, and we find that HGSC cell lines and clinical outcomes are more dependent on TDO2 than IDO1. To identify inflammatory HGSC cancers with poor prognosis, we stratified patient ascites samples by IL6 status, which correlates with poor prognosis. Metabolomics revealed that IL6-high patient samples had enriched KYN. TDO2 knockdown significantly inhibited HGSC growth and TRP catabolism. The orally available dual IDO1/TDO2 inhibitor, AT-0174, significantly inhibited tumor progression, reduced tumor-associated macrophages, and reduced expression of immune-suppressive proteins on immune and tumor cells. These studies demonstrate the importance of TDO2 and the therapeutic potential of AT-0174 to overcome an immune-suppressed TME. SIGNIFICANCE: Developing strategies to improve response to chemotherapy is essential to extending disease-free intervals for patients with HGSC of the fallopian tube, ovary, and peritoneum. In this article, we demonstrate that targeting TRP catabolism, particularly with dual inhibition of TDO2 and IDO1, attenuates the immune-suppressive microenvironment and, when combined with chemotherapy, extends survival compared with chemotherapy alone.

A pilot clinical trial of the Screening and Tool for Awareness and Relief of Trauma for survivors of gun violence.

BACKGROUND: Survivors of gun violence have significant sequelae including reinjury with a firearm and mental health disorders that often go undiagnosed and untreated. The Screening and Tool for Awareness and Relief of Trauma (START) is a targeted behavioral mental health intervention developed for patients who come from communities of color with sustained and persistent trauma. METHODS: In this pilot study, we evaluate the feasibility of completing a randomized controlled trial to test the START intervention. Using a mixed methods study design, we used both quantitative and qualitative data collection to assess the START intervention and the feasibility of completing a randomized controlled trial. The purpose of this study was to estimate important study parameters that would enable a future randomized controlled trial. RESULTS: We were able to make conclusions about several crucial domains of a behavioral intervention trial: (1) recruitment and retention-we had a high follow-up rate, but our recruitment was low (34% of eligible participants); (2) acceptability of the intervention-the addition of audiovisual resources would make the tools more accessible; (3) feasibility of the control-more appropriate for a stepped wedge cluster randomized controlled trial design; (4) intervention fidelity-there was an 81% concordance rate between the fidelity survey results and the audio recordings; (5) approximate effect size-there was a 0.4-point decrease in the PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version in the control compared with a 10.7-point decrease in the treatment group for the first month. CONCLUSION: While it was feasible to conduct a randomized controlled trial, our findings suggest that a stepped wedge cluster randomized controlled trial design may be the most successful trial design for the START intervention. In addition, the inclusion of a "credible messenger" to recruit participants into the study and the development of audiovisual resources for START would improve recruitment and effectiveness. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic and Epidemiological; Level IV.

RefSeq and the prokaryotic genome annotation pipeline in the age of metagenomes.

The Reference Sequence (RefSeq) project at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) contains over 315 000 bacterial and archaeal genomes and 236 million proteins with up-to-date and consistent annotation. In the past 3 years, we have expanded the diversity of the RefSeq collection by including the best quality metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) submitted to INSDC (DDBJ, ENA and GenBank), while maintaining its quality by adding validation checks. Assemblies are now more stringently evaluated for contamination and for completeness of annotation prior to acceptance into RefSeq. MAGs now account for over 17000 assemblies in RefSeq, split over 165 orders and 362 families. Changes in the Prokaryotic Genome Annotation Pipeline (PGAP), which is used to annotate nearly all RefSeq assemblies include better detection of protein-coding genes. Nearly 83% of RefSeq proteins are now named by a curated Protein Family Model, a 4.7% increase in the past three years ago. In addition to literature citations, Enzyme Commission numbers, and gene symbols, Gene Ontology terms are now assigned to 48% of RefSeq proteins, allowing for easier multi-genome comparison. RefSeq is found at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/refseq/. PGAP is available as a stand-alone tool able to produce GenBank-ready files at https://github.com/ncbi/pgap.

Implementation of an emerging hospital-based violence intervention program: a multimethod study.

Background: Individuals who experience assaultive firearm injury are at elevated risk for violent reinjury and multiple negative physical and psychological health outcomes. Hospital-based violence intervention programs (HVIPs) may improve patient outcomes through intensive, community-based case management. Methods: We conducted a multimethod evaluation of an emerging HVIP at a large trauma center using the RE-AIM framework. We assessed recruitment, violent reinjury outcomes, and service provision from 2020 to 2022. Semistructured, qualitative interviews were performed with HVIP participants and program administrators to elicit experiences with HVIP services. Directed content analysis was used to generate and organize codes from the data. We also conducted clinician surveys to assess awareness and referral patterns. Results: Of the 319 HVIP-eligible individuals who presented with non-fatal assaultive firearm injury, 39 individuals (12%) were enrolled in the HVIP. Inpatient admission was independently associated with HVIP enrollment (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.3 to 5.2; p=0.01). Facilitators of Reach included engaging with credible messengers, personal relationships with HVIP program administrators, and encouragement from family to enroll. Fear of disclosure to police was cited as a key barrier to enrollment. For the Effectiveness domain, enrollment was not associated with reinjury (OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.16 to 3.1). Participants identified key areas of focus where needs were not met including housing and mental health. Limited awareness of HVIP services was a barrier to Adoption. Participants described strengths of Implementation, highlighting the deep relationships built between clients and administrators. For the long-term Maintenance of the program, both clinicians and HVIP clients reported that there is a need for HVIP services for individuals who experience violent injury. Conclusions: Credible messengers facilitate engagement with potential participants, whereas concerns around police involvement is an important barrier. Inpatient admission provides an opportunity to engage patients and may facilitate recruitment. HVIPs may benefit from increased program intensity. Level of evidence: IV.

Systematic Sampling of the Female Reproductive System for Molecular Characterization.

As part of the National Institutes of Health Human BioMolecular Atlas Program to develop a global platform to map the 37 trillion cells in the adult human body, we are generating a comprehensive molecular characterization of the female reproductive system. Data gathered from multiple single-cell/single-nucleus and spatial molecular assays will be used to build a 3D molecular atlas. Herein, we describe our multistep protocol, beginning with an optimized organ procurement workflow that maintains functional characteristics of the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes by perfusing these organs with preservation solution. We have also developed a structured tissue sampling procedure that retains information on individual-level anatomic, physiologic, and individual diversity of the female reproductive system, toward full exploration of the function and structure of female reproductive cells. © 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Preparation and preservation of the female reproductive system (ovaries, fallopian tubes, and uterus) prior to procurement Basic Protocol 2: Removal of the female reproductive system en bloc Basic Protocol 3: Postsurgical dissection of ovaries Basic Protocol 4: Postsurgical dissection of fallopian tubes Basic Protocol 5: Postsurgical dissection of cervix Basic Protocol 6: Postsurgical dissection of uterine body Support Protocol 1: OCT-embedded tissue protocol Support Protocol 2: Tissue fixation protocol Support Protocol 3: Snap-frozen tissue protocol Basic Protocol 7: Tissue slice preparation for Visium analysis Support Protocol 4: Hematoxylin and eosin staining for 10X Visium imaging Basic Protocol 8: Manual tissue dissociation for Multiome analysis Basic Protocol 9: Tissue dissociation for Multiome analysis using S2 Singulator.

Awareness and Interest in Uterus Transplantation over Time: Analysis of Those Seeking Surgical Correction for Uterine-Factor Infertility in the US.

This study describes the characteristics of women who contacted an active program performing uterus transplantation (UTx) in the US, expressing interest in becoming a uterus transplant recipient or a living donor. Basic demographic and self-reported clinical information was collected from women who contacted any of the three US UTx programs from 2015 to July 2022. The three centers received 5194 inquiries about becoming a UTx recipient during the study timeframe. Among those reporting a cause of infertility, almost all of the reports (4066/4331, 94%) were absence of a uterus, either congenitally (794/4066, 20%) or secondary to hysterectomy (3272/4066, 80%). The mean age was 34 years, and 49% (2545/5194) had at least one child at the time of application. The two centers using living donors received 2217 inquiries about becoming living donors. The mean age was 34 years, and 60% (1330/2217) had given birth to ≥1 child. While most of the UTx clinical trial evidence has focused on young women with congenital absence of the uterus, these results show interest from a much broader patient population in terms of age, cause of infertility, and parity. These results raise questions about whether and to what extent the indications and eligibility criteria for UTx should be expanded as the procedure transitions from the experimental phase to being offered as a clinical treatment.

The Complete Genome Sequence of Adansonia digitata (Malvaceae, Malvales), the African Baobab.

Adansonia digitata, the African Baobab, is a long-lived tree species found in sub-Saharan Africa. We present the whole genome sequence of this species. Illumina paired-end reads were assembled by a de novo method followed by a finishing step. The raw and assembled data are publicly available via GenBank: Sequence Read Archive (SRR23340274) and assembled genome (JAQSVH000000000).

Use of substances to cope during the COVID-19 pandemic among transgender and gender diverse adults.

Background: Studies have found changes in substance use during the COVID-19 pandemic in specific populations. Transgender and gender diverse (TGD) individuals have experienced greater distress compared to cisgender individuals during the pandemic; however, there is little research on substance use among TGD individuals during this sensitive time period.Objectives: The objective of this study is to examine distress from COVID-19 and coping via substance use including alcohol, cannabis, tobacco, and non-medical use of prescription drugs (NMUPD) among TGD adults.Method: An online survey assessing substance use, general psychiatric symptoms, and COVID-19 anxiety was completed by 342 TGD individuals (16.4% transfeminine, 19.6% transmasculine, 64.0% Gender Diverse) in June/July 2020. Chi-square and structural equation modeling (SEM) analyses examined the connections between distress, coping, and substance use.Results: Seventy-one percent of participants reported no changes in substance use since the start of the pandemic and 22% reported an increase in substance use. Increased substance use was associated with alcohol (p < .001), cannabis (p < .001), and combustible tobacco (p < .001) use in the prior three months. SEM showed significant direct effects between distress and substance use coping, substance use coping and recent drug use, and an indirect effect of distress on recent drug use through substance use coping (ß = .31, p = .001).Conclusion: Results highlight the risk of substance use to cope with COVID-19-related stress in a large sample of a minoritized population with mental health disparities. Transmasculine and gender diverse participants were especially likely to report using substances to cope.

Counselling, Research Gaps, and Ethical Considerations Surrounding Pregnancy in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients.

Survival after solid-organ transplantation has improved significantly, and many contemporary transplant recipients are of childbearing potential. There are limited data to guide decision-making surrounding pregnancy after transplantation, variations in clinical practice, and significant knowledge gaps, all of which raise significant ethical issues. Post-transplant pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of maternal and fetal complications. Shared decision-making is a central aspect of patient counselling but is complicated by significant knowledge gaps. Stakeholder interests can be in conflict; exploring these tensions can help patients to evaluate their options and inform their deliberations. We argue that uniform, evidence-based recommendations for pregnancy after solid organ transplantation are needed. Conducting research, including patient-engaged studies, in this area should be priority for the transplant community.

Malpractice litigation surrounding in vitro fertilization in the United States: a legal literature review.

IMPORTANCE: Analysis of malpractice lawsuits that involve in vitro fertilization (IVF) can provide insight into the breadth of legal challenges faced by IVF clinics and the patient harms and financial consequences that can result from alleged errors in practice. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to review malpractice litigations involving IVF and identify common themes in plaintiff allegations and defense arguments. EVIDENCE REVIEW: We queried Nexis Uni, Westlaw, and CourtListener legal databases to collect records from malpractice litigations involving IVF. The nature of the cases, allegations, and outcomes were abstracted from court documents. FINDINGS: Of the 447 cases identified in the query, 53 involved both malpractice and IVF, occurring between 1993 and 2022. Defendants included a reproductive endocrinologist in 19 (35.8%) cases, an academic institution in 17 (32.1%) cases, embryology personnel in 9 (17.0%) cases, and nursing staff in 2 (3.8%) cases. Twenty-four (45.3%) cases involved embryology errors (e.g., lost specimens and incorrect sperm donor), 11 (20.8%) preimplantation genetic testing errors (e.g., child born with genetic illness despite testing), 6 (11.3%) medical or surgical complications (e.g., ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome), 4 (7.5%) misdiagnoses (e.g., malignancy before cycle start), 3 (5.6%) misrepresentations of IVF outcomes, 2 (3.8%) medical eligibility screening issues (e.g., medical comorbidities in a gestational carrier), 2 (3.8%) confidentiality breaches, and 1 (1.9%) case of discrimination. The most common secondary claims were negligence (23 cases, 16.4% of all claims), breach of contract (13, 9.3%), lack of informed consent (11, 7.9%), and negligent infliction of emotional distress (11, 7.9%). Twenty-nine (54.7%) cases were decided in favor of the defending IVF clinic or provider, 13 (24.5%) cases were decided in favor of the plaintiff, and 11 (20.8%) involved ongoing proceedings. Financial awards ranged from $4171 to $14,975,000, with the largest monetary award resulting from a cryostorage accident class action lawsuit. CONCLUSION: In vitro fertilization malpractice claims are varied, with the most common issues involving embryology laboratory processes and genetic testing errors. Some errors may be avoidable with increased vigilance and implementation of stringent laboratory and clinical guidelines. Understanding jurisdiction-specific legislation and court processes may also assist IVF providers in navigating the malpractice litigation process. RELEVANCE: This comprehensive review of IVF litigation may have the potential to promote practices that protect both providers and patients.

The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on community violence in Connecticut.

INTRODUCTION: Natural disasters may lead to increases in community violence due to broad social disruption, economic hardship, and large-scale morbidity and mortality. The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on community violence is unknown. METHODS: Using trauma registry data on all violence-related patient presentations in Connecticut from 2018 to 2021, we compared the pattern of violence-related trauma from pre-COVID and COVID pandemic using an interrupted time series linear regression model. RESULTS: There was a 55% increase in violence-related trauma in the COVID period compared with the pre-COVID period (IRR: 1.55; 95%CI: 1.34-1.80; p-value<0.001) driven largely by penetrating injuries. This increase disproportionately impacted Black/Latinx communities (IRR: 1.61; 95%CI: 1.36-1.90; p-value<0.001). CONCLUSION: Violence-related trauma increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Increased community violence is a significant and underappreciated negative health and social consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic, and one that excessively burdens communities already at increased risk from systemic health and social inequities.

Anatomic nomenclature and 3-dimensional regional model of the human ovary: call for a new paradigm.

The ovaries are the female gonads that are crucial for reproduction, steroid production, and overall health. Historically, the ovary was broadly divided into regions defined as the cortex, medulla, and hilum. This current nomenclature lacks specificity and fails to consider the significant anatomic variations in the ovary. Recent technological advances in imaging modalities and high-resolution omic analyses have brought about the need for revision of the existing definitions, which will facilitate the integration of generated data and enable the characterization of organ subanatomy and function at the cellular level. The creation of these high-resolution multimodal maps of the ovary will enhance collaboration and communication among disciplines and between clinicians and researchers. Beginning in March 2021, the Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology Program of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development invited subject-matter experts to participate in a series of workshops and meetings to standardize ovarian nomenclature and define the organ's features. The goal was to develop a spatially defined and semantically consistent terminology of the ovary to support collaborative, team science-based endeavors aimed at generating reference atlases of the human ovary. The group recommended a standardized, 3-dimensional description of the ovary and an ontological approach to the subanatomy of the ovary and definition of follicles. This new greater precision in nomenclature and mapping will better reflect the ovary's heterogeneous composition and function, support the standardization of tissue collection, facilitate functional analyses, and enable clinical and research collaborations. The conceptualization process and outcomes of the effort, which spanned the better part of 2021 and early 2022, are introduced in this article. The institute and the workshop participants encourage researchers and clinicians to adopt the new systems in their everyday work to advance the overarching goal of improving human reproductive health.

The Complete Genome Sequences of 94 Species of Parrots (Psittaciformes, Aves).

We present the complete genome sequences of 94 species of parrots from 40 genera. Illumina sequencing was performed on genetic material from single individuals. The reads were assembled using a de novo method followed by a finishing step. The raw and assembled data is publicly available via Genbank.

The Complete Genome Sequence of Chlorophytum comosum (Asparagaceae, Asparagales), the Spider Plant.

Chlorophytum comosum is a species of evergreen perennial flowering plant native to tropical and southern Africa but has become naturalized in other parts of the world, including western Australia and Bangladesh. We present the whole genome sequence of Chlorophytum comosum. Illumina paired-end reads were assembled by a de novo method followed by a finishing step. The raw and assembled data are publicly available via GenBank: Sequence Read Archive (SRR11638255) and assembled genome (GCA_025212335).