Sixteen years of bathymetry and waves at San Diego beaches.

Sustained, quantitative observations of nearshore waves and sand levels are essential for testing beach evolution models, but comprehensive datasets are relatively rare. We document beach profiles and concurrent waves monitored at three southern California beaches during 2001-2016. The beaches include offshore reefs, lagoon mouths, hard substrates, and cobble and sandy (medium-grained) sediments. The data span two energetic El Niño winters and four beach nourishments. Quarterly surveys of 165 total cross-shore transects (all sites) at 100 m alongshore spacing were made from the backbeach to 8 m depth. Monthly surveys of the subaerial beach were obtained at alongshore-oriented transects. The resulting dataset consists of (1) raw sand elevation data, (2) gridded elevations, (3) interpolated elevation maps with error estimates, (4) beach widths, subaerial and total sand volumes, (5) locations of hard substrate and beach nourishments, (6) water levels from a NOAA tide gauge (7) wave conditions from a buoy-driven regional wave model, and (8) time periods and reaches with alongshore uniform bathymetry, suitable for testing 1-dimensional beach profile change models.

Weak substrate binding to transport proteins studied by NMR.

The weak binding of sugar substrates fails to induce any quantifiable physical changes in the L-fucose-H+ symport protein, FucP, from Escherichia coli, and this protein lacks any strongly binding ligands for competitive binding assays. Access to substrate binding behavior is however possible using NMR methods which rely on substrate immobiliza-tion for detection. Cross-polarization from proton to carbon spins could detect the portion of 13C-labeled substrate associated with 0.2 micromol of the functional transport system overexpressed in the native membranes. The detected substrate was shown to be in the FucP binding site because its signal was diminished by the unlabeled substrates L-fucose and L-galactose but was unaffected by a three- to fivefold molar excess of the non-transportable stereoisomer D-fucose. FucP appeared to bind both anomers of its substrates equally well. An NMR method, designed to measure the rate of substrate exchange, could show that substrate exchanged slowly with the carrier center (>10(-1) s), although its dynamics are not necessarily coupled strongly to this site within the protein. Relaxation measurements support this view that fluctuations in the interaction with substrate would be confined to the binding site in this transport system.

Absorption of doxycycline from a controlled release pellet formulation: the influence of food on bioavailability.

A three-way crossover study was performed to compare the bioavailability of a new pelletised doxycycline product administered either with food or without food and a reference product taken without food. Four different methods were used to calculate pharmacokinetic parameters from the data. The sums of squares, Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC), and the ranges for the parameters obtained were used for comparison. Good fits to the data were obtained when all four methods were used, each with a lag time. The two compartment open model was the most efficient method for describing the data. The one compartment open model was the least efficient, particularly with respect to predicting the peak concentration of doxycycline in plasma. All the models gave similar rank order results with respect to bioavailability differences between the three treatments. Analysis of the data by different methods suggests that pelletised doxycycline is bioequivalent to the reference product when taken in the absence of food. A standardized feeding regimen affected the rate, but not extent of absorption of doxycycline from the pelletised formulation.

Obstetric outcomes at the birth place in Menlo Park: the first seven years.

During its first seven years of operation, the Birth Place, a free-standing birth center in California, registered 898 women, of whom 690 (77%) were admitted in labor and 150 (17%) were referred for hospital birth prior to onset of labor. Using carefully delineated screening criteria, the center had an overall 18% intrapartum transport rate to the hospital, primarily for prolonged or arrested labor, a 3% cesarean section rate, no maternal mortality, and one neonatal death resulting from Cornelia de Lange syndrome, a congenital mental retardation-malformation syndrome of unknown etiology, which in this case was incompatible with life. Deliveries at the Birth Place were associated with low cost, a high level of maternal satisfaction, a low cesarean section rate, low neonatal mortality, and no maternal mortality.

Intensive induction treatment of small cell bronchogenic carcinoma with cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and etoposide.

Fifty-six patients with histologically confirmed small cell bronchogenic carcinoma were treated with cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and etoposide. While methotrexate doses were modified for mucositis during the 6-week induction period, none of the drug doses were modified for hematologic toxicity. The overall response rate was 66%, with 16% complete remissions; median survival duration was 28 weeks. In 12 patients, the leukocyte count fell below 1000/mm3, and there were four deaths in febrile, leukopenic patients. Diffuse pulmonary infiltrates were observed in eight patients, and three died from respiratory insufficiency. Lung biopsy in two patients and autopsy in two additional patients showed interstitial changes consistent with drug injury. This regimen produced considerable hematologic and apparent pulmonary toxicity while offering no advantage in response rate or survival duration.

Hairy-cell leukemia associated with Hodgkin's disease: a case report.

A 56-year-old man who had easy bruising, an enlarged left supraclavicular lymph node, and splenomegaly was diagnosed as having hairy-cell leukemia. Treatment consisted of splenectomy. Because of progressive lymphadenopathy in the following months, the patient required reevaluation. Examination of a lymph node biopsy specimen now revealed Hodgkin's disease, nodular sclerosis. This is the first pathologically confirmed case of hairy-cell leukemia coexisting with Hodgkin's disease.

Determination of the acetylator phenotype and pharmacokinetics of some sulphonamides in man.

The pharmacokinetics of sulphamethizole, sulphamethoxazole, sulphadiazine, sulphapyridine and sulphadimidine have been studied in man. Renal clearance values of the metabolite N4-acetylsulphonamide are 6 to 20 times higher than those of the corresponding parent compound. The renal clearance of sulphonamides is dependent on the urine flow. N4-Acetylsulphonamide concentration-time profiles for plasma and urine have been constructed for the sulphonamides. The percentage N4-acetylsulphonamide-time profiles for plasma are excellent tools for establishing the acetylator phenotype, while those constructed from urine samples are less useful. Evidence is obtained that sulphadimidine is metabolically processes by 2 different isoenzymes, while sulphadiazine, sulphapyridine and sulphamethoxazole are processes by 1 acetylating isoenzyme. Sulphamethizole is acetylated to very little extent.

Pharmacokinetics of N1-acetyl- and N4-acetylsulphamethoxazole in man.

The pharmacokinetics of N1-acetylsulphamethoxazole and N4-acetylsulphamethoxazole in man are described. N1-Acetylsulphamethoxazole is deacetylated to sulphamethoxazole and acetylated to N4-acetylsulphamethoxazole. N4-Acetylsulphamethoxazole is excreted almost unchanged in the urine. The renal excretion rate is independent of the urine flow and urinary pH. N4-Acetylsulphonamides are less lipid soluble and more acidic than their corresponding parent sulphonamides.

Hexobarbital pharmacokinetics in rats after ligation of the common bile duct.

Rats, with and without bile duct ligation (BDL), were injected with hexobarbital (i.p. and i.v.) and blood concentrations measured as a function of time. Analysis of these curves using a single-compartment model showed that BDL altered hexobarbital pharmacokinetics in a manner dependent upon the duration of BDL and the route of administration of hexobarbital. Clearance from the blood and the rate constant for elimination (K) were reduced after 72-hour BDL but not after 12-hour BDL. The absorption of hexobarbital after intraperitoneal injection was slowed by 12- and 72- hour BDL. Seventy-two-hour BDL also increased the volume of distribution of hexobarbital but only when the drug was administered intraperitoneally. These data are consistent with previously reported data showing impairment of hepatic microsomal drug metabolism after 72-hour BDL, but not after 12-hour BDL. We also confirmed earlier speculations that BDL decreased the absorption of intraperitoneally-administered hexobarbital, although this does not appear to be a significant factor in prolonging hexobarbital sleeping time.

Bioavailability of phenytoin from various pharmaceutical preparations in children.

In children, the blood level of phenytoin was found to be significantly higher when 100 mg capsules rather than 100 mg tablets were administered. When, on the other hand, 30 mg capsules and tablets were compared; the situation was reversed; tablets produced significantly higher blood levels of phenytoin than did the capsules. The significance and possible explantation of these findings are discussed.

Plasma phenytoin levels produced by various phenytoin preparations.

A cross-over study was conducted to compare the plasma phenytoin levels produced by different phenytoin preparations available in Australia. The preparations were found not to be equivalent, a liquid suspension product producing higher levels compared with capsule and tablet formulations. The clinical significance and possible explantation are discussed.