Reviewing the curriculum for physics and technology in postgraduate sonography courses.

Physics and technology is seen as a difficult subject by those training in medical ultrasound. The reasons for this are discussed. Who should teach the subject and what should be included are considered. Ways to approach the subject so as to make it more relevant and easier to learn are proposed and a basic syllabus is suggested in an appendix.

Thermography and colour duplex ultrasound assessments of arterio-venous fistula function in renal patients.

Vascular and clinical assessments of arterio-venous fistula (AVF) function and access are important in patients undergoing or preparing to undergo renal dialysis. Objective assessment techniques include colour duplex ultrasound and more recently medical infrared thermography. Ideally, these should help assess problems relating to fistula failure or to vascular steal from the hand which can result from excessive fistula blood flow. The clinical value of thermography, as yet, has not been assessed for this patient group. The aims of this study were therefore to investigate the relationships between thermography skin temperature measurement and (a) quantitative ultrasound measurement of AVF blood flow, and (b) qualitative clinical assessment of vascular steal from the hands. Fifteen adult patients underwent thermal imaging of the upper limbs, colour duplex ultrasound to derive AVF blood flow from brachial artery blood flow measurements, and a clinical evaluation for vascular steal. Temperature measurements were extracted from the thermograms, including bilateral arm and hand (Fistula -- Non-Fistula) differences, for comparison with derived AVF blood flow and steal grading. Derived AVF blood flow ranged from 30 to 1,950 ml min(-1), with a mean rate close to one litre per minute. Thermography detected the warmer superficial veins in proximity to the patent fistulas, with bilateral differences in fistula region skin temperature correlated with derived AVF blood flow (using maximum temperature measurements the correlation was +0.71 [p < 0.01]; and using mean temperature measurements the correlation was +0.56 [p < 0.05]). When thermography measurements were compared with the clinical assessment of steal the mean hand temperature differences separated steal from non-steal patients with an accuracy of greater than 90%. In summary, we have now demonstrated the potential clinical value of medical infrared thermography for assessing AVF function in renal patients.

Photoplethysmography detection of lower limb peripheral arterial occlusive disease: a comparison of pulse timing, amplitude and shape characteristics.

The assessment and diagnosis of lower limb peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD) is important since it can lead progressively to disabling claudication, ischaemic rest pain and gangrene. Historically, the first assessment has been palpation of the peripheral pulse since it can become damped, delayed and diminished with disease. In this study we investigated the clinical value of objective photoplethysmography (PPG) pulse measurements collected simultaneously from the right and left great toes to diagnose disease in the lower limbs. In total, 63 healthy subjects and 44 patients with suspected lower limb disease were studied. Pulse wave analysis techniques extracted timing, amplitude and shape characteristics for both toes and for right-to-left toe differences. Normative ranges of pulse characteristics were then calculated for the healthy subject group. The relative diagnostic values of the different pulse features for detecting lower limb arterial disease were determined, referenced to the established ankle-brachial pressure index (ABPI) measurement. The ranges of pulse characteristics and degree of bilateral similarity in healthy subjects were established, and the degrees of pulse delay, amplitude reduction, and damping and bilateral asymmetry were quantified for different grades of disease. When pulse timing, amplitude and shape features were ranked in order of diagnostic performance, the shape index (SI) gave substantial agreement with ABPI (>90% accuracy, kappa 0.75). SI also detected higher grade disease, for legs with an ABPI less than 0.5, with a sensitivity of 100%. The simple-to-calculate timing differences between pulse peaks produced a diagnostic accuracy of 88% for all grades of arterial disease (kappa 0.70), and 93% for higher grade disease (kappa 0.77). These contrasted with the limited discriminatory value of PPG pulse amplitude. The low-cost and simplicity of this optical-based technology could offer significant benefits to healthcare, such as in primary care where non-invasive, accurate and simple-to-use (de-skilled) diagnostic techniques are desirable.