RESUMO
The in vitro study presented helps to clarify the biophysical mechanisms and tissue interactions of the holmium laser at the point of impact on the surface of cartilage-bone specimens investigated in different experimental settings. A striking event is the creation of a vapor bubble that opens up access for the laser beam through the fluid medium. This bubble shows a reproducible dynamic behavior function of the laser irradiance and the angle of incidence of the delivery fiber. These determine directly the amplitude of the pressure waves induced when the bubble collapses. Apart from this acoustic effect, which is correlated with epicentric histological features that can hardly be considered biologically relevant, a thermal effect is recognized that is finally responsible for the ablation and tissue damage. It induces typical histological alterations that can be observed along the laser beam axis, with a penetration function mainly of the irradiance but also of the angle of incidence. Nevertheless, at a pulse energy of 1 J and an irradiation angle of 30 degrees, the recorded overall depth of the immediate histological changes was down to 500-600 micrometers. Thus, in realistic working conditions, the damage observed after cartilage sealing with the holmium laser remains within an absolutely acceptable range. This is in agreement with the better results compared to mechanical cartilage debridement that have been reported in previous prospective clinical studies.
