Biological response of degradation products of PEO-modified magnesium on vascular tissue cells, hemocompatibility and its influence on the inflammatory response.

Cardiovascular stenting is the most widely used therapy to treat coronary artery disease caused by partial or total obstruction of the artery due to atherosclerotic plaque formation, with potentially fatal effects. There are different types of stents: bare metal stents, drug-eluting stents, bioabsorbable stents and dual therapy stents. However, they can lead to long-term complications, such as in-stent restenosis and late thrombosis. To reduce these adverse effects, research has focused on biodegradable metallic stents, since they retain the mechanical properties necessary to contain the injured artery while it is being repaired and, once their function has been fulfilled, the stent degrades without altering the system or compromising the patient's health. In this work we have evaluated the biological response of the degradation products of a bare Mg based biomaterial surface-modified by the plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) method on vascular tissue cells, hemocompatibility and inflammatory response. The results obtained are compatible with a biosafe material for future use as a cardiovascular implant, but it is necessary to continue with in vivo and mechanical properties tests to ensure and guarantee its use. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The development of fully bioresorbable stents is a promising alternative for the management of coronary artery disease without causing long-term problems at the implantation site. In this work, the hematological and immunological biocompatibility of bare Mg modified superficially by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO-Mg) was evaluated by in vitro and ex vivo assays. PEO-Mg was found to be compatible with blood and immune components surrounding the implantation site with no signs of toxicity to endothelial cells, macrophages, and arterial tissue. In addition, degradation products of PEO-Mg are eliminated by phagocytosis. However, an in-depth study of the physical and mechanical properties and in vivo biocompatibility must be carried out for its future use as a biomedical implant.

Effect of surface treatments on the adhesive properties of metallic brackets on fluorotic enamel.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness of the pretreatment with sandblasting and deproteinization with NaOCl on bond strength (SBS), in situ conversion degree (CD) of brackets in fluorotic enamel, and enamel etching pattern. METHODS: A total of 90 non-carious maxillary premolars were used. The teeth were then assigned to six experimental groups according to: enamel surface (sound and fluorotic enamel); surface treatment (Regular etch with 37% phosphoric acid [RE]; 5.2% sodium hypochlorite + phosphoric acid [NaOCl + RE]; sandblasting + phosphoric acid [sandblasting + RE]). After storage in distilled water (37°C/24h), the specimens were tested at 1 mm/min until failure (SBS). Enamel-resin cement interfaces were evaluated for CD using micro-Raman spectroscopy. The enamel-etching pattern was evaluated under a scanning electron microscope. Data from SBS and in situ CD values were analyzed using ANOVA two-away and Tukey test (α=0.05). The enamel etching pattern was evaluated only qualitatively. RESULTS: For sound enamel, RE showed the highest SBS values, when compared to NaOCl + RE and Sandblasting + RE groups (p< 0.01). Regarding CD, only NaOCl + RE significantly compromised the mean DC, in comparison with other groups (p= 0.002). For fluorotic enamel, the Sandblasting + RE group significantly increased the mean SBS values, in comparison with RE group (p= 0.01) and no significant change was observed for CD (p> 0.52). CONCLUSIONS: The application of NaOCl or sandblasting associated to phosphoric acid improved the SBS of the brackets in fluorotic enamel without compromising the CD of the resin cement, with improving of enamel interprismatic conditioning.

Effect of surface treatments on the adhesive properties of metallic brackets on fluorotic enamel

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare the effectiveness of the pretreatment with sandblasting and deproteinization with NaOCl on bond strength (SBS), in situ conversion degree (CD) of brackets in fluorotic enamel, and enamel etching pattern. Methods: A total of 90 non-carious maxillary premolars were used. The teeth were then assigned to six experimental groups according to: enamel surface (sound and fluorotic enamel); surface treatment (Regular etch with 37% phosphoric acid [RE]; 5.2% sodium hypochlorite + phosphoric acid [NaOCl + RE]; sandblasting + phosphoric acid [sandblasting + RE]). After storage in distilled water (37°C/24h), the specimens were tested at 1 mm/min until failure (SBS). Enamel-resin cement interfaces were evaluated for CD using micro-Raman spectroscopy. The enamel-etching pattern was evaluated under a scanning electron microscope. Data from SBS and in situ CD values were analyzed using ANOVA two-away and Tukey test (α=0.05). The enamel etching pattern was evaluated only qualitatively. Results: For sound enamel, RE showed the highest SBS values, when compared to NaOCl + RE and Sandblasting + RE groups (p< 0.01). Regarding CD, only NaOCl + RE significantly compromised the mean DC, in comparison with other groups (p= 0.002). For fluorotic enamel, the Sandblasting + RE group significantly increased the mean SBS values, in comparison with RE group (p= 0.01) and no significant change was observed for CD (p> 0.52). Conclusions: The application of NaOCl or sandblasting associated to phosphoric acid improved the SBS of the brackets in fluorotic enamel without compromising the CD of the resin cement, with improving of enamel interprismatic conditioning.

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar a efetividade do pré-tratamento com jateamento e desproteinização com NaOCl na resistência de união (SBS), grau de conversão in situ (GC) dos braquetes metálicos ao esmalte fluorótico e o padrão de condicionamento do esmalte. Métodos: Foi utilizado um total de 90 pré-molares superiores livres de cárie. Os dentes foram divididos em seis grupos experimentais, de acordo com: superfície do esmalte (Esmalte Sadio e Fluorótico); tratamento de superfície (Condicionamento com ácido fosfórico a 37% [ER]; Hipoclorito de sódio a 5,2% + ácido fosfórico [NaOCl + ER]; e jateamento + ácido fosfórico [Jateamento + ER]). Após armazenamento em água destilada (37oC/24 h), os espécimes foram testados a 1 mm/min até a falha (SBS). As interfaces esmalte-cimento foram avaliadas para GC usando espectroscopia micro-Raman. O padrão do condicionamento do esmalte foi avaliado sob microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os dados da SBS e GC foram analisados utilizando ANOVA dois fatores e teste de Tukey (α= 0,05). O padrão de condicionamento do esmalte foi avaliado apenas qualitativamente. Resultados: Para o esmalte sadio, o ER apresentou os maiores valores de SBS, quando comparado aos grupos NaOCl + ER e Jateamento + ER (p< 0,01). Em relação ao GC, apenas a média do grupo NaOCl + ER foi comprometida significativamente em comparação aos outros grupos (p= 0,002). Para o esmalte fluorótico, Jateamento + ER aumentou significativamente a média dos valores de SBS, em comparação com o grupo ER (p= 0,01) e nenhuma mudança significativa foi observada no GC (p> 0,52). Conclusões: A aplicação de NaOCl ou jateamento associado ao ácido fosfórico melhorou a SBS dos braquetes no esmalte fluorótico sem comprometer o GC do cimento resinoso, com a melhoria do condicionamento interprismático do esmalte.

It is not good to talk: conversation has a fixed interference cost on attention regardless of difficulty.

It is well-documented that telephone conversations lead to impaired driving performance. Kunar et al. (Psychon Bull Rev 15:1135-1140, 2008) showed that this deficit was, in part, due to a dual-task cost of conversation on sustained visual attention. Using a multiple object tracking (MOT) task they found that the act of conversing on a hands-free telephone resulted in slower response times and increased errors compared to when participants performed the MOT task alone. The current study investigates whether the dual-task impairment of conversation on sustained attention is affected by conversation difficulty or task difficulty, and whether there was a dual-task deficit on attention when participants overheard half a conversation. Experiment 1 manipulated conversation difficulty by asking participants to discuss either easy questions or difficult questions. The results showed that there was no difference in the dual-task cost depending on conversation difficulty. Experiment 2 showed a similar dual-task deficit of attention in both an easy and a difficult visual search task. Experiments 3 and 4 showed that in contrast to work using a dot tracking and choice reaction time task (Emberson et al., Psychol Sci 21:1383-1388, 2010), there was little deficit on MOT performance of hearing half a conversation, provided people heard the conversations in their native language. The results are discussed in terms of a resource-depleted account of attentional resources showing a fixed conversational-interference cost on attention.

Bonding Performance of Universal Adhesives to Eroded Dentin.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the microtensile bond strength (µTBS) and nanoleakage (NL) of several universal adhesives to eroded dentin (ED), using etch-and-rinse (ER) or self-etch (SE) strategies, and to characterize the surface using two pH cycling models to erode dentin (citric acid and a soft drink). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Molars were eroded either by soft-drink or citric acid cycling, or were left untreated as control (SD). For each surface, the following adhesives were applied: 1. All-Bond Universal; 2. Ambar Universal; 3. Clearfil Universal; 4. Futurabond U; 5. One Coat 7 Universal; 6. Peak Universal Bond; 7. Prime&Bond Elect; 8. Scotchbond Universal; 9. Tetric n-bond Universal, and 10. Xeno Select. After application of the composite, specimens were sectioned into composite-dentin sticks and tested under tension (0.5 mm/min). Selected sticks from each tooth were used to assess NL. The occlusal dentin surfaces after erosive cycling were examined using SEM. Data were analyzed by three-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test (a = 0.05). RESULTS: In ED, there was no difference in µTBS and NL between ER and SE strategies (p > 0.61). Most µTBS and NL values obtained for ED were, respectively, lower and higher than those for SD (p < 0.01), being worse for citric acid ED (p < 0.001). Citric-acid-eroded dentin showed more enlarged tubules, with partial loss of peritubular dentin when compared to soft-drink eroded dentin. CONCLUSION: The different pH cycling models reduced µTBS and increased NL of the composite/eroded-dentin interface; however, in ED, the performance of the universal adhesives did not depend on the adhesive strategy used.

Evaluación de la gestión del suministro de medicamentos antirretrovirales en una institución prestadora de salud Medellín-Colombia 2013 / Antiretrovirals drug supply management evaluation at a health care institution in Medellín-Colombia 2013

Introducción: existe la necesidad de impulsar el suministro racional de medicamentos, según la necesidad del paciente, desde la gestión integral de un seguimiento fármaco-terapéutico con calidad y un enfoque de riesgo al usar un fármaco. Objetivo: analizar antecedentes en perspectiva de la gestión integral del suministro de los medicamentos antirretrovirales, con el fin de contribuir a mejorar la calidad de vida del paciente. Materiales y Métodos: estudio cualitativo retrospectivo con enfoque hermenéutico, en una institución prestadora de salud de la ciudad de Medellín en el año 2013. Se realizó una revisión y análisis de los protocolos del sistema de gestión de la calidad de la institución en estudio, conforme a la normatividad vigente. A su vez, se hizo un diario de campo junto con observación no participante a los procesos que se ejecutan en las categorías de Inspección, Vigilancia y Control. Principalmente, se llevó a cabo un análisis estadístico del seguimiento fármaco-terapéutico mediante el coeficiente de Spearman. Resultados: se encontró que la gestión del suministro de los antirretrovirales en general se cumple conforme a las normas. No obstante, se halló que el seguimiento fármaco-terapéutico a cada uno de los pacientes que asisten a la institución es deficiente. Se evidenció que en el primer trimestre del año 2013 97,5% de los pacientes tratados con antirretrovirales, no le hicieron seguimiento fármaco-terapéutico en conformidad a la normatividad vigente y a lo establecido por los protocolos. Conclusión: se requiere mejorar y fortalecer el servicio de atención farmacéutico, liderado por profesionales suficientes y capacitados, que implementen otro seguimiento fármaco-terapéutico holístico, sistemático y permanente. MÉD.UIS. 2016;29(2):11-20.

Introduction: there is the need to promote rational drug supply, according to the patient's need, from the comprehensive management of drug-therapeutic monitoring quality and a perspective of risk by the use a drug. Objective: to analyze antecedents in perspective to the integrated management supply of antiretroviral drug system s in order to contribute to improving the quality of life for patients. Materials and Methods: a retrospective qualitative study was performed with hermeneutical approach, the methodological process was the review and the analysis of the protocols of the institution under the study, according to the regulations; field diary and non-participant observation processes running on the categories of Inspection, Monitoring and Control. Especially, the pharmaceutical care, this statistical analysis was performed using Spearman coefficient. Results: it was found that protocols from integrated management supply of antiretroviral drugs system are comply. Nevertheless, the pharmaceutical care to each of the patients attending the institution is poor. They showed that in the first quarter of 2013, 97.5% of the patients with antiretroviral regimens were not under pharmaceutical care in accordance with the current regulations and the provisions of the protocols. Conclusion: it is necessary to improve and strengthen the pharmaceutical care service led by a trained professional that implements other permanent, systematic, holistic and pharmaceutical care. MÉD.UIS. 2016;29(2):11-20.

Psicología social y posconflicto: ¿reformamos o revolucionamos? / Social psychology and post-conflict: do we reform or Have we revolutionized?

En el marco del IV Foro de Psicología y Contemporaneidad y II Foro en Psicología Social y Posconflicto, organizado en la Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana ­ seccional Palmira, se realizó un trabajo de indagación teórica sobre los impactos del conflicto y posconflicto, desde los ámbitos político, educativo, la salud mental y la desmovilización en Colombia. Esta revisión establece criterios para suponer que el posconflicto busca la generación de estrategias para la construcción de una sociedad democrática que logre instaurar un equilibrio entre la población civil y el Estado, con el fin de recuperar la participación de cada uno de los ciudadanos tanto en dinámicas humanitarias, como en la recuperación de las relaciones sociales, sobre las cuales se edifica el andamiaje de un país con acción solidaria y en paz. Con todo esto, queda por dejar abierta la pregunta: ¿Colombia realmente se encuentra en un estado de posconflicto?

Within the framework of the IV Forum of Psychology and Contemporaneity and II Forum on Social Psychology and Post-conflict, organized at the Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana ­ with headquarters in Palmira, it was held a work of theoretical research on the impacts of the conflict and post-conflict, from political, educational, and mental health fields, and the demobilization in Colombia. This review establishes criteria to suppose that post-conflict seeks the generation of strategies for the construction of a democratic society that manages to establish a balance between the civilian population and the State, in order to retrieve the participation of each of the citizens, concerning, humanitarian dynamics, as well as, in the recovery of the social relations, on which is built the scaffolding of a solidarity action and peaceful country. With all this, is to leave the question open: Is Colombia really in a post-conflict state?