Resultados clínicos y ecocardiográficos a largo plazo de pacientes sometidos a valvuloplastia mitral percutanea / Long-term clinical and echocardiographic results of patients undergoing percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty

Resumen Antecedentes: la valvuloplastia mitral percutánea con balón (VMPB) es un tratamiento efectivo y recomendado para pacientes con estenosis mitral (EM) moderada o severa. Objetivos: describir las características epidemiológicas, clínicas y ecocardiográficas de pacientes con estenosis mitral sometidos a VMPB en el momento del procedimiento y hacerles seguimiento a 5, 10 y 15 años. Diseño: retrospectiva de una cohorte de pacientes con EM intervenidos con VMPB en la Clínica CardioVID; se analizan las características epidemiológicas, clínicas y ecocardiográficas antes, después del procedimiento y a largo plazo. Se define supervivencia libre de reintervención si durante el tiempo de seguimiento los pacientes no presentan nueva VMPB o cirugía de reemplazo valvular. Los procedimientos fallidos se definen como un área valvular mitral (AVM) pos VMPB<1.5cm2 o insuficiencia mitral>2+. Se define restenosis al tener AVM <1.5 cm2 con pérdida de 50% o más del área ganada con la VMPB. Resultados: se analizaron 162 VMPB realizadas desde enero de 1993 hasta diciembre de 2011. La ecocardiografía pos VMPB mostró que el AVM aumentó de 0.95±0.24cm2 a 1.56±0.33cm2 (p<0.001) medida por planimetría y 0.96±0.24 cm2 a 1.69±0.41 cm2 (p <0.0001) calculada por tiempo de hemipresión. El gradiente medio transvalvular disminuyó desde 14.1±5.7 mmHg a 6.9±3.4 mmHg (p <0.001). La supervivencia libre de reintervención fue 74% a cinco años, 53% a 10 años y 42% a 15 años. El tiempo mediano de supervivencia fue 128.8±26.4 meses (IC 95% 76.8-180.7); en pacientes con procedimiento fallido fue 57.2±6.1 meses y en el grupo de procedimiento exitoso fue 185.4±25.9 meses (p<0.001). Conclusiones: la VMPB es un procedimiento efectivo que produce un aumento significativo del área valvular mitral y retrasa de forma significativa la necesidad de cirugía de reemplazo valvular. EL AVM pos VMPB<1.5 cm2 fue el principal determinante negativo en el pronóstico a largo plazo.

Abstract Background: percutaneous mitral balloon valvuloplasty (PMBV) is an effective and recommended treatment for patients with moderate or severe mitral stenosis (MS). Objectives: to describe the epidemiological, clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of patients with mitral stenosis undergoing PMBV at the time of the procedure and to follow up at 5, 10 and 15 years. Design: retrospective review of a cohort of MS patients treated with PMBV at the CardioVID Clinic. The epidemiological, clinical and echocardiographic characteristics are analyzed before, after the procedure and in the long term. Reintervention-free survival is defined if during the follow-up period the patients do not undergo new PMBV or valve replacement surgery. Failed procedures are defined as a mitral valve area (MVA) pos PMBV <1.5cm2 or mitral insufficiency> 2+. Restenosis is defined as having MVA <1.5 cm2 with loss of 50% or more of the area gained with PMBV. Results: 162 PMBV realized from January 1993 to December 2011 were analized. Pos-PMBV echocardiography showed that MVA increased from 0.95 ± 0.24cm2 to 1.56 ± 0.33cm2 (p <0.001) as measured by planimetry and 0.96 ± 0.24 cm2 at 1.69 ± 0.41 cm 2 (p <0.0001) calculated by time of hemi pressure. The mean transvalvular gradient decreased from 14.1 ± 5.7 mmHg to 6.9 ± 3.4 mmHg (p <0.001). Survival free of reintervention was 74% at 5 years, 53% at 10 years and 42% at 15 years. Median survival time was 128.8 ± 26.4 months (95% CI 76.8-180.7); in patients with failed procedure was 57.2 ± 6.1 months and in the successful procedure group it was 185.4 ± 25.9 months (p <0.001). Conclusions: PMBV is an effective procedure that produces a significant increase in the mitral valve area and significantly delays the need for valve replacement surgery. The MVA pos PMBV <1.5 cm2 was the main negative determinant in the long-term prognosis.

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: Case series from two institutions with literature review.

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is a rare cause of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Consequently, its presentation and optimal treatment are yet to be clearly defined. In the current literature, all case series report less than 50 patients, most of whom are either young peripartum women or women who have used oral contraceptives over long periods. All information in this study was compiled by the database service from two hospitals, the first one between 2003 and 2012 and the second one between 2007 and 2012, to include the clinical characteristics, angiography. and treatment approaches in the study population. The study population consisted in four women (50%) and four men (50%) whose ages ranged between 28 and 57 years. Two women had a history of oral contraceptive use and three women presented during peripartum. None of the patients had traditional cardiovascular risk factors or previous heart disease. In 88% of the cases, the principal diagnoses were non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction and unstable angina. All patients underwent emergency coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention. Half of them were treated with drug-eluting stents and the other half with bare metal stents. The most frequent type of dissection was NIHBL Type E, and the right coronary artery was the most frequently compromised. SCAD is a rare cause of ACS; however, its identification has improved due to the availability of angiography and new complementary techniques. Regarding treatment, PCI seems effective with adequate long-term results.