Plasma Lipids and CD4 Count of Newly Diagnosed HIV Sero-Positive Patients at Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria.

INTRODUCTION: The pathogenesis of HIV has been linked to the affectation of a number of CD4 positive T cells upon which the severity of the disease is graded. Patients who present with complications such as disorders of lipid metabolism may be missed if appropriate laboratory investigations are not done. Dyslipidemia is a common phenomenon in patients with HIV infection. Early consideration of this may prevent further associated complications. OBJECTIVES: To determine the baseline parameters in plasma lipid profile in HIV positive patients and how they are affected by the severity of infection as measured by CD4 count. METHODS: This is a retrospective study of which records of patients that attended Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART) clinic of Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital (EKSUTH), Ado Ekiti, Ekiti State Nigeria were looked into. All patients who attended our treatment sites for HIV/AIDS Counselling and Testing Program from June 2008 and October 2013 for the first time were reviewed. Records of four hundred and sixty-one (461) patients were found suitable and used for the study. Information about the age. RESULTS: There are statistical significant differences among categories of patients in plasma Triglyceride (TG) mmol/L (p<0.001) and TC/HDL-Chol (p<0.001). The plasma TG (mmol/L) and TC/HDL-Chol are highest in patients with CD4 count <200 cells/µl. All compared categories in plasma TG (mmol/L) are statistically significant (p<0.001) except when CD4 count between 300 and 399 cells/µl and >400 cells/µl (p=1.000) categories were compared. Comparisons of TC/HDL-Chol in different study classifications show significant differences when CD4 count of <200 cells/µl category was compared with CD4 count of 300-399 cells/µl (p=0.021) and >400 cells/µl categories (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Plasma TG and TC/HDL-Chol were observed to have an association with severity of HIV infection as measured by a corresponding reduction in CD4 count.

Seroprevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen among patients attending Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano.

OBJECTIVE: To study the seroprevalence of Hepatitis B viral (HBV), infection among patients attending Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital in Kano metropolis. PATIENTS AND METHOD: This is a retrospective study in which patients tested for hepatitis B virus using hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) as a marker were reviewed over 3 years. A total of 6,395 patients comprising of 4,040 males and 2,355 females including adults and children were tested for HBsAg from January 2004 to December 2006. Over this period, 1509 sera were tested in 2004, 2,322 in 2005 and 2,564 in 2006. RESULTS: Among the 6,395 patients, 703 (11.4%) comprising of 240 (10.2%) females and 490 (12.1%) males were positive for HBsAg. The highest prevalence was seen at the extremes of life in which 19.4% and 16.9% were seen among patients below 10 years and above 50 years respectively. The yearly trend of HBV surface antigenemia was 220 (14.6%) in 2004, 235 (10.1%) in 2005 and 275 (10.7%) in 2006. CONCLUSION: We conclude that the prevalence of HBsAg among patients attending Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano is high and highest prevalence is seen at the extremes of life.

Urinary tract infections in children with primary nephrotic syndrome and acute glomerulonephritis.

BACKGROUND: The occurrence of urinary tract infection (UTI) in children with nephrotic syndrome (NS) has been widely reported by various workers, but not much has been documented about its occurrence among children with acute glomerulonephritis (AGN). Hence, the level of susceptibility to UTI by both diseases has not been compared. OBJECTIVE: To determine and compare the prevalence of UTI in children newly diagnosed of AGN or NS. METHODS: Urinary microscopy, culture and sensitivity of all children admitted with a diagnosis of NS and AGN between 1996-2004 were reviewed. Children with NS who had a relapse or were commenced on steroids, cytotoxic agents or antibiotics before admission were excluded from the study. RESULTS: A total of 35 and 32 children diagnosed of AGN and NS respectively met the study criteria. Urinary tract infection occurred in three (9%) children with AGN and one (3%) of the children with NS. The organisms isolated among the AGN patients included Coliforms, Klebsiella, and Staphylococcus aureus while Coliform was isolated in the only NS patient with UTI. CONCLUSION: There is a low prevalence of UTI in children newly diagnosed of AGN and NS.

Seroprevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen among patients attending Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis B virus infection has become a global public health problem. In Nigeria, several studies from different parts of the country have confirmed the endemicity of the infection. This study seeks examine the seroprevalence of Hepatitis B viral infection among patients attending Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital in Kano metropolis. METHOD: This is a retrospective study in which patients tested for hepatitis B virus using hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) as a marker were reviewed over 3 years. A total of 6,395 patients comprising of 4,040 males and 2,355 females including adults and children were tested for HBsAg from January 2004 to December 2006. Over this period, 1,509 sera were tested in 2004, 2,322 in 2005 and 2,564 in 2006. RESULTS: Among the 6,395 patients, 703 (11.4%) comprising of 240 (10.2%) females and 490 (12.1%) males were positive for HBsAg. The highest prevalence was seen at the extremes of life in which 19.4% and 16.9% were seen among patients below 10 years and above 50 years respectively. The yearly trend of HBV surface antigenemia was 220 (14.6%) in 2004, 235 (10.1%) in 2005 and 275 (10.7%) in 2006. CONCLUSION: We conclude that the prevalence of HBsAg among patients attending Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano is high and highest prevalence is seen at the extremes of life.

Socio-demographic characteristics of adults screened for HIV/AIDS in a rural community in Benue state, Nigeria

Background: Benue state has been considered among the `hot zones' for HIV/AIDS in Nigeria with a prevalence rate of 9.3 among adults aged 15 to 45 years. Yet; there is paucity of information on the socio-demographic factors associated with this level of prevalence. We hereby report the prevalence and socio-demographic factors associated with HIV among adults in Abwa-Mbagene; Benue state; Nigeria. Methods: Adults in Abwa-Mbagene community who accepted to participate between 9th and 24th of August 2007 were recruited. After counselling; screening was done using `Determine HIV' kit. Results: 153 subjects (74 males and 79 females) were recruited. Their age ranges from 15 to 60 years (Mean: 26.2years). Fourty-two (27.5) consisting of 12 (16.2) males and 30 (38) females were positive for HIV (male to female ratio; 2:5). The prevalence of HIV was higher among the divorcees (50); those whose level of education was primary school (41.3) and below and; farmers (60). Majority (96) knows AIDS exists; 85are informed on mode and prevention of HIV transmission. Cases of AIDS deaths; unprotected casual sex; blood transfusion with unscreened blood and polygamy are common in the community. The single most important cultural factors in HIV transmission identified is indulgence in night parties; which increased the rate of unprotected casual sex. Conclusion: This community represents a high HIV/AIDS prevalence spot in Benue State; Nigeria. There is therefore the need for the establishment of HIV Counselling and Testing (HCT); Prevention of Mother-To-Child Transmission (PMTCT); save blood and antiretroviral treatment services in the community. Vocational centers to engage single women and improve their financial state will boost preventive strategies. Finally; partnership with community leaders towards discouraging night parties will reduce the prevalence of HIV in the community

Urinary tract infections in children with primary nephrotic syndrome and acute glomerulonephritis

BACKGROUND: The occurrence of urinary tract infection (UTI) in children with Nephrotic syndrome (NS) has been widely reported by various workers; but not much has been documented about its occurrence among children with acute glomerulonephritis (AGN). Hence; the level of susceptibility to UTI by both diseases has not been compared. OBJECTIVE: To determine and compare the prevalence of UTI in children newly diagnosed of AGN or NS. METHODS: Urinary microscopy; culture and sensitivity of all children admitted with a diagnosis of NS and AGN between 1996-2004 were reviewed. Children with NS who had a relapse or were commenced on steroids; cytotoxic agents or antibiotics before admission were excluded from the study. RESULTS: A total of 35 and 32 children diagnosed of AGN and NS respectively met the study criteria. Urinary tract infection occurred in three (9) children with AGN and one (3) of the children with NS. The organisms isolated among the AGN patients included Coliforms; Klebsiella; and Staphylococcus aureus while Coliform was isolated in the only NS patient with UTI. CONCLUSION: There is a low prevalence of UTI in children newly diagnosed of AGN and NS

Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen among Patients Attending Aminu Kano

Background: Hepatitis B virus infection has become a global public health problem. In Nigeria; several studies from different parts of the country have confirmed the endemicity of the infection. This study seeks examine the seroprevalence of Hepatitis B viral infection among patients attending Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital in Kano metropolis. Method: This is a retrospective study in which patients tested for hepatitis B virus using hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) as a marker were reviewed over 3 years. A total of 6;395 patients comprising of 4;040 males and 2;355 females including adults and children were tested for HBsAg from January 2004 to December 2006. Over this period; 1;509 sera were tested in 2004; 2;322 in 2005 and 2;564 in 2006. Results: Among the 6;395 patients; 703(11.4) comprising of 240 (10.2) females and 490 (12.1) males were positive for HBsAg. The highest prevalence was seen at the extremes of life in which 19.4and 16.9were seen among patients below 10years and above 50 years respectively. The yearly trend of HBV surface antigenemia was 220 (14.6) in 2004; 235 (10.1) in 2005 and 275 (10.7) in 2006. Conclusion: We conclude that the prevalence of HBsAg among patients attending Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital; Kano is high and highest prevalence is seen at the extremes of life

Prevalence of rotavirus-induced diarrhea among children under 5 years in Ilorin, Nigeria.

Diarrhoea disease is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in Nigerian children and rotavirus has been identified as an important causative agent among children below 5 years. We determined the prevalence of rotavirus-induced diarrhoea among under-5 s by electrophenotyping. Stool samples were collected from eligible subjects who presented with acute diarrhoea. The samples were processed for viral studies by electrophenotyping. Among the 299 subjects recruited, 55.9% were positive for rotavirus. Eighty percent of the recruited patients were below 24 months. There was a significant decrease (p-value = 0.00001) in the prevalence of rotavirus among diarrhoea patients above the age of 24 months when compared with those below this age group. Rotavirus was associated with higher morbidity and mortality. We conclude that rotavirus is the most important cause of diarrhoea among children <5 years in Ilorin, Nigeria and its prevalence is highest in the first 2 years of life. Adequate rehydration should be regarded as the mainstay of management.

Endometrial tuberculosis in the Nigerian middle belt: an eight-year review.

Endometrial tuberculosis (TB) is a known cause of infertility in women which, because of the global increase in the spread of TB, should always be considered when investigating the cause of infertility. We undertook this review in order to determine its incidence among infertile women in the Nigerian middle belt. This is a retrospective study of all histopathological slides of infertile women seen at the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria, between 1997 and 2004 who were evaluated for infertility by endometrial biopsy. The slides were reviewed and, where necessary, new sections were cut from tissue blocks and stained with haematoxylin and eosin. Ziehl-Neelsen stain used to demonstrate acid-fast bacilli. Clinical reports were extracted from histopathological request form. A total of 661 patients were included in the study. Primary infertility constituted 30%, secondary 69% and unspecified cases 1%. TB endometritis was seen in 0.45%. Endometrial TB is not a frequent cause of infertility in our set-up. However, with the worldwide resurgence of TB, its possible presence should always be taken into consideration.