The unique contributions of depression and anxiety to suicidal ideation among Nigerian secondary school students: a cross-sectional survey.

Background: It is important to establish the pattern of suicidal ideation among adolescents with depression and anxiety. This will help the schools prevent possible complete suicide among these groups of adolescents' trough counseling and education. Objectives: This work is therefore aimed at determining the effects of depression and anxiety on adolescent suicide ideation and factors that predict suicidal ideation among adolescents attending secondary school in southeast Nigeria. Methods: A cross-sectional study among 450 secondary school adolescents in Enugu state, Nigeria. Information was obtained using the Columbia suicide severity rating scale and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Chi-square test, correlation analysis and Hierarchical logistic regression were used in the analysis, and the level of statistical significance was determined using a P-value of <0.05. Results: The prevalence of anxiety was 36.4% while that of depression was 30.7%. The prevalence of suicidal ideation was 8.4%. The prevalence of suicidal ideation among adolescents who were <15 years was 8.0% while those who were between 15 - 18 years was 13.5% and those more than 19 years of age was 22.5%. The prevalence of suicidal ideation among adolescents with depression is 21.7% and 78.3 % for those without depression while the prevalence of suicidal ideation among adolescents with anxiety is 20.1% and 79.9 % for those without anxiety. The prevalence of suicidal ideation among the poorest half was 16.4% and 10.2% in the richer half. There was a higher prevalence of suicidal ideation among the urban dwellers (53.3%) than the rural dwellers (46.7%).There was a positive correlation between suicide and age in years and this was found to be statistically significant, (n=450, r=0.107, p=0.023). A significantly higher proportion of respondents who had depression, 21.7% had suicidal ideation when compared with those who were not, (χ 2=12.170, p<0.001). Similarly, a significantly higher proportion of respondents who had an anxiety disorder, (20.1%) had suicidal ideation when compared with those who were not, 9.4%, (χ 2=10.291, p=0.001). The respondents who were 19 years and above had increased suicidal ideation, and the difference in proportions was found to be statistically significant, (χ 2=6.440, p=0.040). A significantly higher proportion of females, 16.6% had suicidal intentions when compared with the males, 7.1%, (χ 2=7.958, p=0.005). Conclusion: There is an increasing prevalence of suicidal ideation among adolescents with a preponderance of older age and female gender. There is a link between depression/anxiety and suicidal ideation. The prevalence of suicidal ideation among the poorest half was higher than that of the richer half. There was a higher prevalence of suicidal ideation among the urban dwellers than the rural dwellers.

Problem gambling among secondary school adolescents in Enugu, Nigeria.

Background: Adolescent problem gambling is a common behavioural issue and could be associated with internet addiction. Objectives: To determine the pattern of problem gambling and factors that predict gambling among adolescents that attended secondary schools in southeast Nigeria. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional study design. A three-stage sampling technique was used to select 796 secondary school adolescents from eight secondary schools in Enugu State, Nigeria. Results: The highest proportion of the respondents, 38.3% had problem gambling with negative consequences. There was a weak positive correlation between gambling severity index and internet addiction. (n=796, r=0.254, p<0.001). There is a very weak negative correlation between gambling severity index and age in years. (n=796, r= -0.034, p=0.331).The male respondents were 1.5 times more likely to have problem gambling when compared with the females, (AOR=1.5; (95%CI: 1.1-2.0). The respondents who have internet addiction were 3.5 times more likely to have problem gambling when compared with those who do not have an internet addiction, (AOR=3.5; 95%CI: 2.6-4.8). Conclusion: The prevalence of gambling among adolescents is high. Adolescents who had problem gambling also had internet addiction. The male respondents were more likely to have problem gambling than their female folk.

Dependent Personality, Mindful Awareness, and Marital Satisfaction and their Association with Postpartum Psychological Distress in Two Tertiary Hospitals, Southeast Nigeria.

This study assessed dependent personality, marital satisfaction, and mindful awareness and their association with postpartum depression and anxiety. It was a cross-sectional study of nursing mothers, within 6-14 weeks postpartum, at the postnatal and children's welfare clinics of two tertiary hospitals in Enugu, southeastern Nigeria. The nursing mothers responded to different questionnaires that measure each of these variables. Correlations and multiple regression analyses were used to measure the strength of association between the variables in the study and to identify predictors for the outcome variables of interest, respectively. Low mindful attention awareness, poor marital satisfaction, and low dependency predicted an increased risk of postpartum depression and anxiety, with low mindful attention awareness as the strongest predictor. The findings from the study carry significant implications for the roles of dependent personality, marital satisfaction, and mindful awareness in the etiology of postpartum depression and anxiety in Southeast Nigeria.

Socio-demographic correlates of postpartum psychological distress among apparently healthy mothers in two tertiary hospitals in Enugu, South-East Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: Postpartum depression and anxiety could cause poor mother-infant relationship that could impair infant growth and cognitive development. Psychiatric assessment has not been part of periodic evaluations in postnatal clinics. Some apparently well, but high-risk mothers continue to live with psychological distress, without treatment to relieve their burden. OBJECTIVES: The study assessed the prevalence of postpartum anxiety and depression, their co-morbidity, and socio-demographic predictors, within 6 - 14 weeks postpartum among nursing mothers in two tertiary hospitals in Enugu, South-East Nigeria. METHODS: A cross-sectional study that was carried out at the postnatal and children's welfare clinics of two tertiary hospitals in Enugu, South-East Nigeria. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Social Support Scale and Socio-demographic Questionnaire were used for the study. Correlations and multiple regressions were used to test for associations and risk factors. RESULTS: Occurrence rate for anxiety and depression were 30.1% and 33.3% respectively with a co-morbidity rate of 22%. Low social support and multigravida predicted risk factors for postpartum psychological distress, while a higher number of children alive predicted a decrease in the risk for postpartum psychological distress. CONCLUSION: The study supports service planning and the development of strategies to reliably identify women at high-risk, for effective treatment.

Post-partum depression, anxiety and marital satisfaction: A perspective from Southeastern Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: Many studies have noted the high prevalence of post-partum depression (PPD) and anxiety associated with poor marital satisfaction, albeit amidst a dearth of literature on comorbid PPD and anxiety among women in Nigeria. OBJECTIVE: The study was aimed to assess the prevalence of PPD and anxiety, and to investigate their relationship with marital satisfaction in low-risk women in Enugu, Southeastern Nigeria. METHOD: A cross-sectional study of 309 randomly selected nursing mothers at two tertiary health institutions. Socio-demographic Questionnaire, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and Index of Marital Satisfaction (IMS) were used to collect data on demography, anxiety and depression and marital relationship respectively. All statistical tests were performed at a significant level of 0.05. RESULTS: The age range of the respondents was 20-46 years; mean and s.d. was 29.65 and ± 4.87, respectively, and most of them were graduates of tertiary educational institutions (74.1%). The prevalence of post-partum anxiety was 31.1% and of PPD was 33.3%. Marital dissatisfaction was observed in 39.5% (122) of the respondents who were mothers. Those with co-morbid depression and anxiety (22.0%) had worse marital dissatisfaction. The strongest correlation with depression and anxiety was item 12 of IMS ('feel that my partner doesn't confide in me'). CONCLUSION: There was a high prevalence of marital dissatisfaction, PPD and anxiety among nursing mothers in Enugu, but with low detection rate. The effects of PPD and anxiety on the mother, her marital relationship and her infant make them essential conditions for early diagnosis, prevention and treatments.

Post-partum depression, anxiety and marital satisfaction: A perspective from Southeastern Nigeria

Background: Many studies have noted the high prevalence of post-partum depression (PPD) and anxiety associated with poor marital satisfaction, albeit amidst a dearth of literature on comorbid PPD and anxiety among women in Nigeria. Objective: The study was aimed to assess the prevalence of PPD and anxiety, and to investigate their relationship with marital satisfaction in low-risk women in Enugu, Southeastern Nigeria. Method: A cross-sectional study of 309 randomly selected nursing mothers at two tertiary health institutions. Socio-demographic Questionnaire, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and Index of Marital Satisfaction (IMS) were used to collect data on demography, anxiety and depression and marital relationship respectively. All statistical tests were performed at a significant level of 0.05. Results: The age range of the respondents was 20­46 years; mean and s.d. was 29.65 and ±4.87, respectively, and most of them were graduates of tertiary educational institutions (74.1%). The prevalence of post-partum anxiety was 31.1% and of PPD was 33.3%. Marital dissatisfaction was observed in 39.5% (122) of the respondents who were mothers. Those with co-morbid depression and anxiety (22.0%) had worse marital dissatisfaction. The strongest correlation with depression and anxiety was item 12 of IMS ('feel that my partner doesn't confide in me').Conclusion: There was a high prevalence of marital dissatisfaction, PPD and anxiety among nursing mothers in Enugu, but with low detection rate. The effects of PPD and anxiety on the mother, her marital relationship and her infant make them essential conditions for early diagnosis, prevention and treatments