Sharing brain imaging data in the Open Science era: how and why?

The sharing of human neuroimaging data has great potential to accelerate the development of imaging biomarkers in neurological and psychiatric disorders; however, major obstacles remain in terms of how and why to share data in the Open Science context. In this Health Policy by the European Cluster for Imaging Biomarkers, we outline the current main opportunities and challenges based on the results of an online survey disseminated among senior scientists in the field. Although the scientific community fully recognises the importance of data sharing, technical, legal, and motivational aspects often prevent active adoption. Therefore, we provide practical advice on how to overcome the technical barriers. We also call for a harmonised application of the General Data Protection Regulation across EU countries. Finally, we suggest the development of a system that makes data count by recognising the generation and sharing of data as a highly valuable contribution to the community.

Genome-wide meta-analyses of restless legs syndrome yield insights into genetic architecture, disease biology and risk prediction.

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) affects up to 10% of older adults. Their healthcare is impeded by delayed diagnosis and insufficient treatment. To advance disease prediction and find new entry points for therapy, we performed meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies in 116,647 individuals with RLS (cases) and 1,546,466 controls of European ancestry. The pooled analysis increased the number of risk loci eightfold to 164, including three on chromosome X. Sex-specific meta-analyses revealed largely overlapping genetic predispositions of the sexes (rg = 0.96). Locus annotation prioritized druggable genes such as glutamate receptors 1 and 4, and Mendelian randomization indicated RLS as a causal risk factor for diabetes. Machine learning approaches combining genetic and nongenetic information performed best in risk prediction (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.82-0.91). In summary, we identified targets for drug development and repurposing, prioritized potential causal relationships between RLS and relevant comorbidities and risk factors for follow-up and provided evidence that nonlinear interactions are likely relevant to RLS risk prediction.

The functional brain connectome in isolated rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder and Parkinson's disease.

BACKGROUND: Isolated rapid-eye-movement behavior disorder (iRBD) often precedes the development of alpha-synucleinopathies such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have revealed structural brain alterations in iRBD partially resembling those observed in PD. However, relatively little is known about whole-brain functional brain alterations in iRBD. Here, we characterize the functional brain connectome of iRBD compared with PD patients and healthy controls (HC) using resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI). METHODS: Eighteen iRBD subjects (67.3 ± 6.6 years), 18 subjects with PD (65.4 ± 5.8 years), and 39 age- and sex-matched HC (64.4 ± 9.2 years) underwent rs-fMRI at 3 T. We applied a graph theoretical approach to analyze the brain functional connectome at the global and regional levels. Data were analyzed using both frequentist and Bayesian statistics. RESULTS: Global connectivity was largely preserved in iRBD and PD individuals. In contrast, both disease groups displayed altered local connectivity mainly in the motor network, temporal cortical regions including the limbic system, and the visual system. There were some group specific alterations, and connectivity changes were pronounced in PD individuals. Overall, however, there was a good agreement of the connectome changes observed in both disease groups. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence for widespread functional brain connectivity alterations in iRBD, including motor circuitry, despite normal motor function. Connectome alterations showed substantial resemblance with those observed in PD, underlining a close pathophysiological relationship of iRBD and PD.

Association of Structural Forms of 17q21.31 with the Risk of Progressive Supranuclear Palsy and MAPT Sub-haplotypes.

Importance: The chromosome 17q21.31 region, containing a 900 Kb inversion that defines H1 and H2 haplotypes, represents the strongest genetic risk locus in progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). In addition to H1 and H2, various structural forms of 17q21.31, characterized by the copy number of α, ß, and γ duplications, have been identified. However, the specific effect of each structural form on the risk of PSP has never been evaluated in a large cohort study. Objective: To assess the association of different structural forms of 17q.21.31, defined by the copy numbers of α, ß, and γ duplications, with the risk of PSP and MAPT sub-haplotypes. Design setting and participants: Utilizing whole genome sequencing data of 1,684 (1,386 autopsy confirmed) individuals with PSP and 2,392 control subjects, a case-control study was conducted to investigate the association of copy numbers of α, ß, and γ duplications and structural forms of 17q21.31 with the risk of PSP. All study subjects were selected from the Alzheimer's Disease Sequencing Project (ADSP) Umbrella NG00067.v7. Data were analyzed between March 2022 and November 2023. Main outcomes and measures: The main outcomes were the risk (odds ratios [ORs]) for PSP with 95% CIs. Risks for PSP were evaluated by logistic regression models. Results: The copy numbers of α and ß were associated with the risk of PSP only due to their correlation with H1 and H2, while the copy number of γ was independently associated with the increased risk of PSP. Each additional duplication of γ was associated with 1.10 (95% CI, 1.04-1.17; P = 0.0018) fold of increased risk of PSP when conditioning H1 and H2. For the H1 haplotype, addition γ duplications displayed a higher odds ratio for PSP: the odds ratio increases from 1.21 (95%CI 1.10-1.33, P = 5.47 × 10-5) for H1ß1γ1 to 1.29 (95%CI 1.16-1.43, P = 1.35 × 10-6) for H1ß1γ2, 1.45 (95%CI 1.27-1.65, P = 3.94 × 10-8) for H1ß1γ3, and 1.57 (95%CI 1.10-2.26, P = 1.35 × 10-2) for H1ß1γ4. Moreover, H1ß1γ3 is in linkage disequilibrium with H1c (R2 = 0.31), a widely recognized MAPT sub-haplotype associated with increased risk of PSP. The proportion of MAPT sub-haplotypes associated with increased risk of PSP (i.e., H1c, H1d, H1g, H1o, and H1h) increased from 34% in H1ß1γ1 to 77% in H1ß1γ4. Conclusions and relevance: This study revealed that the copy number of γ was associated with the risk of PSP independently from H1 and H2. The H1 haplotype with more γ duplications showed a higher odds ratio for PSP and were associated with MAPT sub-haplotypes with increased risk of PSP. These findings expand our understanding of how the complex structure at 17q21.31 affect the risk of PSP.

The COVID-19 pandemic impact on continuity of care provision on rare brain diseases and on ataxias, dystonia and PKU. A scoping review.

One of the most relevant challenges for healthcare providers during the COVID- 19 pandemic has been assuring the continuity of care to patients with complex health needs such as people living with rare diseases (RDs). The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the healthcare sector's digital transformation agenda. The delivery of telemedicine services instead of many face-to-face procedures has been expanded and, many healthcare services not directly related to COVID-19 treatments shifted online remotely. Many hospitals, specialist centres, patients and families started to use telemedicine because they were forced to. This trend could directly represent a good practice on how care services could be organized and continuity of care could be ensured for patients. If done properly, it could boast improved patient outcomes and become a post COVID-19 major shift in the care paradigm. There is a fragmented stakeholders spectrum, as many questions arise on: how is e-health interacting with 'traditional' healthcare providers; about the role of the European Reference Networks (ERNs); if remote care can retain a human touch and stay patient centric. The manuscript is one of the results of the European Brain Council (EBC) Value of Treatment research project on rare brain disorders focusing on progressive ataxias, dystonia and phenylketonuria with the support of Academic Partners and in collaboration with European Reference Networks (ERNs) experts, applying empirical evidence from different European countries. The main purpose of this work is to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the continuity of care for ataxias, dystonia and phenylketonuria (PKU) in Europe. The analysis carried out makes it possible to highlight the critical points encountered and to learn from the best experiences. Here, we propose a scoping review that investigates this topic, focusing on continuity of care and novel methods (e.g., digital approaches) used to reduce the care disruption. This scoping review was designed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR) standards. This work showed that the implementation of telemedicine services was the main measure that healthcare providers (HCPs) put in place and adopted for mitigating the effects of disruption or discontinuity of the healthcare services of people with rare neurological diseases and with neurometabolic disorders in Europe.

Whole-Genome Sequencing Analysis Reveals New Susceptibility Loci and Structural Variants Associated with Progressive Supranuclear Palsy.

Background: Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a rare neurodegenerative disease characterized by the accumulation of aggregated tau proteins in astrocytes, neurons, and oligodendrocytes. Previous genome-wide association studies for PSP were based on genotype array, therefore, were inadequate for the analysis of rare variants as well as larger mutations, such as small insertions/deletions (indels) and structural variants (SVs). Method: In this study, we performed whole genome sequencing (WGS) and conducted association analysis for single nucleotide variants (SNVs), indels, and SVs, in a cohort of 1,718 cases and 2,944 controls of European ancestry. Of the 1,718 PSP individuals, 1,441 were autopsy-confirmed and 277 were clinically diagnosed. Results: Our analysis of common SNVs and indels confirmed known genetic loci at MAPT, MOBP, STX6, SLCO1A2, DUSP10, and SP1, and further uncovered novel signals in APOE, FCHO1/MAP1S, KIF13A, TRIM24, TNXB, and ELOVL1. Notably, in contrast to Alzheimer's disease (AD), we observed the APOE ε2 allele to be the risk allele in PSP. Analysis of rare SNVs and indels identified significant association in ZNF592 and further gene network analysis identified a module of neuronal genes dysregulated in PSP. Moreover, seven common SVs associated with PSP were observed in the H1/H2 haplotype region (17q21.31) and other loci, including IGH, PCMT1, CYP2A13, and SMCP. In the H1/H2 haplotype region, there is a burden of rare deletions and duplications (P = 6.73×10-3) in PSP. Conclusions: Through WGS, we significantly enhanced our understanding of the genetic basis of PSP, providing new targets for exploring disease mechanisms and therapeutic interventions.

Neuronally Derived Extracellular Vesicle α-Synuclein as a Serum Biomarker for Individuals at Risk of Developing Parkinson Disease.

IMPORTANCE: Nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson disease (PD) often predate the movement disorder by decades. Currently, there is no blood biomarker to define this prodromal phase. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether α-synuclein in neuronally derived serum-extracellular vesicles identifies individuals at risk of developing PD and related dementia. DESIGN, SETTING, and PARTICIPANTS: This retrospective, cross-sectional multicenter study of serum samples included the Oxford Discovery, Marburg, Cologne, and Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative cohorts. Participants were recruited from July 2013 through August 2023 and samples were analyzed from April 2022 through September 2023. The derivation group (n = 170) included participants with isolated rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) and controls. Two validation groups were used: the first (n = 122) included participants with iRBD and controls and the second (n = 263) included nonmanifest GBA1N409S gene carriers, participants with iRBD or hyposmia, and available dopamine transporter single-photon emission computed tomography, healthy controls, and patients with sporadic PD. Overall the study included 199 participants with iRBD, 20 hyposmic participants with available dopamine transporter single-photon emission computed tomography, 146 nonmanifest GBA1N409S gene carriers, 21 GBA1N409S gene carrier patients with PD, 50 patients with sporadic PD, and 140 healthy controls. In the derivation group and validation group 1, participants with polysomnographically confirmed iRBD were included. In the validation group 2, at-risk participants with available Movement Disorder Society prodromal markers and serum samples were included. Among 580 potential participants, 4 were excluded due to alternative diagnoses. EXPOSURES: Clinical assessments, imaging, and serum collection. MAIN OUTCOME AND MEASURES: L1CAM-positive extracellular vesicles (L1EV) were immunocaptured from serum. α-Synuclein and syntenin-1 were measured by electrochemiluminescence. Area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) with 95% CIs evaluated biomarker performance. Probable prodromal PD was determined using the updated Movement Disorder Society research criteria. Multiple linear regression models assessed the association between L1EV α-synuclein and prodromal markers. RESULTS: Among 576 participants included, the mean (SD) age was 64.30 (8.27) years, 394 were male (68.4%), and 182 were female (31.6%). A derived threshold of serum L1EV α-synuclein distinguished participants with iRBD from controls (AUC = 0.91; 95% CI, 0.86-0.96) and those with more than 80% probability of having prodromal PD from participants with less than 5% probability (AUC = 0.80; 95% CI, 0.71-0.89). Subgroup analyses revealed that specific combinations of prodromal markers were associated with increased L1EV α-synuclein levels. Across all cohorts, L1EV α-synuclein differentiated participants with more than 80% probability of having prodromal PD from current and historic healthy control populations (AUC = 0.90; 95% CI, 0.87-0.93), irrespective of initial diagnosis. L1EV α-synuclein was increased in at-risk participants with a positive cerebrospinal fluid seed amplification assay and was above the identified threshold in 80% of cases (n = 40) that phenoconverted to PD or related dementia. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: L1EV α-synuclein in combination with prodromal markers should be considered in the stratification of those at high risk of developing PD and related Lewy body diseases.

Reduced Gastric Contraction in Rapid-Eye-Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder and De Novo Parkinson's Disease.

BACKGROUND: Reduced gastric motility in Parkinson's disease (PD) has been reported, but hardly any study exists in subjects with isolated rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (iRBD), a specific prodrome of α-synucleinopathies. OBJECTIVES: We compared the gastric motility of 17 iRBD subjects with that of 18 PD subjects (15 drug naive, 3 early treated in defined off) and 15 healthy controls (HC) with real-time magnetic resonance imaging (rtMRI). METHODS: After overnight fasting, participants consumed a standardized breakfast and underwent a 3-T rtMRI of the stomach. Amplitude and velocity of the peristaltic waves were analyzed under blinded conditions. Gastric motility index (GMI) was calculated. The procedure was repeated in 12 of 17 iRBD subjects ~2.5 years later. Nine of these 12 iRBD subjects were hyposmic. RESULTS: In iRBD and PD subjects the amplitude of the peristaltic waves was significantly reduced compared with HCs (iRBD vs. HC: 8.7 ± 3.7 vs. 11.9 ± 4.1 mm, P = 0.0097; PD vs. HC: 6.8 ± 2.2 vs. 11.9 ± 4.1 mm, P = 0.0001). The amplitude in iRBD and PD subjects was decreased to the same extent. The GMI was reduced in only PD subjects (PD vs. HC: P = 0.0027; PD vs. iRBD: P = 0.0203). After ~2.5 years the amplitude in iRBD subjects did not significantly decrease further. CONCLUSION: The amplitude of the peristaltic waves was markedly reduced in iRBD, a prodrome of α-synucleinopathies. This reduction was similar to the extent observed already in manifest early PD. This finding implies that the α-synuclein pathology affects the innervation of the stomach already in the prodromal stage. © 2023 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

Spoken Language Alterations can Predict Phenoconversion in Isolated Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder: A Multicenter Study.

OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the relationship between speech and language impairment and outcome in a multicenter cohort of isolated/idiopathic rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (iRBD). METHODS: Patients with iRBD from 7 centers speaking Czech, English, German, French, and Italian languages underwent a detailed speech assessment at baseline. Story-tale narratives were transcribed and linguistically annotated using fully automated methods based on automatic speech recognition and natural language processing algorithms, leading to the 3 distinctive linguistic and 2 acoustic patterns of language deterioration and associated composite indexes of their overall severity. Patients were then prospectively followed and received assessments for parkinsonism or dementia during follow-up. The Cox proportional hazard was performed to evaluate the predictive value of language patterns for phenoconversion over a follow-up period of 5 years. RESULTS: Of 180 patients free of parkinsonism or dementia, 156 provided follow-up information. After a mean follow-up of 2.7 years, 42 (26.9%) patients developed neurodegenerative disease. Patients with higher severity of linguistic abnormalities (hazard ratio [HR = 2.35]) and acoustic abnormalities (HR = 1.92) were more likely to develop a defined neurodegenerative disease, with converters having lower content richness (HR = 1.74), slower articulation rate (HR = 1.58), and prolonged pauses (HR = 1.46). Dementia-first (n = 16) and parkinsonism-first with mild cognitive impairment (n = 9) converters had higher severity of linguistic abnormalities than parkinsonism-first with normal cognition converters (n = 17). INTERPRETATION: Automated language analysis might provide a predictor of phenoconversion from iRBD into synucleinopathy subtypes with cognitive impairment, and thus can be used to stratify patients for neuroprotective trials. ANN NEUROL 2024;95:530-543.

Mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson's disease - a key disease hallmark with therapeutic potential.

Mitochondrial dysfunction is strongly implicated in the etiology of idiopathic and genetic Parkinson's disease (PD). However, strategies aimed at ameliorating mitochondrial dysfunction, including antioxidants, antidiabetic drugs, and iron chelators, have failed in disease-modification clinical trials. In this review, we summarize the cellular determinants of mitochondrial dysfunction, including impairment of electron transport chain complex 1, increased oxidative stress, disturbed mitochondrial quality control mechanisms, and cellular bioenergetic deficiency. In addition, we outline mitochondrial pathways to neurodegeneration in the current context of PD pathogenesis, and review past and current treatment strategies in an attempt to better understand why translational efforts thus far have been unsuccessful.

Development and Validation of a Prognostic Model to Predict Overall Survival in Multiple System Atrophy.

Background: Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a devastating disease characterized by a variable combination of motor and autonomic symptoms. Previous studies identified numerous clinical factors to be associated with shorter survival. Objective: To enable personalized patient counseling, we aimed at developing a risk model of survival based on baseline clinical symptoms. Methods: MSA patients referred to the Movement Disorders Unit in Innsbruck, Austria, between 1999 and 2016 were retrospectively analyzed. Kaplan-Meier curves and multivariate Cox regression analysis with least absolute shrinkage and selection operator penalty for variable selection were performed to identify prognostic factors. A nomogram was developed to estimate the 7 years overall survival probability. The performance of the predictive model was validated and calibrated internally using bootstrap resampling and externally using data from the prospective European MSA Study Group Natural History Study. Results: A total of 210 MSA patients were included in this analysis, of which 124 patients died. The median survival was 7 years. The following clinical variables were found to significantly affect overall survival and were included in the nomogram: age at symptom onset, falls within 3 years of onset, early autonomic failure including orthostatic hypotension and urogenital failure, and lacking levodopa response. The time-dependent area under curve for internal and external validation was >0.7 within the first 7 years of the disease course. The model was well calibrated showing good overlap between predicted and actual survival probability at 7 years. Conclusion: The nomogram is a simple tool to predict survival on an individual basis and may help to improve counseling and treatment of MSA patients.

Viewpoint: Assessing the value of mental health treatments in Europe.

One in eight individuals worldwide lives with a mental health disorder. For many European countries, the prevalence is even higher, with one in four people reporting mental health problems [1]. Three-quarters of all mental health disorders develop before age 25, with many presenting initially in undiagnosed forms already in the mid-teens and eventually manifesting as severe disorders and lasting into old age [2]. There is also growing evidence that mental health disorder symptoms cross diagnoses and people frequently have more than one mental health disorder [3].

HLA in isolated REM sleep behavior disorder and Lewy body dementia.

Synucleinopathies-related disorders such as Lewy body dementia (LBD) and isolated/idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) have been associated with neuroinflammation. In this study, we examined whether the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) locus plays a role in iRBD and LBD. In iRBD, HLA-DRB1*11:01 was the only allele passing FDR correction (OR = 1.57, 95% CI = 1.27-1.93, p = 2.70e-05). We also discovered associations between iRBD and HLA-DRB1 70D (OR = 1.26, 95%CI = 1.12-1.41, p = 8.76e-05), 70Q (OR = 0.81, 95%CI = 0.72-0.91, p = 3.65e-04) and 71R (OR = 1.21, 95%CI = 1.08-1.35, p = 1.35e-03). Position 71 (pomnibus = 0.00102) and 70 (pomnibus = 0.00125) were associated with iRBD. Our results suggest that the HLA locus may have different roles across synucleinopathies.

Occipital hypometabolism is a risk factor for conversion to Parkinson's disease in isolated REM sleep behaviour disorder.

PURPOSE: Isolated REM sleep behaviour disorder (iRBD) patients are at high risk of developing clinical syndromes of the α-synuclein spectrum. Progression markers are needed to determine the neurodegenerative changes and to predict their conversion. Brain imaging with 18F-FDG PET in iRBD is promising, but longitudinal studies are scarce. We investigated the regional brain changes in iRBD over time, related to phenoconversion. METHODS: Twenty iRBD patients underwent two consecutive 18F-FDG PET brain scans and clinical assessments (3.7 ± 0.6 years apart). Seventeen patients also underwent 123I-MIBG and 123I-FP-CIT SPECT scans at baseline. Four subjects phenoconverted to Parkinson's disease (PD) during follow-up. 18F-FDG PET scans were compared to controls with a voxel-wise single-subject procedure. The relationship between regional brain changes in metabolism and PD-related pattern scores (PDRP) was investigated. RESULTS: Individual hypometabolism t-maps revealed three scenarios: (1) normal 18F-FDG PET scans at baseline and follow-up (N = 10); (2) normal scans at baseline but occipital or occipito-parietal hypometabolism at follow-up (N = 4); (3) occipital hypometabolism at baseline and follow-up (N = 6). All patients in the last group had pathological 123I-MIBG and 123I-FP-CIT SPECT. iRBD converters (N = 4) showed occipital hypometabolism at baseline (third scenario). At the group level, hypometabolism in the frontal and occipito-parietal regions and hypermetabolism in the cerebellum and limbic regions were progressive over time. PDRP z-scores increased over time (0.54 ± 0.36 per year). PDRP expression was driven by occipital hypometabolism and cerebellar hypermetabolism. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that occipital hypometabolism at baseline in iRBD implies a short-term conversion to PD. This might help in stratification strategies for disease-modifying trials.

NPC1 variants are not associated with Parkinson's disease, REM-sleep behavior disorder or dementia with Lewy bodies in European cohorts.

NPC1 encodes a lysosomal protein involved in cholesterol transport. Biallelic mutations in this gene may lead to Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC), a lysosomal storage disorder. The role of NPC1 in alpha synucleinopathies is still unclear, as different genetic, clinical, and pathological studies have reported contradictory results. This study aimed to evaluate the association of NPC1 variants with the synucleinopathies Parkinson's disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and rapid eye movement-sleep behavior disorder (RBD). We analyzed common and rare variants from 3 cohorts of European descent: 1084 RBD cases and 2945 controls, 2852 PD cases and 1686 controls, and 2610 DLB cases and 1920 controls. Logistic regression models were used to assess common variants while optimal sequence Kernel association tests were used to assess rare variants, both adjusted for sex, age, and principal components. No variants were associated with any of the synucleinopathies, supporting that common and rare NPC1 variants do not play an important role in alpha synucleinopathies.

Evaluation of a Structured Screening Assessment to Detect Isolated Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder.

BACKGROUND: Isolated rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) cohorts have provided insights into the earliest neurodegenerative processes in α-synucleinopathies. Even though polysomnography (PSG) remains the gold standard for diagnosis, an accurate questionnaire-based algorithm to identify eligible subjects could facilitate efficient recruitment in research. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to optimize the identification of subjects with iRBD from the general population. METHODS: Between June 2020 and July 2021, we placed newspaper advertisements, including the single-question screen for RBD (RBD1Q). Participants' evaluations included a structured telephone screening consisting of the RBD screening questionnaire (RBDSQ) and additional sleep-related questionnaires. We examined anamnestic information predicting PSG-proven iRBD using logistic regressions and receiver operating characteristic curves. RESULTS: Five hundred forty-three participants answered the advertisements, and 185 subjects fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criteria were screened. Of these, 124 received PSG after expert selection, and 78 (62.9%) were diagnosed with iRBD. Selected items of the RBDSQ, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the STOP-Bang questionnaire, and age predicted iRBD with high accuracy in a multiple logistic regression model (area under the curve >80%). When comparing the algorithm to the sleep expert decision, 77 instead of 124 polysomnographies (62.1%) would have been carried out, and 63 (80.8%) iRBD patients would have been identified; 32 of 46 (69.6%) unnecessary PSG examinations could have been avoided. CONCLUSIONS: Our proposed algorithm displayed high diagnostic accuracy for PSG-proven iRBD cost-effectively and may be a convenient tool for research and clinical settings. External validation sets are warranted to prove reliability. © 2023 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

Progression of clinical markers in prodromal Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies: a multicentre study.

The neurodegenerative synucleinopathies, including Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies, are characterized by a typically lengthy prodromal period of progressive subclinical motor and non-motor manifestations. Among these, idiopathic REM sleep behaviour disorder is a powerful early predictor of eventual phenoconversion, and therefore represents a critical opportunity to intervene with neuroprotective therapy. To inform the design of randomized trials, it is essential to study the natural progression of clinical markers during the prodromal stages of disease in order to establish optimal clinical end points. In this study, we combined prospective follow-up data from 28 centres of the International REM Sleep Behavior Disorder Study Group representing 12 countries. Polysomnogram-confirmed REM sleep behaviour disorder subjects were assessed for prodromal Parkinson's disease using the Movement Disorder Society criteria and underwent periodic structured sleep, motor, cognitive, autonomic and olfactory testing. We used linear mixed-effect modelling to estimate annual rates of clinical marker progression stratified by disease subtype, including prodromal Parkinson's disease and prodromal dementia with Lewy bodies. In addition, we calculated sample size requirements to demonstrate slowing of progression under different anticipated treatment effects. Overall, 1160 subjects were followed over an average of 3.3 ± 2.2 years. Among clinical variables assessed continuously, motor variables tended to progress faster and required the lowest sample sizes, ranging from 151 to 560 per group (at 50% drug efficacy and 2-year follow-up). By contrast, cognitive, olfactory and autonomic variables showed modest progression with higher variability, resulting in high sample sizes. The most efficient design was a time-to-event analysis using combined milestones of motor and cognitive decline, estimating 117 per group at 50% drug efficacy and 2-year trial duration. Finally, while phenoconverters showed overall greater progression than non-converters in motor, olfactory, cognitive and certain autonomic markers, the only robust difference in progression between Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies phenoconverters was in cognitive testing. This large multicentre study demonstrates the evolution of motor and non-motor manifestations in prodromal synucleinopathy. These findings provide optimized clinical end points and sample size estimates to inform future neuroprotective trials.

HLA in isolated REM sleep behavior disorder and Lewy body dementia.

Background and Objectives: Isolated/idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) and Lewy body dementia (LBD) are synucleinopathies that have partial genetic overlap with Parkinson's disease (PD). Previous studies have shown that neuroinflammation plays a substantial role in these disorders. In PD, specific residues of the human leukocyte antigen ( HLA ) were suggested to be associated with a protective effect. This study examined whether the HLA locus plays a similar role in iRBD, LBD and PD. Methods: We performed HLA imputation on iRBD genotyping data (1,072 patients and 9,505 controls) and LBD whole-genome sequencing (2,604 patients and 4,032 controls) using the multi-ethnic HLA reference panel v2 from the Michigan Imputation Server. Using logistic regression, we tested the association of HLA alleles, amino acids and haplotypes with disease susceptibility. We included age, sex and the top 10 principal components as covariates. We also performed an omnibus test to examine which HLA residue positions explain the most variance. Results: In iRBD, HLA-DRB1 *11:01 was the only allele passing FDR correction (OR=1.57, 95% CI=1.27-1.93, p =2.70e-05). We also discovered associations between iRBD and HLA-DRB1 70D (OR=1.26, 95%CI=1.12-1.41, p =8.76e-05), 70Q (OR=0.81, 95% CI=0.72-0.91, p =3.65e-04) and 71R (OR=1.21, 95% CI=1.08-1.35, p =1.35e-03). In HLA-DRB1 , position 71 ( p omnibus =0.00102) and 70 ( p omnibus =0.00125) were associated with iRBD. We found no association in LBD. Discussion: This study identified an association between HLA-DRB1 11:01 and iRBD, distinct from the previously reported association in PD. Therefore, the HLA locus may play different roles across synucleinopathies. Additional studies are required better to understand HLA's role in iRBD and LBD.

Dermal Real-Time Quaking-Induced Conversion Is a Sensitive Marker to Confirm Isolated Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder as an Early α-Synucleinopathy.

BACKGROUND: Skin biopsy is a potential tool for the premortem confirmation of an α-synucleinopathy. OBJECTIVE: The aim was to assess the aggregation assay real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) of skin biopsy lysates to confirm isolated rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) as an α-synucleinopathy. METHODS: Skin biopsies of patients with iRBD, Parkinson's disease (PD), and controls were analyzed using RT-QuIC and immunohistochemical detection of phospho-α-synuclein. RESULTS: α-Synuclein aggregation was detected in 97.4% of iRBD patients (78.4% of iRBD biopsies), 87.2% of PD patients (70% of PD biopsies), and 13% of controls (7.9% of control biopsies), with a higher seeding activity in iRBD compared to PD. RT-QuIC was more sensitive but less specific than immunohistochemistry. CONCLUSIONS: Dermal RT-QuIC is a sensitive method to detect α-synuclein aggregation in iRBD, and high seeding activity may indicate a strong involvement of dermal nerve fibers in these patients. © 2023 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

Transdermal Nicotine Treatment and Progression of Early Parkinson's Disease.

BACKGROUND: Epidemiologic studies show that smokers have a lower incidence of Parkinson's disease. Nicotine has been hypothesized to slow progression in early Parkinson's disease. METHODS: In a double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial, we randomly assigned patients with Parkinson's disease, diagnosed within 18 months, who were in Hoehn and Yahr disease stage less than or equal to 2 (range from 0 to 5; higher scores indicate greater impairment), who were therapy naïve (except for stable monoamine-oxidase-B inhibition), and not requiring dopaminergic therapy, to transdermal nicotine or placebo. The primary end point was change in Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale parts I­III (Total UPDRS) score (range from 0 to 172; higher scores indicate greater impairment) between baseline and 60 weeks (52 weeks of trial therapy, 8 weeks of washout). The first secondary end point was change in Total UPDRS from baseline to 52 weeks. Differences between groups were estimated using the Hodges­Lehmann (HL) method and tested with the exact two-sided stratified Mann­Whitney­Wilcoxon test according to the intention-to-treat principle. RESULTS: Among 163 participants, 101 were assessed for the primary end point. Mean worsening of Total UPDRS was 3.5 in the placebo versus 6.0 in the nicotine group (HL-difference with 95% CI: ­3 [­6 to 0], P=0.06). For the first secondary end point, analysis of 138 participants showed a mean worsening of 5.4 in the placebo versus 9.1 in the nicotine group (HL-difference with 95% CI: ­4 [­7 to ­1]). Dropout was mainly because of early treatment discontinuation or adverse events. Cutaneous adverse effects at the patch application site were common. In all, 34.6% of participants initiated dopaminergic therapy during participation. CONCLUSIONS: One-year transdermal nicotine treatment did not slow progression in early Parkinson's disease. (Funded by the Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01560754; EudraCT number, 2010-020299-42.)