Risk of supranormal left ventricular ejection fraction in patients with aortic stenosis.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular events are increasing in patients with supranormal left ventricular ejection fraction (snLVEF). However, the effect of snLVEF in patients with aortic stenosis (AS) remains unclear, especially in patients with moderate AS. HYPOTHESIS: This study aimed to evaluate the prognosis of mortality and heart failure (HF) in patients with LVEF ≥ 50% and moderate or severe AS. METHODS: This retrospective study targeted patients with moderate or severe AS and LVEF > 50%. LVEF of 50%-65% was classified as normal LVEF (nLVEF, nEF group) and >65% as snLVEF (snEF group). AS severity was stratified based on the aortic valve area into moderate (1.0-1.5 cm²) and severe (<1.0 cm²). Primary outcomes included all-cause mortality and HF hospitalization. RESULTS: A total of 226 participants were included in this study. There were 67 and 65 participants with moderate AS in snEF (m-snEF) and nEF groups (m-nEF), respectively, and 41 and 53 participants with severe AS in the snEF (s-snEF) and nEF groups (s-nEF), respectively. During the observation period (median: 554 days), the primary composite outcome occurred in 108 individuals. Cox hazard analysis revealed no significant differences among the four groups in primary composite outcomes. With respect to HF hospitalization, the adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) with m-snEF as the reference were as follows: m-nEF, 0.41 (0.19-0.89); s-nEF, 1.43 (0.76-2.67); and s-snEF, 1.83 (1.00-3.35). CONCLUSIONS: The risk of HF hospitalization for m-snLVEF was higher than m-nLVEF and not significantly different from s-nLVEF.

Clinical value of the fibrosis-4 index in predicting mortality in patients with right ventricular pacing.

BACKGROUND: The fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) index has attracted attention as a predictive factor for cardiovascular events and mortality in patients with heart disease. However, its clinical value in patients with implanted pacemakers remains unclear. METHODS: This study included patients who underwent pacemaker implantation. The FIB-4 index was calculated based on blood tests performed during the procedure. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality, and the secondary outcomes included cardiovascular death, non-cardiovascular death, and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE; composite of cardiovascular death, heart failure hospitalization, non-fatal myocardial infarction, and non-fatal stroke). The FIB-4 index was stratified into tertiles. Between-group comparisons were performed using log-rank tests and multivariate analysis using Cox proportional hazards. The predictive accuracy and cut-off value of the FIB-4 index were calculated from the receiver operating characteristic curve for all-cause mortality. Finally, based on the calculated cut-off values, the patients were divided into two groups for outcome validation and subgroup analysis. RESULTS: This study included 201 participants, of whom 38 experienced death during the observation period (median: 1097 days). All-cause mortality, non-cardiovascular death, and MACE differed significantly between groups stratified by the FIB-4 index tertiles (log-rank test: P<0.001, P<0.001, and P = 0.045, respectively). Using Cox proportional hazards analysis, the unadjusted hazard ratio was 4.75 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.05-11.0, P<0.001) for Tertile 3 compared to Tertile 1. After adjustment for confounding factors, including sex, the presence or absence of left bundle branch block at baseline, QRS duration during pacing, and pacing rate at the last check, the hazard ratio was 4.79 (95% CI: 2.04-11.2, P<0.001). The cut-off value of the FIB-4 index was 3.75 (area under the curve: 0.72, 95% CI: 0.62-0.82). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with pacemakers, the FIB-4 index may be a predictor of early all-cause mortality, with a cut-off value of 3.75.

Systemic immune-inflammation index as a predictor of prognosis after carotid artery stenting compared with C-reactive protein.

BACKGROUND: Immune-inflammatory processes are highly associated with the progression of atherosclerosis. The systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) is a potential predictor for clinical outcomes in patients with stroke and ischemic heart disease. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate whether SII can accurately predict the short- and long-term prognoses in patients who underwent carotid artery stenting (CAS) compared to that with C-reactive protein (CRP). METHODS: This study was a single-center retrospective investigation. Overall, 129 patients who underwent CAS were categorized into tertiles based on their SII levels. We primarily investigated the long-term major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) and secondarily the in-hospital and long-term stroke incidence, as well as all-cause death. RESULTS: The in-hospital stroke rate tended to increase with a rise in SII (P = 0.13). Over the 5-year follow-up period, the Kaplan-Meier overall incidence of MACCE was 9.3%, 16.3%, and 39.5% in the lowest to highest tertiles, respectively (log-rank trend test, P<0.001). The rates of stroke and MACCE during the long-term follow-up were significantly higher with increasing SII. Cox regression analysis showed that the highest tertile of SII (>647) was a predictor of the incidence of long-term stroke (hazard ratio (HR), 21.3; 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.41-188; P = 0.006) and MACCE (HR, 3.98; 95% CI, 1.80-8.81; P<0.001). However, after adjusting for both SII and CRP, only SII remained a significant independent predictor, whereas CRP became less relevant. The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of long-term MACCE showed that the area under the curve (AUC) for SII (AUC, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.60-0.84; P<0.001) was greater than that of CRP (AUC, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.51-0.77; P = 0.040). CONCLUSION: SII was shown to be an independent predictor of long-term prognosis in patients who underwent CAS and was suggested to be superior to CRP as an inflammatory prognosis predictor.

Relationship between left-axis deviation and onset of cardiac adverse events in right ventricular pacing.

AIMS: The electrical axis shows alterations during right ventricular pacing (RVP), including a normal axis and left axis deviation; however, it remains unknown if differences in the electrical axis affect the occurrence of cardiac adverse events. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a left axis deviation increases the incidence of adverse cardiac events compared with a normal axis. METHODS: This study analysed 156 patients with RVP. The patients were divided into two groups: those with left axis deviation after RVP (LAD group) and those with a normal axis (NA group). The primary composite outcome was the new-onset of atrial fibrillation (AF) and worsening heart failure (HF). RESULTS: The QRS axis of the LAD (n = 77) and NA (n = 79) groups were - 64.5 ± 14.3° and 29.8 ± 36.5°, respectively (P < 0.001). The median follow-up was 1100 days and, regarding primary composite outcomes (hazard ratio, 1.03; 95% confidence interval, 0.64 to 1.65; P = 0.89), 29/77 (37.6%) and 28/79 (35.4%) patients in the LAD and NA groups, respectively, developed AF (hazard ratio, 1.07; 95% confidence interval, 0.64 to 1.81; P = 0.77). Furthermore, 8/77 (10.3%) and 12/79 (15.1%) patients in the LAD and NA groups, respectively, experienced worsening HF (hazard ratio, 0.65; 95% confidence interval, 0.26 to 1.60; P = 0.35). CONCLUSION: The risk of cardiac adverse events in patients with RVP (new-onset AF or worsening HF, cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, and stroke) and overall mortality with LAD is not higher than that with NA.

Investigation of effective invasive blood pressure control methods to prevent acute exacerbation of acute aortic dissection.

BACKGROUND: Acute aortic dissection is associated with high mortality and increased risk of complications. Acute exacerbations have a relatively high frequency; however, the contributing factors are unclear. Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate control are important factors, but the ideal BP control strategy to prevent acute exacerbations under invasive arterial pressure monitoring remains unclear. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to determine the relationship between invasive arterial BP and the effects of acute exacerbation of aortic dissection. METHODS AND RESULTS: This single-centre, retrospective, case-control study included 104 patients with a partial diagnosis of acute aortic dissection (Stanford type A or B) who were treated conservatively between September 2013 and September 2022. The patients were divided into exacerbation (acute exacerbation; n  = 26) and stable (no acute deterioration) groups. The SBP trend (122.5 ±â€…13.1 vs. 116.6 ±â€…10.6 mmHg, respectively; P  = 0.024) and mean BP trend (77.8 ±â€…5.8 vs. 74.4 ±â€…7.5 mmHg, respectively; P  = 0.038) significantly differed between the two groups. The time to target BP was significantly longer in the exacerbation group ( P  = 0.036). CONCLUSION: The exacerbation group did not achieve a mean SBP < 120 mmHg. Moreover, the importance of early BP reduction was demonstrated in the present study.