Profile and Correlates of Sleep Quality and Obstructive Sleep Apnoea among Young Persons in Ibadan, Southwestern Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: Sleep breathing disorders (SDB), especially obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), are poorly studied in the young population. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of OSA and its associated risk factors among young persons. METHODS: A cross-sectional study design was used, and participants aged 16-35 years were recruited from five tertiary institutions in Ibadan, South Western, Nigeria. The study used a structured questionnaire, stadiometer, weighing scale, tape measure, and digital blood pressure machine to collect data. Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ 9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7(GAD-7), and Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) were used to assess depression, anxiety, and sleep quality respectively. To assess the risk of OSA, we used both the STOP-Bang questionnaire and the NOSAS score. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 23 was used to analyse the data, and statistical significance was set at <0.05. RESULTS: A total of 354 participants were included in this report with a mean age of 21.2±3.5 years. The female: male ratio was 1.9:1. The mean ±standard deviation of PSQI, GAD-7 score and PHQ-9 were 2.2±1.1, 12.4±5.1 and 15.0±5.4 respectively. The following percentages of participants were found to be at low, intermediate, and high risk for OSA: 94.1%, 5.6%, and 0.3%, respectively. This study showed that age and GAD-7 score were independently associated with the PSQI score while age, body mass index, neck cuff size and PHQ-9 score for OSA score. CONCLUSION: There is a burden of OSA among this population of young people; and modifying anthropometric and psychosocial factors can help mitigate the risk of OSA outcomes.

CONTEXTE: Les troubles respiratoires du sommeil (TRS), en particulier l'apnée obstructive du sommeil (AOS), sont peu étudiés chez la population jeune. Cette étude visait à déterminer la prévalence de l'ASO et ses facteurs de risque associés chez les jeunes. MÉTHODES: Un schéma d'étude transversale a été utilisé, et les participants âgés de 16 à 35 ans ont été recrutés dans cinq institutions tertiaires à Ibadan, au sud-ouest du Nigeria. L'étude a utilisé un questionnaire structuré, une toise, une balance, un ruban à mesurer et un tensiomètre numérique pour collecter les données. Le questionnaire Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), le Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) et l'index de qualité du sommeil de Pittsburgh (PSQI) ont été utilisés pour évaluer la dépression, l'anxiété et la qualité du sommeil respectivement. Pour évaluer le risque d'AOS, nous avons utilisé à la fois le questionnaire STOP-Bang et le score NOSAS. Le logiciel Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 23 a été utilisé pour analyser les données, et la signification statistique a été fixée à <0,05. RÉSULTATS: Un total de 354 participants ont été inclus dans cette étude avec un âge moyen de 21,2±3,5 ans. Le ratio femmes : hommes était de 1,9:1. Les moyennes ± écart-type du PSQI, du score GAD-7 et du PHQ-9 étaient respectivement de 2,2±1,1, 12,4±5,1 et 15,0±5,4. Les pourcentages suivants de participants étaient classés à faible, intermédiaire et haut risque d'AOS: 94,1 %, 5,6 % et 0,3 %, respectivement. Cette étude a montré que l'âge et le score GAD-7 étaient associés de manière indépendante au score PSQI, tandis que l'âge, l'indice de masse corporelle, la circonférence du cou et le score PHQ-9 étaient associés au score ASO. CONCLUSION: Il existe un fardeau de l'ASO parmi cette population de jeunes; et la modification des facteurs anthropométriques et psychosociaux peut aider à atténuer le risque de résultats d'ASO. MOTS-CLÉS: Apnée obstructive du sommeil; Troubles Respiratoires du Sommeil ; Épidémiologie ; Trouble du sommeil.

Tooth Loss: The Nigerian Experience - A Narrative Review.

BACKGROUND: Tooth loss is an irreversible condition and it is an indicator of overall dental health. Tooth loss impairs speech, aesthetics, mastication, and deglutition, affecting an individual's oral health related quality of life. This study aimed to review the pattern of tooth loss in Nigerians over a forty-one-year period. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A literature search for articles on tooth loss and related subjects was performed on databases (NICB PubMed, Medline and Cochrane). Keywords used for the search included "tooth loss" and "Nigeria' as well as partial edentulousness, partial denture, implant and prosthodontics. The articles included were studies published between 1972 and 2019, written in English language and involving human subjects. A self-developed proforma was used to extract clinical and demographic data from the articles. RESULTS: All the studies assessed were observational. Most studies were conducted in tertiary hospitals. There was a marginal difference in the prevalence of tooth loss between males and females. The mean age of persons presenting in hospitals across Nigeria for extraction of their teeth was identical across several studies. Most of the studies reported the molars as the teeth most frequently lost. CONCLUSION: In younger adults, tooth loss was more common in 20-29-year-old subjects, while among the elderly it peaked in the 60-70-year-old group. Dental caries was the predominant cause of tooth loss over the years. Community based studies may provide more accurate information on the extent of tooth loss in Nigerians.

CONTEXTE: La perte de dents est un état irréversible et un indicateur de la santé dentaire globale. La perte de dents nuit à l'élocution, à l'esthétique, à la mastication et à la déglutition, affectant ainsi la qualité de vie d'un individu liée à sa santé bucco-dentaire. Cette étude avait pour but d'examiner le profil de la perte de dents chez les Nigérians sur une période de quarante et un ans. MATÉRIEL ET MÉTHODES: Une recherche documentaire d'articles sur la perte de dents et les sujets connexes a été effectuée sur des bases de données (NICB PubMed, Medline et Cochrane). Les motsclés utilisés pour la recherche comprenaient "perte de dents" et "Nigeria" ainsi que édentation partielle, prothèse partielle, implant et prosthodontie. Les articles inclus étaient des études publiées entre 1972 et 2019, rédigées en langue anglaise et impliquant des sujets humains. Un proforma auto-développé a été utilisé pour extraire les données cliniques et démographiques des articles. RÉSULTATS: Toutes les études évaluées étaient observationnelles. La plupart des études ont été menées dans des hôpitaux tertiaires. Il y avait une différence marginale dans la prévalence de la perte de dents entre les hommes et les femmes. L'âge moyen des personnes se présentant dans les hôpitaux du Nigeria pour l'extraction de leurs dents était identique dans plusieurs études. La plupart des études ont indiqué que les molaires étaient les dents les plus fréquemment perdues. CONCLUSION: Chez les jeunes adultes, la perte de dents était plus fréquente chez les sujets âgés de 20 à 29 ans, tandis que chez les personnes âgées, elle atteignait un pic dans le groupe des 60-70 ans. Les caries dentaires étaient la cause prédominante de la perte de dents au fil des ans. Des études communautaires pourraient fournir des informations plus précises sur l'étendue de la perte de dents chez les Nigérians. Mots clés: Perte de dents, Édentation, Prévalence, Nigeria.

SELF ASSESSMENT OF ORAL HEALTH AND RISK FACTORS AFFECTING ORAL HYGIENE STATUS IN ADOLESCENTS ATTENDING DENTAL CLINIC IN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE HOSPITAL, IBADAN.

Introduction: Globally, there is an increasing incidence of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs). Major oral diseases such as caries and periodontal disease which are classified as NCDs, are not left out of this trend. Recent reports are suggestive of increasing prevalence and severity of oral diseases among adolescents, despite accessibility of dental services. Ascertaining the oral health status of adolescents making use of dental services and how they perceive their oral health could help develop preventive and therapeutic strategies. This study therefore aims to determine the self-perception of adolescents utilizing dental services about their oral health and factors affecting their oral hygiene status. Methodology: This clinic-based cross-sectional study was carried out among adolescents attending the Dental Center, University College Hospital, Ibadan Nigeria. A total of 113 adolescents were recruited into this study using a systematic random sampling technique. A WHO Oral health questionnaire was administered to the participants. Questions were asked on socio-demographics, self-perception of oral health and oral hygiene practices. Descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentages, mean, standard deviation were used to present the data. Independent T test and One way ANOVA were used to analyze categorical exposure variables with normally distributed numerical outcomes. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Majority of study participants had positive self-perception of health of their teeth (53.1%) and gingiva (62.8%) respectively, their mean OHI-S was 2.24 with 62.8% of adolescents having a fair oral hygiene. Mean DMFT was 0.96 with 75.2% of participants having a very low DMFT. OHI-S and DMFT were both significantly associated with age of adolescents, with late adolescents having significantly higher mean OHI-S and DMFT scores than early adolescents (p < 0.05). Adolescents who cleaned their teeth at least twice daily had significantly higher DMFT values than those who cleaned once daily (P < 0.05). Conclusion: This study found late adolescents had higher DMFT and OHI-S scores. There might be need to increase oral health awareness in senior secondary schools and tertiary institutions to help improve their oral health status. Its pertinent that adolescents are encouraged and taught good oral hygiene measures when they visit dental clinics, in school and at home. Adolescents utilizing dental services are likely to be more self-conscious about their oral health thus increasing the frequency of their teeth cleaning.

Burnout among Nigerian doctors: a systematic review

Burnout among physicians is a global phenomenon which has been under-reported in middle and low-income economies. The importance of burn-out on the physicians' well-being, patient care and overall health care system cannot be overemphasized. In Nigeria, few studies are specific to burnout, with most of the available studies exploring psychosocial issues at physicians' workplace stress and job dissatisfaction. This present review of literature is assessing burnout among Nigerian Physicians. This review is designed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. The review identified observational, review, longitudinal and experimental studies on Nigerian physicians between 1970- 2017, which have the full text in the English language. The articles were searched from online databases such as PUBMED, Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), African Journals Online (AJOL) and Google Scholar by researchers. The keywords used include "Physician", "Nigeria", "burn-out" syndrome. The prevalence of 23.6% to 51.7% burnout was reported among physicians in the selected studies, with young age being a strong predictor for burnout. High burden of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and personal accomplishment were reported in the study carried out among resident doctors who are early career doctors. The prevalence of burnout reported from these studies in Nigeria is very high, although they are within the globally reported range of physician burnout. Nevertheless, there is a dearth of information on the subject matter among Nigerian Physicians. There is a need to carry out more studies on burnout among Nigerian Physicians