Changes in glucose metabolism among recipients with diabetes 1 year after kidney transplant: a multicenter 1-year prospective study.

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a common and crucial metabolic complication in kidney transplantation. It is necessary to analyze the course of glucose metabolism in patients who already have diabetes after receiving a transplant. In this study, we investigated the changes in glucose metabolism after transplantation, and a detailed analysis was performed on some patients whose glycemic status improved. Methods: The multicenter prospective cohort study was conducted between 1 April 2016 and 31 September 2018. Adult patients (aged 20 to 65 years) who received kidney allografts from living or deceased donors were included. Seventy-four subjects with pre-transplant diabetes were followed up for 1 year after kidney transplantation. Diabetes remission was defined as the results of the oral glucose tolerance test performed one year after transplantation and the presence or absence of diabetes medications. After 1-year post-transplant, 74 recipients were divided into the persistent diabetes group (n = 58) and the remission group (n = 16). Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify clinical factors associated with diabetes remission. Results: Of 74 recipients, 16 (21.6%) showed diabetes remission after 1-year post-transplant. The homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance numerically increased in both groups throughout the first year after transplantation and significantly increased in the persistent diabetes group. The insulinogenic index (IGI30) value significantly increased only in the remission group, and the IGI30 value remained low in the persistent diabetes group. In univariate analysis, younger age, newly diagnosed diabetes before transplantation, low baseline hemoglobin A1c, and high baseline IGI30 were significantly associated with remission of diabetes. After multivariate analysis, only newly diagnosed diabetes before transplantation and IGI30 at baseline were associated with remission of diabetes (34.00 [1.192-969.84], P = 0.039, and 17.625 [1.412-220.001], P = 0.026, respectively). Conclusion: In conclusion, some kidney recipients with pre-transplant diabetes have diabetes remission 1 year after transplantation. Our prospective study revealed that preserved insulin secretory function and newly diagnosed diabetes at the time of kidney transplantation were favorable factors for which glucose metabolism did not worsen or improve 1 year after kidney transplantation.

Safety and metabolic advantages of steroid withdrawal after 6 months posttransplant in de novo kidney transplantation: A 1-year prospective cohort study.

INTRODUCTION: This prospective multicenter study aimed at investigating the safety and metabolic advantages of steroid withdrawal (SW) therapy in kidney transplant recipients with tacrolimus-mycophenolate mofetil-based immunosuppression. METHODS: We analyzed 179 recipients who received kidney transplantation from March 2016 and September 2018. In 179 recipients, 114 patients maintained an immunosuppressive regimen including steroids (steroid continuation [SC] group). The remaining 65 patients were determined to withdraw steroid therapy after 6 months posttransplant (SW group). Metabolic parameters and graft functions of the two groups were evaluated. RESULTS: The estimated glomerular filtration rates at 12 months posttransplant were 67.29 ± 20.29 ml/min/1.73 m2 in SC group and 73.72 ± 17.57 ml/min/1.73 m2 in SW group (p < .001). The acute rejection occurred to four recipients in the SC group (3.5%) and no acute rejection occurred to SW group recipients during the 6-2 months posttransplant period. Oral glucose tolerance tests revealed that recipients in the SW group were more improved in glucose metabolism than the SC group during 6-12 months posttransplant. In addition, cholesterol levels and blood pressure decreased after the withdrawal of steroids in the SW group. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, a 6-month withdrawal of steroids in recipients with low immunological risk and stable graft function can be safely conducted and result in improvement of metabolic profiles. Stable recipients without biopsy-proven acute rejection and proteinuria can safely withdraw from steroids out of a maintenance immunosuppressive regimen 6-months posttransplant. A long-term follow-up study is needed to verify our results.

Trends in the effects of pre-transplant diabetes on mortality and cardiovascular events after kidney transplantation.

AIMS/INTRODUCTION: It is not clear whether survival in kidney transplant recipients with pre-transplant diabetes has improved over the past decades. We compared the rates of mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) after renal transplantation in patients with and without pre-transplant diabetes. Furthermore, we investigated whether transplant era and recipient age affected the association between diabetes status and adverse events. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included 691 patients who underwent renal transplantation between 1994 and 2016 at a single tertiary center. We compared the incidences of post-transplant mortality and four-point MACE in patients with and without pre-transplant diabetes using Kaplan-Meier analysis and the Cox proportional hazard model, and assessed the interactions between diabetes status and transplant era and recipient age. RESULTS: Of 691 kidney recipients, 143 (20.7%) had pre-transplant diabetes. The mean follow-up duration was 94.5 months. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that patients with pre-transplant diabetes had higher incidences of post-transplant mortality and four-point MACE compared with those without pre-transplant diabetes (log-rank test, P < 0.001 for both). After adjusting for potential confounding factors, pre-transplant diabetes was associated with an increased risk of post-transplant mortality and four-point MACE (hazard ratio 1.90, 95% confidence interval 1.05-3.44, P = 0.034; and hazard ratio 1.75; 95% confidence interval 1.02-3.00, P = 0.043, respectively). The associations between pre-transplant diabetes status and all-cause mortality and four-point MACE were not affected by transplant era or recipient age. CONCLUSIONS: Pre-transplant diabetes remains a significant risk factor for mortality and four-point MACE in kidney transplant recipients.

Insulin Secretion and Insulin Resistance Trajectories over 1 Year after Kidney Transplantation: A Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: We investigated the changing patterns of insulin secretion and resistance and risk factors contributing to the development of post-transplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM) in kidney recipients under tacrolimus-based immunosuppression regimen during 1 year after transplantation. METHODS: This was a multicenter prospective cohort study. Of the 168 subjects enrolled in this study, we analyzed a total 87 kidney transplant recipients without diabetes which was assessed by oral glucose tolerance test before transplantation. We evaluated the incidence of PTDM and followed up the index of insulin secretion (insulinogenic index [IGI]) and resistance (homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance [HOMA-IR]) at 3, 6, 9 months, and 1 year after transplantation by oral glucose tolerance test and diabetes treatment. We also assessed the risk factors for incident PTDM. RESULTS: PTDM developed in 23 of 87 subjects (26.4%) during 1 year after transplantation. More than half of total PTDM (56.5%) occurred in the first 3 months after transplantation. During 1 year after transplantation, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was increased in both PTDM and no PTDM group. In no PTDM group, the increase in insulin secretory function to overcome insulin resistance was also observed. However, PTDM group showed no increase in insulin secretion function (IGI). Old age, status of prediabetes and episode of acute rejection were significantly associated with the development of PTDM. CONCLUSION: In tacrolimus-based immunosuppressive drugs regimen, impaired insulin secretory function for reduced insulin sensitivity contributed to the development of PTDM than insulin resistance during 1 year after transplantation.

Clinical Study of Standard- vs Reduced-Dose Tacrolimus Combined With Generic Mycophenolate Mofetil in De Novo Kidney Transplantation: A Prospective Randomized Trial.

BACKGROUND: The lowering of calcineurin inhibitor exposure is possibly considered as the proper strategy to prevent calcineurin inhibitor-induced nephrotoxicity in kidney transplant. This clinical study was designed to compare the efficacy and tolerability of reduced-dose tacrolimus with standard-dose mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) vs standard-dose tacrolimus with reduced-dose MMF. METHODS: A prospective, multicenter, open-label, randomized, and parallel-group clinical trial was conducted at 4 transplant centers in Korea. A total sample size was 108, and eligible patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to either reduced-dose tacrolimus with standard-dose MMF (the study group) or standard-dose tacrolimus with reduced-dose MMF (the control group) for 6 months in de novo kidney transplant recipients. Graft function, the incidence of efficacy failure, and adverse events were compared. RESULTS: The mean estimated glomerular filtration rate at 6 months post-transplantation was 69.83 ± 16.68 mL/min/1.73 m2 in the study group and 69.92 ± 17.55 mL/min/1.73 m2 in the control group (P > .05). The overall incidence of biopsy-proven acute rejection was 3.64% (n = 2) in the study group, compared to 3.77% (n = 2) in the control group (P > .05). There was no graft loss, death, or loss of follow-up in either group. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the results suggest that tacrolimus minimization with standard-dose MMF provides adequate immunosuppression with proper renal function and similar rate of incidence of acute rejection compared with the regimen including standard-dose tacrolimus with reduced-dose MMF.

Mathematical model for early functional recovery pattern of kidney transplant recipients using serum creatinine.

Background: Commonly used equations for calculating estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) are not applicable when serum creatinine (Scr) is rapidly changing like the post-transplant period. A new mathematical model applicable to the post-transplant period is required. Methods: All 623 patients who underwent kidney transplantation from January 2008 to June 2018 at a single institute were included to validate the Scr mathematical equations, and 14,360 Scr laboratory results from the time of re-perfusion to 30 days post-transplantation were analyzed. Results: In the validation of model equations, linear regression analysis yielded adjusted R2 values of 0.972 and 0.925 for equation 5 (applicable when renal function is changing) and equation 1 (applicable when renal function is unchanged), respectively. In selected cases, the population comprised individuals who presented an adjusted R2 value >0.95 with equation 5. Linear regression analysis showed that adjusted R2 values and Pearson's correlation coefficients for equation 5 and equation 1 were 0.994 and 0.997 (P<0.001) and 0.956 and 0.978 (P<0.001), respectively. Most of the eGFR formulas are mathematically applicable only if the creatinine input rate equals the creatinine output rate when comparing between commonly used eGFRs and creatinine clearance using the modeled equation. Conclusions: The proposed equations can provide a new perspective for calculating renal function during the early phase of kidney transplantation. A study of a correlation between the equations and long-term graft outcomes is required.

Improvement of medication adherence with simplified once-daily immunosuppressive regimen in stable kidney transplant recipients: A prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Many immunosuppressive drugs are prescribed as twice-daily dosing. A simplified once-daily dosing of immunosuppressive drug regimen may improve medication adherence. We investigated medication adherence of simplified once-daily immunosuppressive regimen consisting of extended-release tacrolimus, sirolimus, and corticosteroids along with the efficacy and safety of this regimen. METHODS: This study was a prospective, multicenter, controlled and cohort trial. Stable kidney transplant recipients who had received transplantation at least 3 months before the study enrollment were eligible for the study. Participants were required to fill-out the self-reported immunosuppressant therapy barrier scale (ITBS) questionnaire before and after the conversion. Other clinical laboratory parameters and adverse events were evaluated until 6 months post-conversion. RESULTS: A total of 160 kidney recipients comprised the intention-to-treat population. The mean total ITBS score was 19.5 ± 4.0 at pre-conversion and 6 months after converting, the mean total ITBS score was 16.6 ± 3.6 (p < 0.001). Particularly, the ITBS scores of 4 questions related to the frequency of medication dosing were significantly different between pre-conversion and post-conversion. Only 1 patient (0.62%) was diagnosed as biopsy-confirmed acute rejection in the study period. There was no significant change in the mean estimated glomerular filtration rate after the conversion. Overall 95 patients (59.4%) had an adverse event and 28 patients (17.5%) had a serious adverse event. No graft loss and 1 death were reported. CONCLUSION: Medication adherence after the conversion to the once-daily immunosuppressive regimen was significantly improved with no additional risks of efficacy failure or adverse events.

Reduced Tacrolimus Trough Level Is Reflected by Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) Changes in Stable Renal Transplantation Recipients: Results of the OPTIMUM Phase 3 Randomized Controlled Study.

BACKGROUND Minimizing the tacrolimus dosage in patients with stable allograft function needs further investigation. MATERIAL AND METHODS We performed an open-label, randomized, controlled study from 2010 to 2016 in 7 tertiary teaching hospitals in Korea and enrolled 345 kidney transplant recipients with a stable graft status. The study group received reduced-dose tacrolimus, 1080-1440 mg/day of enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium (EC-MPS), and corticosteroids. The control group received the standard tacrolimus dosage and 540-720 mg/day of EC-MPS with steroids. The primary endpoint was the mean estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and change in the eGFR at 12 months after randomization. RESULTS The mean tacrolimus trough level of the study group was 4.51±1.62 ng/mL, which was lower than that of the control group, at 6.75±2.82 ng/mL (P<0.001). The primary endpoint was better in the study group in terms of change in eGFR (P<0.001). The month 12 eGFRs were 73.6±28.4 and 68.3±18.1 mL/min/1.73 m² in the study and the control groups, respectively, but the difference did not reach statistical significance (P=0.07). The incidence of adverse events was similar between the study and the control groups. CONCLUSIONS Minimizing tacrolimus to a trough level below 5 ng/mL combined with conventional EC-MPS can be considered in patients with a steady follow-up, as it was associated with small benefits in the changes of the eGFR (Clinicaltrials.gov number: NCT01159080).

De novo low-dose sirolimus versus mycophenolate mofetil in combination with extended-release tacrolimus in kidney transplant recipients: a multicentre, open-label, randomized, controlled, non-inferiority trial.

BACKGROUND: Most of the previous studies reported that tacrolimus (TAC) with sirolimus (SRL) was associated with worse post-transplant outcomes in kidney transplantation, compared with TAC with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF). These might be attributable to high-dose SRL. However, outcomes using low-dose SRL with TAC for kidney transplantation are uncertain. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of low-dose SRL with extended-release tacrolimus (ER-TAC) versus MMF with ER-TAC. METHODS: We randomly assigned 158 renal transplant patients to receive low-dose SRL or MMF in combination with ER-TAC and corticosteroid. The primary endpoint was the composite efficacy failure rate, including biopsy-proven acute rejection (BPAR), graft loss, death or loss to follow-up, within 12 months post-transplantation. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrial.gov (number NCT01680952). RESULTS: The efficacy failure rate was 6.6% in the low-dose SRL group and 13.3% in the MMF group in the intention-to-treat population (absolute difference, 6.8%; 95% confidence interval, -2.8% to 16.3%). The incidence of BPAR within 12 months post-transplantation was 5.3% in the low-dose SRL group and 13.3% in the MMF group (P = 0.09). The mean estimated glomerular filtration rate at 12 months post-transplantation was 53.2 mL/min/1.73 m2 in the low-dose SRL group and 52.4 mL/min/1.73 m2 in the MMF group (P = 0.76). The incidences of adverse events and serious adverse events were similar between groups. CONCLUSION: Low-dose SRL with ER-TAC was not inferior to MMF with ER-TAC with respect to efficacy and safety. When used for immunosuppression in kidney transplantation, low-dose SRL with ER-TAC can effectively prevent acute rejection and preserve renal function.

Clinical analysis of single filtration plasmapheresis using continuous renal replacement therapy machines in kidney transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Plasmapheresis has become an essential element of kidney transplantation (KT). In the present study, we report clinical outcomes of filtration plasmapheresis using continuous renal replacement therapy machines with a single filter for the first time in Korea. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed six patients who underwent filtration plasmapheresis for KT in our center; plasmapheresis was performed using the Plasmaflex (Baxter®) with a TPE 2000 filter set (Baxter®) in our hemodialysis unit. Five percent albumin was used as the replacement fluid, and intravenous immunoglobulin G was administered after each plasmapheresis session. The target preoperative ABO isoagglutinin titer was less than 1:8. RESULTS: Filtration plasmapheresis was performed in four patients for ABO-incompatible KT, one for antibody-mediated rejection after KT, and the last one for positive T cell crossmatch. Altogether, 46 sessions of plasmapheresis were performed. ABO isoagglutinin titers successfully declined to or below the target level in all patients, and all patients successfully received KT with no significant antibody titer rebound. Acute antibody-mediated rejection and positive T cell crossmatch were well treated with filtration plasmapheresis, and no patient required fresh frozen plasma infusion for coagulopathy. There were one episode of hypotension and three of hypocalcemia. No patients experienced bleeding, infection, or allergic reaction. CONCLUSION: Filtration plasmapheresis was effective and safe. Although our result is from a single center, our protocol appears to be promising.

En bloc transplantation of horseshoe kidney in Korea.

Transplantation of the horseshoe kidney can be performed en bloc or split into 2 grafts according to the vascular anomaly and the existence of the urinary collecting system in isthmus. From 2011 to 2014, there were 3 horseshoe kidney transplantations in Korea and transplantations were performed at 2 different centers. The transplantations were carried out successfully for all recipients without complications. All recipients have shown good graft kidney function after transplantation. No severe complication was revealed during follow-up period. We described the surgical technique used in the en bloc method to overcome various vascular anomalies and difficulties in choosing cannulation site and postoperative complications. En bloc transplantation of a horseshoe kidney is a useful strategy for patients with end-stage renal disease, and can provide favorable outcomes compared to the transplantation of a normal kidney.

Low-dose mycophenolate mofetil in tablet form or capsule form combined with tacrolimus in the early period after kidney transplantation: a prospective randomized trial
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AIMS: The tablet form (500 mg) of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) provides more convenience of taking drugs and cost-effectiveness than the capsule form (250 mg). We examined the efficacy and safety of MMF in its different forms combined with tacrolimus in kidney transplant recipients. METHODS: This multicenter, 26-week, randomized trial was performed to compare the efficacy and safety of the tablet form of MMF versus the capsule form of MMF in 156 kidney transplant recipients. Allograft function, the incidence of efficacy failure (biopsy-proven acute rejection (BPAR), death, graft loss, or loss to follow-up), and adverse events were compared. RESULTS: The mean dose (mg/day) of MMF at 26 weeks was comparable: 1,052.6 ± 194.2 in the tablet group vs. 1,155.6 ± 298.1 in the capsule group (p = 0.063). Trough levels of tacrolimus at 26 weeks were comparable. The mean estimated glomerular filtration rate of the tablet group at 26 weeks post-transplant was not inferior to that of the capsule group. The incidence of efficacy failure was similar in the two groups: tablet group, 5.2% and capsule group, 7.7% (difference -2.5%; 95% confidence interval -5.22 - 10.21%). The incidence of BPAR until 26 weeks post-transplant in the tablet group was 3.9%, compared to 7.7% in the capsule group (p = 0.346). There was no significant difference in the incidence of discontinuations and serious adverse events between the groups. CONCLUSION: Low-dose MMF in tablet form combined with tacrolimus can be considered as an efficacious and safe immunosuppressive regimen in the early period after kidney transplantation.
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Transjugular Access for Endovascular Treatment of Immature Autogenous Arteriovenous Fistulae.

PURPOSE: To assess the feasibility and outcome of transjugular access for endovascular treatment of immature arteriovenous fistulae (AVFs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between August 2013 and January 2016, 90 patients (mean age, 64.5 y ± 12.8) underwent endovascular treatment of immature AVFs via transjugular access. The mean age of fistulae was 3.3 months ± 1.8. Total procedure time and technical and clinical success rates of endovascular procedures were assessed. Primary and secondary patency rates were calculated according to the Kaplan-Meier method, and complications were assessed. RESULTS: All patients had inflow lesions, among which 19 (21.1%) had occlusions. The juxtaanastomotic segment was the most common site (44.3%). Transjugular access was successful in 83 patients (92.2%), and 7 required additional standard or transarterial access. The mean procedure time was 36.5 minutes. Technical and clinical success rates were 98.9% and 90.5%, respectively. Mean primary and secondary patency durations were 14.3 months ± 1.7 and 31.0 months ± 0.7, respectively. Primary patency rates at 3, 6, and 12 months were 84.4%, 67.3%, and 48.8%, respectively. Secondary patency rates at 6 and 18 months were 98.6% and 95.5%, respectively. Venous rupture occurred as a result of balloon inflation in 9 patients (10%), and was managed by balloon tamponade. There were no complications related to transjugular access during a mean follow-up period of 12.6 months. CONCLUSIONS: Transjugular access for angioplasty of immature AVFs is feasible and safe. Potential problems associated with access in the outflow vein could be avoided by transjugular access.

Safety and efficacy of the early introduction of everolimus with reduced-exposure cyclosporine a in de novo kidney recipients.

BACKGROUND: Everolimus and cyclosporine A (CsA) exhibit synergistic immunosuppressive activity when used in combination. We examined the safety and efficacy of the use of everolimus with a cyclosporine-sparing strategy in de novo renal transplant recipients. METHODS: A comparative, parallel, randomized, open-label 1-year study has been performed in 148 patients from five transplant centers to compare the efficacy and tolerability of everolimus and reduced exposure CsA (the investigational group) or enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium and standard-exposure CsA (the control group) in combination with basiliximab and steroids. The eligible subjects were randomly assigned at 1 month after transplantation. Efficacy failure (biopsy-proven acute rejection, death, graft loss, or loss to follow-up), safety, and renal function were evaluated. RESULTS: One graft loss has been reported in the control group and no patient death were reported in either group. The incidence of biopsy-proven acute rejection until 12 months after transplantation of the investigational group was 7.5%, compared to 11.1% of the control group (P=0.565). The mean estimated glomerular filtration rates of the investigational group at 12 months after transplantation was significantly higher (68.1 ± 16.8 ml/min/1.73 m(2)) than that of the control group (60.6 ± 15.8 ml/min/1.73 m(2); P=0.016). There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the incidence of discontinuations and serious adverse events between the groups. CONCLUSION: The results of this study provide the evidences that (1) the calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) minimization by the introduction of everolimus after 1-month posttransplantation keeps the incidences of acute rejection and additional risks as low as the conventional immunosuppression; (2) it allows minimizing CNI exposure, consequently reducing CNI nephrotoxicity and preserving renal function.

Safety and efficacy of conversion from twice-daily tacrolimus to once-daily tacrolimus one month after transplantation: randomized controlled trial in adult renal transplantation.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare once-daily tacrolimus with twice-daily tacrolimus in terms of safety, efficacy, and patient satisfaction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective, randomized, open-label, multicenter study was conducted at three institutes. Patients in the investigational group were converted from tacrolimus twice daily to the same dose of extended-release tacrolimus once daily at 1 month post-transplantation, while patients in the control group were maintained on tacrolimus twice daily. The efficacies, safeties, and patient satisfaction for the two drugs at 6 months post-transplantation were compared. RESULTS: Sixty patients were enrolled and randomized to the investigational group (28 of 29 patients completed the study) or the control group (26 of 31 patients completed the study). At 6 months post-transplantation, composite efficacy failure rates including the incidences of biopsy-confirmed acute rejection in the investigational and control groups were 0% and 10.7%, respectively; patient survival was 100% in each group. No difference in estimated glomerular filtration rate values were observed at 6 months post-transplantation (p=0.97). The safety and satisfaction profile (immunosuppressant therapy barrier scale) of once-daily tacrolimus was comparable with that of twice-daily tacrolimus (p=0.35). CONCLUSION: Conversion from twice-daily tacrolimus to once-daily tacrolimus one month after transplantation is safe and effective.

New predictive marker for hemodialysis vascular access dysfunction.

To examine the relationship between intra-access pressures and vascular stenosis, we measured the total (pT ) and static (pS ) pressures and the severity of stenosis before and after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA). The dynamic pressure (△p) and static intra-access pressure ratios (SIAPR) were calculated. We analyzed the clinical correlation of △p and SIAPR with the severity and location of stenosis, and searched potential predictive factors for the severity of stenosis using multivariate regression. While SIAPR was significantly decreased only in outflow stenosis after PTA (p < 0.0001), △p was significantly increased in both inflow and in outflow stenosis (p < 0.05). SIAPR was negatively correlated with the severity of stenosis only in outflow stenosis (p < 0.0001), and △p was significantly correlated with both inflow and outflow stenosis (p < 0.05). △p was an independent predictor for the severity of stenosis in both inflow and outflow stenosis (p < 0.05). Thus, our study suggests that △p may be more clinically useful than SIAPR not only in detecting access stenosis regardless of its location, but also providing information about the severity of stenosis.

Prospective controlled protocol for three months steroid withdrawal with tacrolimus, basiliximab, and mycophenolate mofetil in renal transplant recipients.

During the past few years, new immunosuppressants, such as tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and basiliximab, have been shown to successfully decrease the incidence of acute rejection, possibly acting as potent substrates for safe steroid withdrawal. Therefore, clinical outcome of 3 months steroid withdrawal, while using the above immunosuppressants, was analyzed. Clinical trial registry No. was NCT 01550445. Thirty de novo renal transplant recipients were enrolled, and prednisolone was slowly withdrawn 3 months post-transplantation by 2.5 mg at every two weeks, until 8 weeks. During steroid withdrawal, 10 patients (30.0%) discontinued the protocol and they were maintained on steroid treatment. Among 20 steroid free patients, 8 patients (40.0%) re-started the steroid within 12 months post-transplantation. By the study endpoint, 12 (40%) recipients did not take steroid and survival of patients and grafts was 100%. In conclusion, in kidney transplant patients, 3 months steroid withdrawal while taking tacrolimus, basiliximab and mycophenolate mofetil was not associated with increased mortality or graft loss. Despite various causes of failure of steroid withdrawal during the follow-up period, it is a strategy well advised for kidney transplant recipients with regard to long-term steroid-related complications.

Kidney transplantation from a donor following cardiac death supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

To expand the donor pool, organ donation after cardiac death (DCD) has emerged. However, kidneys from DCD donors have a period of long warm ischemia between cardiac arrest and the harvesting of the organs. Recently, we used extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) to minimize ischemic injury during 'no touch' periods in a Maastricht category II DCD donor and performed two successful kidney transplantations. The kidneys were procured from a 49-yr-old male donor. The warm ischemia time was 31 min, and the time of maintained circulation using ECMO was 7 hr 55 min. The cold ischemia time was 9 hr 15 min. The kidneys were transplanted into two recipients and functioned immediately after reperfusion. The grafts showed excellent function at one and three months post-transplantation; serum creatinine (SCr) levels were 1.0 mg/dL and 0.8 mg/dL and the estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) were 63 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and 78 mL/min/1.73 m(2) in the first recipient, and SCr levels were 1.1 mg/dL and 1.0 mg/dL and eGFR were 56 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and 64 mL/min/1.73 m(2) in the second recipient. In conclusion, it is suggested that kidney transplantation from a category II DCD donor assisted by ECMO is a reasonable modality for expanding donor pool.

Impact of the ratio of graft kidney volume to recipient body surface area on graft function after live donor kidney transplantation.

Functioning nephron mass is a determinant of the graft function of kidney transplant recipients. The graft kidney volume and its weight have been reported to be surrogates of the nephron mass. To investigate the impact of the ratios of the surrogates to recipient body surface area (BSA) and body weight on the graft function within six months post-transplantation, we measured the graft kidney volume, using computed tomography with 3-dimensional reconstruction before transplantation, and measured the graft kidney weight during surgery. Ninety-four cases of live donor kidney transplants were included in this study. The graft kidney volume/recipient BSA ratio was correlated with the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of recipients at one and six months post-transplantation (r = 0.416, p < 0.001 and r = 0.381, p < 0.001, respectively). We found a difference in the graft function between recipients with a graft kidney volume/recipient BSA ratio of ≥90.9 mL/m(2) and those with a ratio of <90.9 mL/m(2) (p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the graft kidney volume/recipient BSA ratio and donor age are independent predictors of recipient GFR at one and six months post-transplantation (p < 0.05). During living donor and recipient matching, both the potential volume of the donated kidney and the body size of recipient should be considered.