Preseismic atmospheric radon anomaly associated with 2018 Northern Osaka earthquake.

Despite the challenges in identifying earthquake precursors in intraplate (inland) earthquakes, various hydrological and geochemical measurements have been conducted to establish a possible link to seismic activities. Anomalous increases in radon (222Rn) concentration in soil, groundwater, and atmosphere have been reported prior to large earthquakes. Although the radon concentration in the atmosphere is lower than that in groundwater and soils, a recent statistical analysis has suggested that the average atmospheric concentration over a relatively wide area reflects crustal deformation. However, no study has sought to determine the underlying physico-chemical relationships between crustal deformation and anomalous atmospheric radon concentrations. Here, we show a significant decrease in the atmospheric radon concentration temporally linked to the seismic quiescence before the 2018 Northern Osaka earthquake occurring at a hidden fault with complex rupture dynamics. During seismic quiescence, deep-seated sedimentary layers in Osaka Basin, which might be the main sources of radon, become less damaged and fractured. The reduction in damage leads to a decrease in radon exhalation to the atmosphere near the fault, causing the preseismic radon decrease in the atmosphere. Herein, we highlight the necessity of continuous monitoring of the atmospheric radon concentration, combined with statistical anomaly detection method, to evaluate future seismic risks.

Synthesis and evaluation of novel radioiodinated anthranilate derivatives for in vivo imaging of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor with single-photon emission computed tomography.

OBJECTIVE: Angiogenesis facilitates tumor survival and promotes malignancy. The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/VEGF receptor (VEGFR) tyrosine kinase (TK) signaling pathway is a key factor mediating angiogenesis, suggesting that this pathway may be a target for diagnosis and therapy. In this study, we aimed to develop small molecule radioiodinated probes applicable for in vivo VEGFR imaging considering the versatility and usefulness of single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). METHODS: We designed and synthesized four radioiodinated anthranilate compounds (6a-d) based on the structure of an anticancer drug targeting VEGFR-TK. The inhibitory potencies of corresponding cold compounds 4a-d and in vitro stability of compounds 6a-d were assessed by cellular proliferation inhibition assays and radio thin-layer chromatography after incubation in neutral solution. In vivo biodistributions were evaluated by determining radioactivity in tissues of interest after intravenous injection of test compounds in tumor-bearing mice. In vitro and in vivo blocking experiments using a selective VEGFR-TK inhibitor and SPECT/computed tomography (CT) imaging were performed in tumor-bearing mice. RESULTS: The radioiodinated compounds 6a-d were obtained with more than 68.0% radiochemical yield and more than 95% radiochemical purity. Because compounds 4a-d showed high inhibitory potencies and compounds 6c and 6d showed high in vitro stability, 6c ([125I]m-NPAM) and 6d ([125I]p-NPAM) were further evaluated. Analysis of the in vivo biodistribution revealed a tumor to blood radioactivity ratio of greater than 4 at 24 h after [125I]p-NPAM administration. Accumulation of radioactivity in cultured tumor cells and tumor xenografts after [125I]p-NPAM administration was significantly blocked by inhibitor pretreatment. Tumors were clearly imaged at 24 h after [125I]p-NPAM injection with SPECT/CT in comparison to that in inhibitor-pretreated tumor-bearing mice. CONCLUSION: [125I]p-NPAM may have potential applications as a lead compound for future development of a clinically usable VEGFR imaging probe for SPECT.

Synthesis and characterization of novel radiofluorinated probes for positron emission tomography imaging of monoamine oxidase B.

Monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B), predominantly expressed in glial cells, plays an important role in neurotransmitter regulation, and MAO-B activity relates to several neuronal diseases. Here, we aimed to develop a radiofluorinated MAO-B imaging probe based on the structure of a selective MAO-B inhibitor, MD-230254. We synthesized and evaluated a series of compounds in vitro and in vivo. A series of fluorinated analogs of MD-230254 were synthesized and evaluated for inhibitory potency and selectivity toward MAO-B. 5-[4-(2-[18 F]Fluorobenzyloxy)phenyl]-3-(2-cyanoethyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2(3H)-one (2-[18 F]FBPO) was synthesized from a corresponding tributylstannyl precursor and [18 F]CH3 COOF. Biodistribution after intravenous injection of 2-[18 F]FBPO was evaluated in male ddY mice with or without pretreatment by inhibitors. Among the compounds synthesized and evaluated, 2-FBPO showed high inhibitory potency and selectivity toward MAO-B comparable with MD-230254. 2-[18 F]FBPO was successfully synthesized by an electrophilic reaction with a high radiochemical purity of more than 99%. 2-[18 F]FBPO was efficiently taken up by the brain and showed rapid blood clearance, which provided a brain/blood radioactivity ratio of 3.7 at 90 minutes postinjection. The brain radioactivity was significantly decreased by pretreatment with an MAO-B selective inhibitor. The great potential of 2-[18 F]FBPO as an MAO-B imaging probe, applicable to a variety of diseases, is indicated.

Development of a p38α-selective radioactive probe for qualitative diagnosis of cancer using SPECT.

OBJECTIVE: p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase (p38α) has drawn attention as a new target molecule for the treatment and diagnosis of cancer, and its overexpression and activation have been reported in various types of cancer. In this study, a single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging probe of p38α was developed to noninvasively image p38α activity for effective qualitative diagnosis of cancer. METHODS: Pyrrolepyridine derivatives, m-YTM and p-YTM, were designed and synthesized based on the structure of the p38α-selective inhibitor. Radioactive iodine-labeled m-YTM, [125I]m-YTM, was synthesized because m-YTM greatly inhibited the phosphorylation of p38α upon examining the inhibitory effects of the compounds. After investigating the binding affinity of [125I]m-YTM to the recombinant p38α, a saturation binding experiment using activated p38α and inactive p38α was performed to determine the binding site. Uptake of [125I]m-YTM into various cancer cell lines was investigated, and the pharmacokinetics was evaluated using tumor-bearing mice. RESULTS: The inhibitory activity of m-YTM was approximately 13 times higher than that of SB203580, a p38α-selective inhibitor. The binding site of [125I]m-YTM was estimated to be the p38α activating site, similar to that of SB203580, because the [125I]m-YTM bound strongly to both activated p38α and inactive p38α. Various different cancer cells incorporated [125I]m-YTM; however, its accumulation was significantly reduced by treatment with SB203580. Pharmacokinetics study of [125I]m-YTM in B-16 tumor-bearing mice was examined which revealed high accumulation of radioactivity in tumor tissues. The ratios of radioactivity in the B-16 tumor to that in blood were 3.1 and 50 after 1 and 24 h, respectively. The ratio of radioactivity in the tumor to that in blood in the tumor-bearing mice generated using other cancer cell lines was also ≥ 1 at 1 h after the administration of the probe. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that [123I]m-YTM has potential as a p38α imaging probe effective for various cancer types.

PET probe detecting non-small cell lung cancer susceptible to epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy.

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR-TKIs) are used as molecular targeted therapy for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. The therapy is applied to the patients having EGFR-primary L858R mutation, but drug tolerance caused by EGFR-secondary mutation is occurred within one and half years. For the non-invasive detection of the EGFR-TKIs treatment positive patients by positron emission tomograpy (PET) imagaing, fluorine-18 labeled thienopyrimidine derivative, [18F]FTP2 was newly synthesized. EGFR inhibition assay, cell uptake study, and blocking study indicated [18F]FTP2 binds with high and selective affinity for EGFR with L858R mutation, and not with L858R/T790M dual mutations. On animal PET study using tumor bearing mice, H3255 cells expressing L858R mutated EGFR was more clearly visualized than H1975 cells expressing L858R/T790M dual mutated EGFR. [18F]FTP2 has potential for detecting NSCLC which is susceptible to EGFR-TKI treatment.

Development of novel PET probes targeting phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) in tumors.

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) activity and protein expression levels are often increased in tumor regions. Since PI3K plays a crucial role in regulating cell growth and proliferation, inhibiting PI3K-dependent pathways could be a promising approach for cancer treatment. In clinical practice, however, evaluation of PI3K expression levels is limited to immunohistochemistry of patient samples, which requires invasive biopsies. Here we report the synthesis of three candidate compounds, FMTA-1, 2 and 3, and evaluate their capacity to detect PI3K expression levels with positron emission tomography (PET). Among the three candidates, FMTA-2 showed a lower IC50 value for PI3K. (18)F Radiolabeling of FMTA-2 to produce [(18)F]FMTA-2 was accomplished and its capacity for detecting PI3K expression levels was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Cell uptake of [(18)F]FMTA-2 correlated well with cellular PI3K expression levels, and was suppressed by the ATP-competitive PI3K inhibitor ZSTK474. In an in vivo experiment using tumor-transplanted model mice, a higher signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) was seen with [(18)F]FMTA-2 in animals transplanted with DMS114 cells (expressing high PI3K levels) relative to DU145 cells (expressing low PI3K levels). However, in vivo pharmacokinetics of [(18)F]FMTA-2 was undesirable and the absolute amount of this compound that accumulated at the tumor region was low. To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first trial of a PET tracer for detecting PI3K. Although further improvement of the probe is required prior to clinical application, these results should encourage future work.

Relationship between uptake of a radioiodinated quinazoline derivative and radiosensitivity in non-small cell lung cancer.

The aim of this study was to determine whether the uptake of radioiodinated 6-(3-morpholinopropoxy)-7-ethoxy-4-(3'-iodophenoxy) quinazoline ([(125)I]PYK) could predict the response of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells to radiotherapy in vitro. Four NSCLC cell lines, PC9, HCC827, A549, and H1975 were used. Cells were irradiated with doses ranging from 2 Gy to 8 Gy and/or exposed to 1 µM gefitinib. The effects of radiation and gefitinib were assessed by the CCK-8 assay and confirmed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunoflorescence microscopy. The uptake of [(125)I]PYK was determined by incubating cells with a tracer. The cell cycle was assessed by flow cytometry. The expression of EGFR was measured by western blotting. The results obtained revealed that the uptake of [(125)I]PYK was higher in PC9 and HCC827 cells than in A549 and H1975 cells. PC9 cells and HCC827 cells were also more radiosensitive than A549 and H1975 cells. The gefitinib pretreatment reduced the S phase fraction and enhanced radiation effects in PC9 and HCC827 cells. These results indicate that the uptake of [(125)I]PYK is related to the effects of radiation in NSCLC cells. Radioiodinated PYK may be useful in predicting the response of NSCLC in patients to radiotherapy.

Monitoring of gefitinib sensitivity with radioiodinated PHY based on EGFR expression.

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is attractive target for tumor diagnosis and therapy, as it is specifically and abundantly expressed in tumor cells. EGFR-tyrosine kinase (TK) inhibitors such as gefitinib and erlotinib are widely used in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In this study, we investigated whether radioiodinated 4-(3-iodo-phenoxy)-6,7-diethoxy-quinazoline (PHY), which is a candidate EGFR-TK imaging agent for single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is able to predict gefitinib sensitivity. We used four NSCLC cell lines-A549 (wild-type EGFR), H1650 (mutant EGFR; del E746_A750), H1975 (mutant EGFR; L858R, T790M) and H3255 (mutant EGFR; L858R)-and one epidermoid carcinoma cell line, A431 (wild-type EGFR). Cell proliferation assay and Western blotting revealed that A431 and H3255 with high EGFR expression showed high sensitivity to gefitinib. On the other hand, A549, H1650 and H1975 showed much lower sensitivity to gefitinib. The blocking study revealed that gefitinib decreased tumor uptake in (125)I-PHY in A431-bearing mice. Moreover, in vivo tumor uptake of (125)I-PHY was correlated with the IC50 of gefitinib for cell proliferation. In the present study, tumor uptake of (125)I-PHY was correlated with the gefitinib sensitivity and this uptake was based on expression levels of EGFR, but not on mutation status. Although the mutation status is the most important factor for predicting gefitinib sensitivity, the abundant expression of EGFR is essential for therapy with EGFR-TK inhibitors. Therefore, radioiodinated PHY is a potential imaging agent to predict gefitinib sensitivity based on EGFR expression levels though further modifications of the imaging agent is needed to accurately estimate the mutation status.

Synthesis and evaluation of (-)- and (+)-[¹¹C]galanthamine as PET tracers for cerebral acetylcholinesterase imaging.

Improved radiopharmaceuticals for imaging cerebral acetylcholinesterase (AChE) are needed for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Thus, (11)C-labeled (-)-galanthamine and its enantiomers were synthesized as novel agents for imaging the localization and activity of AChE by positron emission tomography (PET). C-11 was incorporated into (-)- and (+)-[(11)C]galanthamine by N-methylation of norgalanthamines with [(11)C]methyl triflate. Simple accumulation of (11)C in the brain was measured in an in vivo biodistribution study using mice, whilst donepezil was used as a blocking agent in analogous in vivo blocking studies. In vitro autoradiography of rat brain tissue was performed to investigate the distribution of (-)-[(11)C]galanthamine, and confirmed the results of PET studies in mice. The radiochemical yields of N-methylation of (-)- and (+)-norgalanthamines were 13.7% and 14.4%, respectively. The highest level of accumulation of (11)C in the brains of mice was observed at 10 min after administration (2.1% ID/g). Intravenous pretreatment with donepezil resulted in a 30% decrease in accumulation of (-)-[(11)C]galanthamine in the striatum; however, levels in the cerebellum were unchanged. In contrast, use of (+)-[(11)C]galanthamine led to accumulation of radioactivity in the striatum equal to that in the cerebellum, and these levels were unaffected by pretreatment with donepezil. In in vitro autoradiography of regional radioactive signals of brain sections showed that pretreatment with either (-)-galanthamine or donepezil blocked the binding of (-)-[(11)C]galanthamine to the striatum, while sagittal PET imaging revealed accumulation of (-)-[(11)C]galanthamine in the brain. These results indicate that (-)-[(11)C]galanthamine showed specific binding to AChE, whereas (+)-[(11)C]-galanthamine accumulated in brain tissue by non-specific binding. Thus, optically pure (-)-[(11)C]galanthamine could be a useful PET tracer for imaging cerebral AChE.

Novel design and synthesis of a radioiodinated glycolipid analog as an acceptor substrate for N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V.

Guided by the known molecular recognition interactions between N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (GnT-V) and certain synthetic substrates, we synthesized a radiolabeled double-stranded glycolipid composed of a long-chain alkyl unit and a radioiodinated phenylalkyl unit, [(125)I]-2-[N-(2-hydroxy-3-hexadecyloxy)propyl-15-(4-iodophenyl)pentadecanecarboxamido]ethyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-ß-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-D-mannopyranosyl-(1→6)-ß-D-glucopyranoside ([(125)I]2), as a novel intravital glycolipid mimic substrate of GnT-V. The radioactive iodine ((125)I) was incorporated via iododestannylation of the phenyltributyltin derivative, 2-[N-(2-acetoxy-3-hexadecyloxy)propyl-15-(4-tributylstannylphenyl)pentadecanecarboxamido]ethyl 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-ß-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-3,4,6-O-acetyl-α-D-mannopyranosyl-(1→6)-2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-ß-D-glucopyranoside (26). Subsequent deacetylation at the final step afforded [(125)I]2.

A useful EGFR-TK ligand for tumor diagnosis with SPECT: development of radioiodinated 6-(3-morpholinopropoxy)-7-ethoxy-4-(3'-iodophenoxy)quinazoline.

OBJECTIVE: Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase (EGFR-TK) represents an attractive target for tumor diagnosis agents. Previously, radioiodinated 4-(3-iodophenoxy)-6,7-diethoxyquinazoline (PHY) was reported to possess good characteristics as a tumor imaging agent. We have explored the feasibility of developing tumor diagnosis ligands superior to radioiodinated PHY. METHODS: New phenoxyquinazoline derivatives were designed with various side chains introduced to the 6th position of PHY. The IC50 values of the new derivatives to interrupt EGFR-TK phosphorylation were evaluated and compared to well-known EGFR-TK inhibitors. Tumor uptake studies of the new (125)I-labeled derivatives were conducted with A431 tumor-bearing mice. Selectivity and binding characteristics were analyzed by in vitro blocking studies and a binding assay. Furthermore, SPECT/CT scans were performed using A431 tumor-bearing mice. RESULTS: Six quinazoline derivatives were designed and synthesized, and among these, 6a-d were found to have relatively high EGFR-TK inhibitory potency. In tumor uptake studies, [(125)I]6a ([(125)I]PYK) was found to have the highest tumor uptake and longest retention in tumors. In contrast, [(125)I]PYK was rapidly cleared from peripheral tissues, resulting in a high tumor-to-tissue ratio 24 h after injection. Moreover, the EGFR-TK selectivity of [(125)I]PYK was confirmed by pretreatment experiments with specific EGFR-TK inhibitors. Furthermore, [(125)I]PYK provided clear SPECT images of tumors. CONCLUSIONS: Radioiodinated PYK, one of the newly synthesized quinazoline derivatives, was found to be a desirable ligand for EGFR-TK SPECT imaging. [(125)I]PYK showed high tumor accumulation and selective EGFR-TK binding and also succeeded in delivering high contrast imaging of tumors. These favorable characteristics of [(125)I]PYK suggest that the (123)I-labeled counterpart, [(123)I]PYK, would have great potential for diagnostic SPECT tumor imaging.

Assessment of epidermal growth factor receptor status in glioblastomas.

OBJECTIVES: Our previous study showed that a newly designed tracer radioiodinated 6-(3-morpholinopropoxy)-7-ethoxy-4-(3'-iodophenoxy)quinazoline ([(125)I]PYK) is promising for the evaluation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) status and prediction of gefitinib treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. EGFR is over-expressed and mutated also in glioblastoma. In the present study, the expressions and mutation of EGFR were tested with [(125)I] PYK in glioblastoma in vitro and in vivo to determine whether this could be used to predict the sensitivity of glioblastoma to gefitinib treatment. METHODS: Glioblastoma cell lines with different expression of EGFR were tested. Growth inhibition of cell lines by gefitinib was assessed by the 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) colorimetric assay. Uptake levels of [(125)I]PYK were evaluated in cell lines in vitro. Tumor targeting of [(125)I]PYK was examined by a biodistribution study and imaging by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). RESULTS: High concentrations of gefitinib were needed to suppress EGFR-mediated proliferation. The uptake of [(125)I] PYK in cell lines in vitro was low, and showed no correlation with EGFR expression or mutation status. Biodistribution study and SPECT imaging with [(125)I]PYK for xenografts showed no [(125)I]PYK uptake. CONCLUSION: The results showed prediction of gefitinib effectiveness was difficult in glioblastoma by [(125)I]PYK, which might be due to the complicated expression of EGFR status in glioblastoma. Thus, new tracers for sites downstream of the mutant EGFR should be investigated in further studies.

Synthesis and evaluation of radioiodinated phenoxyquinazoline and benzylaminoquinazoline derivatives as new EGF receptor tyrosine kinase imaging ligands for tumor diagnosis using SPECT.

OBJECTIVE: Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase (EGFR-TK) represents an attractive target for tumor diagnosis agents. Previously, the radioiodinated 4-(3-iodoanilino)-6,7-diethoxyquinazoline ([(125)I]m-IPQ) has been reported to possess good characteristics as a tumor imaging agent; however, it was also found to have low in vivo stability. To improve the in vivo stability, m-IPQ derivatives, 4-(3-iodophenoxy)-6,7-diethoxyquinazoline (PHY) and 4-(3-iodobenzylamino)-6,7-diethoxyquinazoline (BAY) were designed and synthesized, and the biological studies of [(125)I]PHY and [(125)I]BAY were performed to evaluate these new ligands as in vivo tumor diagnosis agents. METHODS: PHY and BAY were synthesized according to previous reports. The EGFR-TK inhibitory potency of these new compounds was measured and compared to other EGFR-TK inhibitors. Radiolabeled [(125)I]PHY and [(125)I]BAY were synthesized by an iododestannylation reaction. Biodistribution studies of these radioligands were conducted in normal mice and tumor-bearing mice. Furthermore, selectivity and binding characteristics of [(125)I]PHY were analyzed by in vitro blocking studies and a binding assay. RESULTS: The new derivatives were found to have high inhibitory potency against EGFR-TK (PHY: IC50 = 12.7 ± 7.2 nM, BAY: IC50 = 51.0 ± 8.9 nM). [(125)I]PHY and [(125)I]BAY were conveniently synthesized from tributylstannyl precursors. In in vivo biodistribution studies, [(125)I]PHY and [(125)I]BAY were observed to have lower uptake in the stomach, an indication of deiodination, than [(125)I]m-IPQ. Moreover, [(125)I]PHY showed high uptake and prolonged retention in tumors and low accumulation in blood and muscle tissue resulting in a good tumor-to-blood ratio (0.94-1.50) and tumor-to-muscle ratio (1.02-1.95). The EGFR-TK selectivity of [(125)I]PHY was confirmed by pretreatment experiments with specific EGFR-TK inhibitors. CONCLUSION: New radioiodinated quinazoline derivatives were synthesized, which were found to have improved in vivo stability. In particular, [(125)I]PHY showed higher tumor accumulation than the other ligands which was indicative of selective binding to EGFR-TK. These desirable characteristics for [(125)I]PHY suggest that the (123)I-labeled counterpart, [(123)I]PHY, could be a possible candidate for cancer diagnosis radiopharmaceutical.

Anti-tumor activity of new orally bioavailable 2-amino-5-(thiophen-2-yl)benzamide-series histone deacetylase inhibitors, possessing an aqueous soluble functional group as a surface recognition domain.

New orally bioavailable 5-(thiophen-2-yl)-substituted 2-aminobenzamide-series histone deacetylase inhibitors were synthesized. These compounds possess a morpholine or piperadine-derived moiety as an aqueous soluble functional group. Among them, 8b, having a 4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazine-1-carboxamide group as a surface recognition domain, showed promising inhibitory activities against HCT116 cell growth and HDAC1/2. Notably, unlike MS-275, this compound did not induce apoptosis in the cell cycle tests. We therefore conducted antitumor tests of 8b and MS-275 against HCT116 cell xenografts in nude mice. Compound 8b reduced the volume of tumor mass to T/C: 60% and 47% at 45 and 80mg/kg over 16days, respectively. These values were comparable to the rate (T/C: 51% at 45mg/kg) for MS-275. Furthermore, 8b, at neither 45 nor 80mg/kg, induced the weight loss which was observed in the mice given MS-275 at 45mg/kg.

Microwave-assisted synthesis of organometallic complexes of 99mTc(CO)3 and Re(CO)3: its application to radiopharmaceuticals.

(99m)Tc-tricarbonyl [(99m)Tc(CO)(3)] complexes have been conventionally synthesized by heating [(99m)Tc(CO)(3)(H(2)O)(3)](+) and a tridentate chelating ligand under atmospheric pressure; however, this method is poor in terms of chemical yield and reproducibility. Moreover, since the half-life of (99m)Tc is very short (6 h), the development of facile and rapid methods of synthesizing (99m)Tc-labeled compounds, which could be used as radioactive tracers for single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), is required. Thus, we initiated a study on the application of a microwave reaction to the synthesis of (99m)Tc(CO)(3)-2-picolylamine monoacetic acid (PAMA) [(99m)Tc(CO)(3)-PAMA] complexes on the basis of the fact that synthesis of metal complexes proceeds rapidly by microwave irradiation owing to an efficient exothermic phenomenon and heat conduction effect. Formation of by-products could be markedly suppressed by comparison with that in conventional methods. In the present study, rhenium (Re), an element belonging to the same group in the periodic table as technetium (Tc), and which also forms bipyramidal complexes, was first used to investigate the synthetic reaction because no stable isotopes exist for Tc. As a result, when water was used as the solvent under the irradiation of microwaves within 1 min, the Re(CO)(3)-PAMA complex could be directly synthesized from ethyl ester of PAMA (PAMAEE) and [Re(CO)(3)(H(2)O)(3)]Br in one step and with a high yield (94%). Finally, the (99m)Tc(CO)(3)-PAMA complex was successfully synthesized at a high radiochemical yield (>99%) within 1 min of reaction using (99m)Tc instead of Re under the same conditions.

Evaluation of radioiodinated quinazoline derivative as a new ligand for EGF receptor tyrosine kinase activity using SPECT.

OBJECTIVE: A radioiodinated analog of PD153035 (m-IPQ) was evaluated as a potential epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase (EGFR-TK) activity imaging ligand for SPECT. METHODS: The 50% inhibition concentration (IC50) value of m-IPQ for EGFR-TK phosphorylation inhibition was evaluated and compared to various EGFR-TK inhibitors. [(125)I]m-IPQ was synthesized by iododestannylation reaction. Biodistribution study of [(125)I]m-IPQ was conducted in normal mice and tumor-bearing mice. The selectivity and binding characteristics (B(max) and K(d)) were analyzed. RESULTS: The quinazoline derivative m-IPQ was found to have high inhibitory potency (IC50: 50.5 ± 3.5 nM) and selectivity toward EGFR-TK. In vivo biodistribution studies of [(125)I]m-IPQ demonstrated its rapid clearance and low retention in normal tissue. On the other hand, high tumor uptake was observed. However, the increase in [(125)I]m-IPQ uptake in the stomach as a deiodination parameter was found. Thus, [(125)I]m-IPQ showed low in vivo stability. The selectivity toward EGFR-TK of m-IPQ was confirmed by the pretreatment experiment with EGFR-TK specific inhibitors, PD153035, Genistein. [(125)I]m-IPQ bound to single population of binding sites with high affinity and kinetic parameter. In addition, [(125)I]m-IPQ was bound to EGFR-TK according to the amount of EGFR-TK expression in the tumor. CONCLUSIONS: [(125)I]m-IPQ showed a relatively high tumor accumulation with selective EGFR-TK binding. Moreover, the tumor uptake of [(125)I]m-IPQ might be reflected in the amount of EGFR-TK expression in the tumor. These good characteristics of [(125)I]m-IPQ suggested that a ¹²³I-labeled counterpart, [¹²³I]m-IPQ, would have great potential for EGFR-TK imaging with SPECT. However, the in vivo stability of this compound needs to improve.

Evaluation of radioiodinated 1-[2-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-4-(2-iodophenylpropyl)piperazine as a tumor diagnostic agent with functional sigma receptor imaging by single photon emission computed tomography.

Radioiodinated 1-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-4-(2-iodophenylpropyl)piperazine (o-BON) and 1-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-4-(3-iodophenylpropyl)piperazine (m-BON) were evaluated as single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) radiopharmaceuticals for tumor imaging by visualization of sigma receptors. In vivo biodistribution studies of [125 I]o-BON and [125 I]m-BON in tumor-bearing mice showed a high tumor uptake and prolonged retention of radiolabeled compounds in the tumor. In contrast with these factors, the blood and muscle accumulations were low, which resulted in a good tumor-to-blood ratio and tumor-to-muscle ratio. In peripheral organs, [125 I]o-BON showed rapid clearance in comparison with [125 I]m-BON. Selective interactions of [125 I]o-BON and [125 I]m-BON with sigma receptors on tumor cell membranes were confirmed by pretreatment experiments with various sigma and other receptor ligands. [125 I]o-BON possesses higher specific binding toward sigma receptors than does [125 I]m-BON; thus, [125 I]o-BON was chosen for further evaluations. High uptake of [125 I]o-BON was observed in various tumors, and a good linear correlation (R2=0.70) was found between accumulation of [125 I]o-BON and the sigma receptor expression level. Furthermore, the accumulation of [125 I]o-BON in tumors reflected their proliferation rate. These results suggest that it is feasible to use radioiodinated o-BON as a marker for measuring the proliferative status associated with sigma receptor expression.

In vivo evaluation of radioiodinated 1-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)-piperazine derivatives as new ligands for sigma receptor imaging using single photon emission computed tomography.

New series of radioiodinated analogues of 1-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-4-[3-(2-iodophenyl)propyl]piperazine (o-BON) and 1-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-4-[3-(3-iodophenyl)propyl]piperazine (m-BON) were evaluated as single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) radiopharmaceuticals for mapping sigma receptors in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral organs. In vivo biodistribution studies of [125I] o- and m-BON in mice demonstrated high initial uptakes and prolonged retention in the brain. In contrast to high brain uptake and retention, the blood accumulations were low, resulting in good brain-blood ratios (7.9-9.2). In the other tissues, high uptake of [125I] o- and m-BON were observed in the liver, kidney, heart, lung, and pancreas. Moreover, selective interactions of [125I] o- and m-BON with sigma receptors were confirmed by pretreatment experiments with various sigma and other receptor ligands. Haloperidol posttreatment induced decreases in the accumulation of [125I] o- and m-BON. These data suggest that [125I] o- and m-BON binding to sigma receptors is reversible and competitive. Furthermore, ex vivo autoradiograms of [125I] o- and m-BON in rats showed high uptake in the parietal cortex, vestibular nucleus, and pons nucleus and moderate uptake in the thalamus, inferior colliculus, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and temporal cortex. These ex vivo autoradiograms were comparable with the histochemical distribution of sigma receptors. Furthermore, the uptake of [125I] o- and m-BON reflected quantitative amounts of sigma receptor in the brain. These results demonstrated that radiolabeled o- and m-BON have good characteristics for mapping sigma receptors in the CNS and the peripheral organs with SPECT.

Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of iodinated derivatives of piperazine as a new ligand for sigma receptor imaging by single photon emission computed tomography.

A new series of radioiodinated analogues of 1-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine (SA4503) was synthesized and evaluated as a potential brain sigma-1 receptor imaging ligands by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Iodinated analogues of SA4503 (4a-c) were prepared from piperazine in a high yield. The in vitro competition binding studies using [3H] DTG (sigma-1, 2), [3H] (+)-pentazocine (sigma-1), and [3H] DTG in the presence of carbetapentane (sigma-2) as sigma receptor selective radioligands were revealed that iodinated analogues 4a-c possess high affinities to sigma receptors (IC50: 4a=7.1, 4b=31.0, and 4c=77.3 nM). In particular, the affinity of 4a, bearing iodine at ortho position on the phenyl ring, was 4.4 times greater than SA4503, and 3 times greater than that of haloperidol. The meta-iodo analogue 4b was the same to SA4503, the lead compound. The radioiodinated derivatives, [125I] 4a, 4b were synthesized no-carrier-added from the corresponding tributyltin precursors by the iododestannylation reaction with high yields. The binding of [125I] 4a, 4b have been characterized in the rat brain membranes. These compounds were indicated single population binding to sigma receptor with high affinity (4a: Kd=1.86+/-0.34 nM, Bmax=205+/-28.9 fmol/mg protein, 4b: Kd=3.30+/-0.51 nM, Bmax=231.5+/-13.8 fmol/mg protein). In vitro blocking studies were confirmed that the high specificity of 4a, 4b. These results suggest that radioiodinated 4a and 4b are promising sigma receptors imaging ligand for pursuing further in vivo studies.

Synthesis and characterization of radioiodinated MD-230254: a new ligand for potential imaging of monoamine oxidase B activity by single photon emission computed tomography.

A series of iodinated analogues of MD-230254 was synthesized and evaluated for inhibitory potency and selectivity toward monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B). Among them, 5-[4-(2-iodobenzyloxy)phenyl]-3-(cyanoethyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2(3H)one (2-IBPO) was found to have high inhibitory potency and selectivity toward MAO-B (IC50=2.0 nM, MAO-A/MAO-B >50000). Analysis of the inhibition kinetics indicated that 2-IBPO acts in a two-step mechanism as a competitive, slow, and tight-binding inhibitor of MAO-B with a Ki value of 2.4 nM and an overall Ki* value at an equilibrium of 3.8 nM. The new radioligand for MAO-B, [125I]2-IBPO was conveniently synthesized from a tributylstannyl precursor by an iododestannylation reaction using sodium [125I]iodide and hydrogen peroxide with high radiochemical yield. The in vivo tissue distribution studies of [125I]2-IBPO demonstrated its high initial uptake and prolonged retention in the brain. A selective interaction of [125I]2-IBPO with MAO-B was confirmed by the pretreatment experiment with well known MAO specific inhibitors, l-deprenyl, Ro-16-6491, clorgyline, and Ro-41-1049. These very desirable characteristics of [125I]2-IBPO suggested that a 123I-labeled counterpart, [123I]2-IBPO, would have great potential in in vivo studies of MAO-B in the human brain with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT).