Risk factors for purulent vaginal discharge and its association with reproductive performance of lactating Jersey cows.

Despite the rapid growth in popularity of the Jersey breed, most research on dairy cows in the United States has been done with the Holstein breed. Postpartum uterine diseases negatively influence reproductive performance of dairy cows and limited data are available regarding predisposing factors for uterine diseases in Jersey cows. Our objectives were to determine the prevalence and risk factors for purulent vaginal discharge (PVD) and its effect on fertility of lactating Jersey cows. This was a retrospective observational study with data collected from 3,822 Jersey cows. The Metricheck device was used for PVD diagnosis, and positive cases (≥50% of pus in exudate) were further classified for severity using the following 4 categories based on the amount of pus observed: 50 to 60% pus in exudate, 60 to 90% pus in exudate, 90 to 100% pus in exudate, and 90 to 100% pus in exudate + uterine fluid detected by palpation per rectum. Univariable and multivariable regression analyzes were conducted to dissect the risk factors for PVD and severity of PVD in Jerseys cows. The major risk factors for PVD were calving-related problems, retained fetal membrane, metritis, and days in the close-up diet. A subgroup of cows (n = 740) was scored for body condition and locomotion scores and had blood sampled in the peripartum for determination of plasma concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids and ß-hydroxybutyrate. In the multivariable analysis that considered data collected for the subgroup of cows, peripartum nonesterified fatty acids, postpartum ß-hydroxybutyrate, and peripartum locomotion and body condition scores were not retained in the reduced model of predictors of PVD. Not surprisingly, pregnancy per artificial insemination following the first and second services was reduced in cows diagnosed with PVD compared with cows without PVD. In addition, PVD was associated with increased odds of pregnancy loss after the first service and reduced hazard of pregnancy by 305 d in milk. The stratification of PVD severity according to the amount of pus observed and the consistency of the uterus was meaningful, as observed by the differences in reproductive outcomes between cows with diverging amounts of pus in the retrieved exudate. Risk factors for PVD in Jersey cows was similar to previously reported for Holstein cows, and a strong detrimental effect of PVD on fertility was also observed in Jersey cows.

Transient suppression of ovulatory ovarian function in pony mares after treatment with slow-release deslorelin implants.

Behavior during the estrous cycle of mares can affect their performance and therefore inhibition of cyclical ovarian activity is indicated. We hypothesized that implants containing the GnRH analog deslorelin downregulate GnRH receptors and inhibit ovulation in mares. The estrous cycles of Shetland mares were synchronized with 2 injections of a PGF2α analog. One day after the second injection (day 0), mares received 9.4 (group D1, n = 6) and 4.7 mg deslorelin (D2, n = 5) as slow-release implants or 1.25 mg short-acting deslorelin as a control (C, n = 5). Ultrasonography of the reproductive tract and ovaries and observation of estrous behavior and collection of blood samples for analysis of progesterone and LH concentrations were performed every second day until day 10 and thereafter at 5-d intervals. Stimulation tests with the GnRH-agonist buserelin were performed on days 10 and 45. Until day 50, there were less spontaneous ovulations in group D1 (P < 0.01) and estrous behavior was reduced in groups D1 and D2 compared with group C (P < 0.05). The time until first ovulation (D1 62.0 ± 8.6, D2 44.2 ± 14.1, C 22.2 ± 3.1 d, P < 0.05) and the number of days with estrous behavior (P < 0.05) differed among groups. On day 10 after treatment, a GnRH stimulation test revealed interactions between group and time (P < 0.001) in plasma LH concentration that were no longer detectable on day 45 after treatment. In conclusion, long-acting deslorelin implants result in a transient downregulation of pituitary GnRH receptors that is associated with inhibition of ovulation and estrous behavior in Shetland mares.

The effect of flunixin meglumine, firocoxib and meloxicam on the uterine mobility of equine embryos.

Embryo mobility occurs as a result of prostaglandin production by the embryo and endometrium, promoting uterine smooth muscle contractions, which propels the embryonic vesicle through the lumen. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), as flunixin meglumine, are routinely used in equine medicine and can alter the conceptus mobility if applied in early pregnancy, which may impair maternal recognition of pregnancy. The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the effect of flunixin meglumine (FM; 1.1 mg/kg IV), firocoxib (FIRO; 0.2 mg/kg PO), and meloxicam (ML; 0.6 mg/kg, IV), on the embryo mobility. Thirty mares were divided into three groups (n = 10 per treatment). After the pregnancy diagnosis on day 12 after ovulation, the embryo mobility was evaluated by transrectal ultrasonography every 5 min for 1 h in order to visualize the location of the embryo. In all mares, three evaluations were performed: immediately before treatment (pre-treatment), after NSAID administration and 24 h after treatment. In group FM, embryo mobility decreased, from 5.8 ±â€¯0.3 movements/hour (m/h) to 2.3 ±â€¯0.5 m/h (p < 0.05) and, after 24 h the values were similar to the pre-treatment evaluation (5.9 ±â€¯0.2 m/h). Likewise, ML treatment caused a decrease of embryo movements, from 5.9 ±â€¯0.3 to 1.9 ±â€¯0.3 m/h (p < 0.05), 24 h after treatment values were 5.7 ±â€¯0.4 m/h. Treatment with FIRO did not interfere with embryo mobility (5.7 ±â€¯0.4; 5.8 ±â€¯0.3 and 5.6 ±â€¯0.3 embryo movements in the first, second and third evaluation, respectively). In conclusion, FIRO was the only NSAID that did not alter the embryo mobility and may be the safest NSAID for use in early pregnant mares.

Analysis of masticatory muscle coordination during unilateral single-tooth clenching using muscle functional magnetic resonance imaging.

In a previous study, we used muscle functional magnetic resonance imaging to show that the anterior movement of the occlusal point increased the activity of the superior head of the ipsilateral lateral pterygoid muscle (ipsilateral SHLP) during unilateral single-tooth clenching. The purpose of this study was to verify the hypothesis that the increased activity of the ipsilateral SHLP described above serves to antagonise the occlusal force acting on the condyle. In total, 9 healthy volunteers were requested to perform left unilateral clenching at the first molar or first premolar region for 1 minute at 20% or 40% maximum voluntary clenching force. Changes in the mean proton transverse relaxation time (∆T2) were examined from the magnetic resonance images obtained before and after each clenching act as an index of the activity in all masticatory muscles. Correlation analyses of the mean ΔT2 for each volume of interest were performed with the first molar or premolar clenches to analyse the correlation between the activities in each muscle. A statistically significant correlation was exhibited between the ipsilateral temporal and ipsilateral SHLP (r = .651, P = .003) during first premolar clenching. However, no significant correlations were observed in the ipsilateral SHLP during first molar clenching. The results of this study suggest that the ipsilateral SHLP may contribute to the pulling of the mandibular condyle forward against the occlusal force generated by the ipsilateral temporal muscle.

Evaluation of masticatory activity during unilateral single tooth clenching using muscle functional magnetic resonance imaging.

Masticatory muscle activity during teeth clenching is affected by occlusal pattern. However, few studies have performed simultaneous evaluation of all masticatory activities during teeth clenching under various occlusal conditions. The aim of this study was to use muscle functional magnetic resonance imaging (mfMRI) to evaluate the effects of changes in occlusal point on masticatory activity during single tooth clenching. Changes in mean proton transverse relaxation time (∆T2) as an index of activity in all masticatory muscles during left unilateral clenching at the first molar or first premolar for 1 min were examined in nine healthy volunteers. Bite force was maintained at 40% of the maximum voluntary clenching force. The ∆T2 values of the masseter and lateral pterygoid muscles were analysed separately for superficial and deep layers, and for superior and inferior heads. The ∆T2 values for the ipsilateral deep masseter were significantly lower, and for the superior head of the ipsilateral lateral pterygoid muscles were significantly higher, after left first premolar clenching compared to left first molar clenching. These results quantitatively demonstrate a significant increase in activity of the superior head of the ipsilateral lateral pterygoid muscle and a significant decrease in activity of the ipsilateral deep masseter muscle with forward displacement of the occlusal contact point during unilateral tooth clenching.

The prevalence of rhinitis and its association with smoking and obesity in a nationwide survey of Japanese adults.

BACKGROUND: Rhinitis is a common disease, and its prevalence is increasing worldwide. Several studies have provided evidence of a strong association between asthma and rhinitis. Although smoking and obesity have been extensively analyzed as risk factors of asthma, associations with rhinitis are less clear. OBJECTIVE: The aims of our study were (i) to evaluate the prevalence of rhinitis using the European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS) questionnaire in Japanese adults and (ii) to evaluate the associations of smoking and body mass index (BMI) with rhinitis. METHODS: Following our study conducted in 2006-2007 to determine the prevalence of asthma using the ECRHS questionnaire, our present analysis evaluates the prevalence of rhinitis and its association with smoking and BMI in Japanese adults 20-79 years of age (N = 22819). We classified the subjects (20-44 or 45-79 years) into four groups as having (i) neither rhinitis nor asthma; (ii) rhinitis without asthma; (iii) asthma without rhinitis; or (iv) rhinitis with asthma. We then evaluated associations with smoking and BMI in each group. RESULTS: The overall age-adjusted prevalence of rhinitis was 35.1% in men and 39.3% in women. A higher prevalence was observed in the younger population than in the older population. Active smoking and obesity were positively associated with asthma without rhinitis. In contrast, particularly in the 20- to 44-year age-group, active smoking and obesity were negatively associated with rhinitis without asthma. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study suggest that smoking and obesity may have different effects on the development of rhinitis and asthma.

Identification of ABCG2 dysfunction as a major factor contributing to gout.

The ATP-binding cassette, subfamily G, member 2 gene ABCG2/BCRP locates in a gout-susceptibility locus (MIM 138900) on chromosome 4q. Recent genome-wide association studies also showed that the ABCG2 gene relates to serum uric acid levels and gout. Since ABCG2 is also known as a transporter of nucleotide analogs that are structurally similar to urate, and is an exporter that has common polymorphic reduced functionality variants, ABCG2 could be a urate secretion transporter and a gene causing gout. To find candidate mutations in ABCG2, we performed a mutation analysis of the ABCG2 gene in 90 Japanese patients with hyperuricemia and found six non-synonymous mutations. Among the variants, ATP-dependent urate transport was reduced or eliminated in five variants, and two out of the five variants (Q126X and Q141K) were frequently detected in patients. Haplotype frequency analysis revealed that there is no simultaneous presence of Q126X and Q141K in one haplotype. As Q126X and Q141K are a nonfunctional and half-functional haplotype, respectively, their genotype combinations are divided into four estimated functional groups. The association study with 161 male gout patients and 865 male controls showed that all of those who had dysfunctional ABCG2 had an increased risk of gout, and that a remarkable risk was observed in those with ≤1/4 function (OR, 25.8; 95% CI, 10.3-64.6; p = 3.39 × 10(-21)). In 2,150 Japanese individuals, the frequency of those with dysfunctional ABCG2 was more than 50%. Our function-based clinicogenetic analysis identified the combinations of dysfunctional variants of ABCG2 as a major contributing factor in Japanese patients with gout.

An aspergillotic aneurysm of the internal carotid artery following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: successful management with catheter coil embolization and long-term antifungal agents.

We report a case of a mycotic aneurysm of the internal carotid artery and cerebral hemorrhagic infarction resulting from Aspergillus middle ear infection in a patient with severe aplastic anemia who received unrelated bone marrow transplantation. Although a mycotic aneurysm is a rare complication, and most often fatal, the patient was successfully treated with catheter coil embolization of the internal carotid artery and long-term systemic antifungal therapy. This case emphasizes the need for the rapid diagnosis of potential fungal involvement of the vascular system and suggests the necessity for aggressive treatment, such as with the modality illustrated in this case.

Evaluation of soil bacterial biomass using environmental DNA extracted by slow-stirring method.

A simple and rapid method (slow-stirring method) for extracting environmental DNA (eDNA) from soils was constructed by physical mild stirring with chemical treatment. eDNA was extracted efficiently with minimal damage from various kinds of soil. The amount of eDNA and soil bacterial biomass showed a linear proportional relation [Y=(1.70x10(8))X, r2=0.96], indicating that bacterial biomass could be evaluated by quantifying levels of eDNA. Consequently, the average bacterial biomass in an agricultural field was calculated as 5.95x10(9) cells/g sample, approximately 10-100 times higher than that in non- and oil-polluted fields.

High sensitivity search for nu;e's from the sun and other sources at KamLAND.

Data corresponding to a KamLAND detector exposure of 0.28 kton yr has been used to search for nu;(e)'s in the energy range 8.3

T cell antigen receptor vaccines for active therapy of T cell malignancies.

T cell lymphoproliferative disorders continue to be serious management problems, and so alternative therapeutic modalities are continuously being explored. One such strategy involves immunotherapy using the T cell receptor (TCR) as a target. Specifically we are attempting to develop a T cell receptor idiotype (TCR-Id) vaccine because the TCR-Id can serve as a tumor-specific antigen. In this article we will briefly review the rationale for TCR-Id vaccines, the preclinical models as developed in our laboratory, and a discussion of our current plans for a vaccine trial in mycosis fungoides.

A study of clinical features of cough variant asthma.

Patients with cough variant asthma (CVA) and classic asthma are frequently among subjects who present at clinics complaining of a chronic persistent cough. To reveal the features of CVA, we examined the differences in the clinical appearance between CVA and classic asthma. Ten CVA subjects and 11 classic asthmatics were enrolled in the study; they were recruited among patients who presented at the National Minamiokayama Hospital complaining of a chronic cough. The number of eosinophils in peripheral blood was 256 +/- 45.8/microl in CVA and 400 +/- 123/microl in classic asthma. Eosinophils represented 67% of the cells of sputum in CVA and 82% in classic asthma. Bronchial responsiveness to methacholine was Dmin 1.37 +/- 0.56 U in CVA and 0.71 +/- 0.46 U in classic asthma. There was no significant difference in these three parameters. There was only a significant difference in V25 between CVA and classic asthma, 80.0 +/- 6.9 and 52.2 +/- 10.0%, respectively. Eosinophil inflammation was almost the same in both CVA and classic asthma.

[Comparison by simulation of the efficiency of surgical blood order equation (SBOE) with that of maximum surgical blood order schedule (MSBOS)].

The maximum surgical blood order schedule (MSBOS) is used to promote efficient blood ordering practice for surgical patients. A surgical order equation (SBOE) was developed to calculate the number of units of red blood cells that should be ordered considering specific patient variables. We compared the efficiency of SBOE with that of the MSBOS by simulations. A retrospective study compared the SBOE with the MSBOS for ordering red blood cells units (MAP) in patients for six types of operations at our hospital. The SBOE was calculated as follows: SBOE (units) = mean blood loss (g)/200 - (preoperative Hb - postoperative Hb) divided by (40/body weight (kg)). The SBOE reduced the ordered units more effectively than the MSBOS. The SBOE reduces crossmatch-to-transfusion ratio (C/T ratio) from 1.2 to 1.6 but it would reduce the ordered units in statistical significance in only two of six types of operations. In conclusion, the SBOE could improve C/T ratio.

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals in CAPD dialysate and effluent.

Environmental contamination by endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDC) has been a major focus of recent research and policy discussions. EDC-suspected man-made chemicals used as raw materials or plasticizers have been shown to elute from plastic products. To examine whether the dialysate for continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) is contaminated with EDC, we determined bisphenol A (BPA), nonylphenol (NP), di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) in the pre-used dialysate and in the peritoneal effluent from renal failure patients by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Concentrations of BPA, NP, DEHP and DBP were 0.02-0.23 ppb (microg/l), 0.09-0.22, 1.1-3.7, and <0.1-2.1 ppb, respectively, in the pre-used dialysate, and <0.01-0.07, <0.1-0.45, 0.35-1.23, and 0.42-1.76 ppb, respectively, in the effluent, from which the maximal daily contamination of BPA and NP by CAPD was estimated at the microgram level and that of phthalate esters at the 10-microg level. These concentrations are far less than the toxic dosage reported so far, so that CAPD is unlikely to contaminate patients seriously.

[Pulmonary involvement, pleural effusion, and electrocardiographic abnormality in hypereosinophilic syndrome].

A 47-year-old man was admitted to our hospital with complaints of cough and shortness of breath. Chest radiography showed infiltration of the right lung and left pleural effusion, the eosinophil count increased notably in the peripheral blood, sputum, and pleural effusion. Transbronchial lung biopsy revealed the invasion of eosinophils like eosinophilic pneumonia. Heart failure easily developed in this patient after the intravenous infusion. Myocardial involvement was suspected, and hypereosinophilic syndrome was diagnosed. After prednisolone was administered, the peripheral blood eosinophil count normalized rapidly, and subsequently, the pleural effusion and infiltration shadows in the lung disappeared.

Molecular analysis of immunoglobulin genes in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas.

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a common type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) that is highly heterogeneous from both clinical and histopathologic viewpoints. The immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy (H) chain variable region genes were examined in 71 patients with untreated primary DLBCL. Fifty-eight potentially functional V(H) genes were detected in 53 DLBCL cases; V(H) genes were nonfunctional in 9 cases and were not detected in an additional 9 cases. The use of V(H) gene families by DLBCL tumors was unbiased without overrepresentation of any particular V(H) gene or gene family. Analysis of Ig mutations in comparison to the most closely related germline gene disclosed mutated V(H) genes in all but 1 DLBCL case. More than 2% difference from the most similar germline sequence was detected in 52 potentially functional and the 8 nonfunctional V(H) gene sequences, whereas less than 2% difference from the germline sequence was observed in 3 V(H) gene isolates. Only 3 V(H) gene isolates were unmutated. No correlation was found between V(H) gene use, mutation level, and International Prognostic Index (IPI) or survival. Six of 8 tested tumors showed evidence of ongoing somatic mutations. Evidence for positive or negative antigen selection pressure was observed in 65% of mutated DLBCL cases. Our findings indicate that the etiology and the driving forces for clonal expansion are heterogeneous, which may explain the well-known clinical and pathologic heterogeneity of DLBCL. (Blood. 2000;95:1797-1803)

[Improvement of a case of broncholithiasis after spontaneous lithoptysis].

A 53-year-old woman was admitted for recurrent hemoptysis and cough. The chest radiograph showed an infiltrative shadow in the left upper region. Chest tomogram and CT scan showed a small calcification and consolidation in the left upper lobe. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy revealed fresh hemorrhage from the left upper bronchus but no broncholith or bleeding point were detected. Since the symptoms had disappeared by 10 days after admission, the patient was discharged and followed up as an outpatient. Three weeks later, she spontaneously expectorated a stone 3 mm in maximum diameter, with an irregular surface. Analysis revealed that the stone's composition was 56% of calcium phosphate and 44% of calcium carbonate. Hemoptysis seemed to have been caused by the broncholith, which had originated as a calcification of a peribronchial lymph node that subsequently eroded its way into the airway. After lithoptysis, no recurrence has been observed.

[A case of elderly patient with pulmonary tuberculosis considered to be caused by exogenous reinfection].

A 84-year-old woman presented with chronic febrile illness and anorexia from June 1998. She was diagnosed as pulmonary tuberculosis and was admitted to our hospital in August 1998. Her sputum smear was Gaffky 2, and the type of chest radiograph was b III 3. By family contact examination in August 1998, chest radiological examinations of her husband, a 86-year-old man, showed consolidation in middle lobe, right pleural effusion and two calcified mediastinal lymphnodes. He was diagnosed as pulmonary tuberculosis complicated with pleurisy. He had poor controlled diabetes mellitus. Tubercle bacilli isolated from their sputa showed the same pattern in restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Pulmonary tuberculosis of the husband was considered to be caused by exogenous reinfection.

[Serum soluble interleukin-2 receptor in patients with pulmonary mycobacterial diseases].

Serum soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) levels were measured in patients with untreated pulmonary tuberculosis (24 cases), patients with multidrug-resistant intractable pulmonary tuberculosis (7 cases) and patients with pulmonary non-tuberculous mycobacteriosis (27 cases). Serum sIL-2R levels were elevated in patients with pulmonary mycobacterial diseases and were elevated in untreated pulmonary tuberculosis patients than in other patients. In patients with new tuberculosis, serum sIL-2R levels were higher in patients with extensive lesions. Serum sIL-2R level showed significant positive correlation with serum C-reactive protein level and erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and significant negative correlation with serum albumin level. In patients with intractable tuberculosis and patients with non-tuberculous mycobacteriosis, serum sIL-2R levels were lower than in patients with new tuberculosis. Even in patients with extensive lesions, serum sIL-2R levels were not elevated. Lower levels of serum sIL-2R, marker of immunocompetent cell activity, suggested that immunocompetent cell activity was suppressed in intractable tuberculosis and in non-tuberculous mycobacteriosis.