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Background: Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), is one of the top infectious killer diseases in the world. The emergence of drug-resistant MTB strains has thrown challenges in controlling TB worldwide. This study investigated the prevalence of drug-resistant tuberculosis in the states of Nigeria and the risk factors that can increase the incidence of tuberculosis. Methods: The study is a cross-sectional epidemiological research carried out in the six senatorial districts of Ekiti and Ondo states, Nigeria, between February 2019 and January 2020. A structured questionnaire was administered to 1203 respondents for socio-demographic information, and sputum samples were collected from them for TB investigation. GeneXpert technique was used to diagnose TB from the sputum samples, followed by bacterial isolation using Löweinstein-Jensen medium and antibiotic susceptibility testing. Results: Prevalence of TB in the two states combined was 15 â%; with 13.8 â% for Ekiti state and 16.1 â% for Ondo State. The distribution of TB in the senatorial districts was such that: Ondo South â> âEkiti Central â> âEkiti South â> âOndo North â> âEkiti North â> âOndo Central. The risk factors identified for TB prevalence in two states were gender, male â> âfemale (OR â= â0.548, p â= â0.004); overcrowding (OR â= â0.733, p â= â0.026); room size (OR â= â0.580, p â= â0.002); smoking (OR â= â0.682, p â= â0.019) and dry and dusty season (OR â= â0.468, p â= â0.005). The prevalence of MDR-TB in Ekiti and Ondo States were 1.2 â% and 1.3 â% respectively. The identified risk factors for MDR were education (OR â= â0.739, p â= â0.017), age (OR â= â0.846, p â= â0.048), religion (OR â= â1.95, p â= â0.0003), family income (OR â= â1.76, p â= â0.008), previous TB treatment (OR â= â3.64, p â= â0.004), smoking (OR â= â1.33, p â= â0.035) and HIV status (OR â= â1.85, p â= â0.006). Rifampicin monoresistant was reported in 6.7 â% of the rifampicin-resistant strains, while 93.3 â% were rifampicin polyresistant strains. Two (13.3 â%) of the MDR-TB strains were resistant to all the 3 first-line antimycobacterial agents. All the Rifampicin-resistant TB strains were susceptible to the aminoglycosides (Amikacin, Capreomycin and Kanamycin), also with high susceptibility to the fluoroquinilones: Moxifloxacin (100 â%) and Levofloxacin (86.7 â%). Sixteen (94.1 â%) of the 17 Rifampicin-susceptible strains were susceptible to all the eight antibiotics tested, while one (5.9 â%) was susceptible to Rifampicin and Isoniazid but resistant to the rest antibiotics. Conclusion: The study showed that there is high prevalence of TB and MDR-TB in Ekiti and Ondo States Nigeria, hence, to meet the SDG Target 3.3 of ending TB epidemic by 2030, culturing and antibiotic susceptibility testing should be carried out on every TB-positive sputum and the patients treated accordingly.
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INTRODUCTION: the recent zoonotic coronavirus virus outbreak of a novel type (COVID-19) has necessitated the adequate understanding of the evolutionary pathway of zoonotic viruses which adversely affects human populations for therapeutic constructs to combat the pandemic now and in the future. METHODS: we analyzed conserved domains of the severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) for possible targets of viral entry inhibition in host cells, evolutionary relationship of human coronavirus (229E) and zoonotic coronaviruses with SARS-CoV-2 as well as evolutionary relationship between selected SARS-CoV-2 genomic data. RESULTS: conserved domains with antagonistic action on host innate antiviral cellular mechanisms in SARS-CoV-2 include nsp 11, nsp 13 etc. Also, multiple sequence alignments of the spike (S) gene protein of selected candidate zoonotic coronaviruses alongside the S gene protein of the SARS-CoV-2 revealed closest evolutionary relationship (95.6%) with pangolin coronaviruses (S) gene. Clades formed between Wuhan SARS-CoV-2 phylogeny data and five others suggests viral entry trajectory while revealing genomic and protein SARS-CoV-2 data from Philippines as early ancestors. CONCLUSION: phylogeny of SARS-CoV-2 genomic data suggests profiling in diverse populations with and without the outbreak alongside migration history and racial background for mutation tracking and dating of viral subtype divergence which is essential for effective management of present and future zoonotic coronavirus outbreaks.
Assuntos
COVID-19/virologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/virologia , Coronavirus/fisiologia , Genoma Viral , Animais , Simulação por Computador , Coronavirus/classificação , Coronavirus/genética , Surtos de Doenças , Genômica , Humanos , Filogenia , SARS-CoV-2/genética , SARS-CoV-2/fisiologia , Internalização do Vírus , Zoonoses/virologiaAssuntos
Campos Eletromagnéticos/efeitos adversos , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos da radiação , Animais , Células Sanguíneas/efeitos da radiação , Coração/efeitos da radiação , Fígado/metabolismo , Fígado/efeitos da radiação , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Testículo/metabolismo , Testículo/efeitos da radiação , Tecnologia sem FioRESUMO
Aims@#Rhizome of turmeric is known to possess therapeutic activities and has been used in medical practice as an anti-diabetic, hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective, anti-diarrheal, and anti-asthma agent. This study was designed to investigate the anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities of Curcuma longa. @*Methodology and results@#Rhizomes of Curcuma longa (Turmeric) purchased from markets in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria, were analysed for anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial properties, as well as phytochemical constituents. The in vitro anti-inflammatory activities of the C. longa methanol extract (CLME) were evaluated by albumin denaturation, proteinase inhibitory activity, membrane stabilization, and anti-lipoxygenase activity, at different concentrations using Aspirin, Diclofenac sodium and Indomethacin as standard drugs. The in vitro antimicrobial activities of CLME were carried out on five pathogenic microbes namely Escherichia coli ATCC 29929, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29293, Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 4252 and Candida albicans ATCC 10231, using both agar well diffusion and broth dilution techniques. A S. typhimurium infected rat model was used for in vivo antimicrobial studies. Phytochemical analyses showed that C. longa rhizomes contain high concentrations of alkaloids, flavonoid and saponins, with moderate levels of phenols, tannin and ferric reducing antioxidant power. CLME was found to be rich in alkaloids, tannins, phenols, steroids, saponins, terpenoids, flavonoids and reducing sugars. CLME showed potent anti-inflammatory activities, and the results compared favourably with the standard anti-inflammatory drugs used. C. longa methanol extract significantly inhibited albumin denaturation and proteinase activity, stabilized membrane of red blood cell from haemolysis in heat and hypotonic conditions, as well inhibited lipoxygenase activity; all of which are associated with inflammatory processes. CLME was found to possess high in vitro antimicrobial activities against the five microorganisms tested. Rats orally infected with S. typhimurium, demonstrated bacteraemia five days post infection, with a total clearance of bacteraemia within 3-5 days following oral administration of CLME. The infected rats treated with CLME equally showed significant improvement in some haematological indices compared to infected rats that were not treated with CLME. @*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#The results also showed that methanol extract of C. longa rhizome effectively cured with S. typhimurium infected rats. The overall results suggest that Curcuma longa is a potential source of anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial agents.
