Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of using AI-enabled technology in sleep medicine: a commentary.

Over the past few years, artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a powerful tool used to efficiently automate several tasks across multiple domains. Sleep medicine is perfectly positioned to leverage this tool due to the wealth of physiological signals obtained through sleep studies or sleep tracking devices and abundance of accessible clinical data through electronic medical records. However, caution must be applied when utilizing AI, due to intrinsic challenges associated with novel technology. The Artificial Intelligence in Sleep Medicine Committee of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine reviews advancements in AI within the sleep medicine field. In this article, the Artificial Intelligence in Sleep Medicine committee members provide a commentary on the scope of AI technology in sleep medicine. The commentary identifies 3 pivotal areas in sleep medicine that can benefit from AI technologies: clinical care, lifestyle management, and population health management. This article provides a detailed analysis of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats associated with using AI-enabled technologies in each pivotal area. Finally, the article broadly reviews barriers and challenges associated with using AI-enabled technologies and offers possible solutions. CITATION: Bandyopadhyay A, Oks M, Sun H, et al. Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of using AI-enabled technology in sleep medicine: a commentary. J Clin Sleep Med. 2024;20(7):1183-1191.

Utility of Bedside Ultrasound in Percutaneous Tracheostomy.

Background: Percutaneous tracheostomy placement is a common procedure performed in the intensive care unit. The use of an anterior neck ultrasound exam is routinely performed preprocedure, allowing for vessel visualization in determining the safety and feasibility of performing the procedure bedside. This prospective observational cohort study was conducted to determine whether vasculature in the anterior neck, seen on bedside ultrasound exam, contributes to bleeding complications during or after percutaneous tracheostomy (PCT) placement. Research Question: Do the vessels identified on preprocedure neck ultrasound affect the risk of bleeding during and after bedside PCT placement? Study Design and Methods: Preprocedural ultrasound was used to identify standard anatomical landmarks and vascular structures in the anterior neck in all patients undergoing bedside PCT placement under bronchoscopic guidance. A blinded survey of our recorded preprocedural images was provided to an expert panel who regularly perform bedside PCTs to determine the influence the images have on their decision to perform the procedure at the bedside. Results: One out of 15 patients (7%) had intra-operative minimal bleeding which was not clinically significant and resolved by gauze compression for 30 s. None of the patients had post-procedural bleeding after tracheostomy placement. Based on the blinded interpretation of neck ultrasound, there was 0.214 inter-operator variability among the expert panelists for decision-making regarding performing bedside PCT. Interpretation: Vessels visualized with anterior neck ultrasound were found to be small venous structures and did not significantly contribute to bleeding risk in patients who underwent PCT placement. The size and location of veins on neck ultrasound may commonly contribute to abandoning bedside PCT. This study suggests that veins measuring 3.9 mm or smaller identified at the site of access do not increase the risk of bleeding in PCT placement.

Randomized Open Investigation Determining Steroid Dose in Severe COVID-19: The ROIDS-Dose Clinical Trial.

Introduction Treatment with dexamethasone reduces mortality in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia requiring supplemental oxygen, but the optimal dose has not been determined. Objective To determine whether weight-based dexamethasone of 0.2 mg/kg is superior to 6 mg daily in reducing 28-day mortality in patients with COVID-19 and hypoxemia. Materials and methods A multicenter, open-label, randomized clinical trial was conducted between March 2021 and December 2021 at seven hospitals within Northwell Health. A total of 142 patients with confirmed COVID-19 and hypoxemia were included. Participants were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to dexamethasone 0.2 mg/kg intravenously daily (n = 70) or 6 mg daily (n = 72) for up to 10 days. Results There was no statistically significant difference in the primary outcome of 28-day all-cause mortality with deaths in 12 of 70 patients (17.14%) in the intervention group and 15 of 72 patients (20.83%) in the control group (p = 0.58). There were no statistically significant differences among the secondary outcomes. Conclusion In patients with COVID-19 and hypoxemia, the use of weight-based dexamethasone dosing was not superior to dexamethasone 6 mg in reducing all-cause mortality at 28 days. Clinical trial registration This study was registered under ClinicalTrials.gov (identifier: NCT04834375).

Corrigendum to "Sarcoidosis presenting as Wallenberg syndrome and panuveitisË® Respir. Med. Case Rep. 24 (2018) 16-18.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.rmcr.2018.03.002.].

Impact of Timing of Tocilizumab Use in Hospitalized Patients With SARS-CoV-2 Infection.

BACKGROUND: SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) continues to be a global challenge due to the lack of definitive treatment strategies. We sought to determine the efficacy of early administration of anti-interleukin 6 therapy in reducing hospital mortality and progression to mechanical ventilation. METHODS: This was a retrospective chart review of 11,512 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 who were admitted to a New York health system from March to May 2020. Tocilizumab was administered to subjects at the nasal cannula level of oxygen support to maintain an oxygen saturation of >88%. The Charlson comorbidity index was used as an objective assessment of the burden of comorbidities to predict 10-year mortality. The primary outcome of interest was hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes were progression to mechanical ventilation; the prevalence of venous thromboembolism and renal failure; and the change in C-reactive protein, D-dimer, and ferritin levels after tocilizumab administration. Propensity score matching by using a 1:2 protocol was used to match the tocilizumab and non-tocilizumab groups to minimize selection bias. The groups were matched on baseline demographic characteristics, including age, sex, and body mass index; Charlson comorbidity index score; laboratory markers, including ferritin, D-dimer, lactate dehydrogenase, and C-reactive protein values; and the maximum oxygen requirement at the time of tocilizumab administration. Mortality outcomes were evaluated based on the level of oxygen requirement and the day of hospitalization at the time of tocilizumab administration. RESULTS: The overall hospital mortality was significantly reduced in the tocilizumab group when tocilizumab was administered at the nasal cannula level (10.4% vs 22.0%; P = .002). In subjects who received tocilizumab at the nasal cannula level, the progression to mechanical ventilation was reduced versus subjects who were initially on higher levels of oxygen support (6.3% vs 18.7%; P < .001). There was no improvement in mortality when tocilizumab was given at the time of requiring non-rebreather, high-flow nasal cannula, noninvasive ventilator, or invasive ventilator. CONCLUSIONS: Early use of anti-interleukin 6 therapy may be associated with improved hospital mortality and reduction in progression to more severe coronavirus disease 2019.

Insomnia: Pharmacologic Treatment.

Insomnia afflicts many geriatric patients worldwide and results in both clinical and economic consequences. Prescribing hypnotics to the elderly is particularly challenging due to multitudes of adverse effects and drug interactions. Although benzodiazepines and "Z" drugs such as zolpidem have been popular in the past, they carry a high risk of adverse effects in the elderly, such as devastating falls and injuries as well as potentially an increase in mortality. Newer classes of hypnotics such as dual orexin receptor antagonists are much better tolerated and can be explored as a potential treatment for insomnia in the elderly.

Central Sleep Apnea.

Central sleep apnea (CSA) is characterized by intermittent repetitive cessation and/or decreased breathing without effort caused by an abnormal ventilatory drive. Although less prevalent than obstructive sleep apnea, it is frequently encountered. CSA can be primary (idiopathic) or secondary in association with Cheyne-Stokes respiration, drug-induced, medical conditions such as chronic renal failure, or high-altitude periodic breathing. Risk factors have been proposed, including gender, age, heart failure, opioid use, stroke, and other chronic medical conditions. This article discusses the prevalence of CSA in the general population and within each of these at-risk populations, and clinical presentation, diagnostic methods, and treatment.

The Usefulness of Chest CT Imaging in Patients With Suspected or Diagnosed COVID-19: A Review of Literature.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had devastating medical and economic consequences globally. The severity of COVID-19 is related, in a large measure, to the extent of pulmonary involvement. The role of chest CT imaging in the management of patients with COVID-19 has evolved since the onset of the pandemic. Specifically, the description of CT scan findings, use of chest CT imaging in various acute and subacute settings, and its usefulness in predicting chronic disease have been defined better. We performed a review of published data on CT scans in patients with COVID-19. A summary of the range of imaging findings, from typical to less common abnormalities, is provided. Familiarity with these findings may facilitate the diagnosis and management of this disease. A comparison of sensitivity and specificity of chest CT imaging with reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction testing highlights the potential role of CT imaging in difficult-to-diagnose cases of COVID-19. The usefulness of CT imaging to assess prognosis, to guide management, and to identify acute pulmonary complications associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection is highlighted. Beyond the acute stage, it is important for clinicians to recognize pulmonary parenchymal abnormalities, progressive fibrotic lung disease, and vascular changes that may be responsible for persistent respiratory symptoms. A large collection of multi-institutional images were included to elucidate the CT scan findings described.

Lung Hyperlucency: A Clinical-Radiologic Algorithmic Approach to Diagnosis.

Areas of diminished lung density are frequently identified both on routine chest radiographs and chest CT examinations. Colloquially referred to as hyperlucent foci of lung, a broad range of underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms and differential diagnoses account for these changes. Despite this, the spectrum of etiologies can be categorized into underlying parenchymal, airway, and vascular-related entities. The purpose of this review is to provide a practical diagnostic algorithmic approach to pulmonary hyperlucencies incorporating clinical history and characteristic imaging patterns to narrow the differential.

The Safety and Utility of Phenobarbital Use for the Treatment of Severe Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome in the Medical Intensive Care Unit.

BACKGROUND: Alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) is a common reason for admission to a medical intensive care unit (MICU) and requires significant hospital resource utilization. Benzodiazepines are first-line therapy for AWS in many intensive care units. We propose the use of symptom-triggered phenobarbital for the treatment of AWS as a safe alternative to benzodiazepines. METHODS: This was a retrospective observational study of a 4-year period, 2011 to 2015, of all patients with AWS admitted to the MICU of 1 tertiary care hospital and treated with phenobarbital. A symptom-triggered protocol was used. Resolution of AWS was assessed with the Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale to goal score of 0 to -1. The Charlson Comorbidity Index was used as an index of patient illness severity. Complications associated with phenobarbital use and/or the AWS admission were analyzed. RESULTS: Data of 86 AWS patient encounters were analyzed. The mean Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol-Revised score of patients admitted to the MICU with AWS was 19 ± 9. The mean phenobarbital dose administered during the MICU stay was 1977.5 ± 1531.5 mg. There were a total of 17 (20%) intubations. The most frequent cause of mechanical ventilation in patients with AWS was loss of airway clearance, followed by hemodynamic instability secondary to upper gastrointestinal bleeding and the corresponding need for endoscopy. CONCLUSIONS: Sole use of phenobarbital use for control of AWS may be a safe alternative to benzodiazepines. Further study is needed to correlate phenobarbital serum levels with clinical control of AWS.

Steroids: A Wake-Up Call in TBI Induced Hypersomnolence.

ABSTRACT: Hypersomnolence is one of the more common symptoms reported after mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) and often one of the most difficult to treat. This case series presents a cohort of patients with TBI related hypersomnolence associated with a de novo autoimmune process that successfully resolved with pulse dose corticosteroid treatment. When associated with an autoimmune inflammatory process, corticosteroids may serve to stabilize the blood brain barrier leading to the successful and sustained resolution of TBI induced sleepiness.

Sarcoidosis presenting as Wallenberg syndrome and panuveitis.

Sarcoidosis is a multi-system disease with neurological involvement being one of the more rare manifestations. We report a case of a patient who presented with the lateral medullary syndrome and panuveitis as her initial manifestation of sarcoidosis. The patient's course was further complicated by renal involvement. Lacrimal gland and renal biopsies showed noncaseating granulomas without evidence of infection, establishing the diagnosis. Intracranial vertebral artery involvement was confirmed by brain imaging. Bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy with upper lobe predominant nodules on chest imaging was consistent with asymptomatic pulmonary involvement. Systemic steroid therapy is indicated for treatment of ocular sarcoidosis, with standard stroke management indicated for the treatment of lateral medullary syndrome.

The effect of point-of-care ultrasonography on imaging studies in the medical ICU: a comparative study.

BACKGROUND: Point-of-care ultrasonography performed by frontline intensivists offers the possibility of reducing the use of traditional imaging in the medical ICU (MICU). We compared the use of traditional radiographic studies between two MICUs: one where point-of-care ultrasonography is used as a primary imaging modality, the other where it is used only for procedure guidance. METHODS: This study was a retrospective 3-month chart review comparing the use of chest radiographs, CT scans (chest and abdomen/pelvis), transthoracic echocardiography performed by the cardiology service, and DVT ultrasonography studies performed by the radiology service between two MICUs of similar size and acuity and staffing levels. RESULTS: Total number of admissions, patient demographics, and disease acuity were similar between MICUs. Comparing the non-point-of-care ultrasonography MICU with the point-of-care ultrasonography MICU, there were 3.75 ± 4.6 vs 0.82 ± 1.85 (P < .0001) chest radiographs per patient, 0.10 ± 0.31 vs 0.04 ± 0.20 (P = .0007) chest CT scans per patient, 0.17 ± 0.44 vs 0.05 ± 0.24 (P < .0001) abdomen/pelvis CT scans per patient, 0.20 ± 0.47 vs 0.02 ± 0.14 (P < .0001) radiology service-performed DVT studies per patient, and 0.18 ± 0.40 vs 0.07 ± 0.26 (P < .0001) cardiology service-performed transthoracic echocardiography studies per patient, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The use of point-of-care ultrasonography in an MICU is associated with a significant reduction in the number of imaging studies performed by the radiology and cardiology services.