Protein kinase C-associated kinase is required for NF-kappaB signaling and survival in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cells.

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive and the most common type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Despite recent advances in treatment, less than 50% of the patients are cured with current multiagent chemotherapy. Abnormal NF-kappaB activity not only contributes to tumor development but also renders cancer cells resistant to chemotherapeutic agents. Identifying and targeting signaling molecules that control NF-kappaB activation in cancer cells may thus yield more effective therapy for DLBCL. Here, we show that while overexpression of protein kinase C-associated kinase (PKK) activates NF-kappaB signaling in DLBCL cells, suppression of PKK expression inhibits NF-kappaB activity in these cells. In addition, we show that NF-kappaB activation induced by B cell-activating factor of tumor necrosis factor family (BAFF) in DLBCL cells requires PKK. Importantly, we show that knockdown of PKK impairs the survival of DLBCL cells in vitro and inhibits tumor growth of xenografted DLBCL cells in mice. Suppression of PKK expression also sensitizes DLBCL cells to treatment with chemotherapeutic agents. Together, these results indicate that PKK plays a pivotal role in the survival of human DLBCL cells and represents a potential target for DLBCL therapy.

Tight regulation of SpSoxB factors is required for patterning and morphogenesis in sea urchin embryos.

Previous studies in sea urchin embryos have demonstrated that nuclearization of beta-catenin is essential for initial steps in the specification of endoderm and mesenchyme, which are derived from vegetal blastomeres. This process begins at the 4th and extends through the 9th cleavage stage, an interval in which the SpSoxB1 transcription regulator is downregulated by beta-catenin-dependent gene products that include the transcription repressor SpKrl. These observations raise the possibility that SpSoxB1 removal is required to allow vegetal development to proceed. Here we show that elevated and ectopic expression of this factor suppresses differentiation of all vegetal cell types, a phenotype that is very similar to that caused by the suppression of beta-catenin nuclear function by cadherin overexpression. Suppression of vegetal fates involves interference at the protein-protein level because a mutation of SpSoxB1 that prevents its binding to DNA does not significantly reduce this activity. Reduction in SpSoxB1 level results in elevated TCF/Lef-beta-catenin-dependent expression of a luciferase reporter gene in vivo, indicating that in the normal embryo this protein suppresses the primary vegetal signaling mechanism that is required for specification of mesenchyme and endoderm. Surprisingly, normal expression of SpSoxB1 is required for gastrulation and endoderm differentiation, as shown by both morpholino-mediated translational interference and expression of a dominant negative protein. Similar gain-of-function and loss-of-function assays of a closely related factor, SpSoxB2, demonstrate that it, too, is required for gastrulation and that its overexpression can suppress vegetal development. However, significant phenotypic differences are apparent in the two perturbations, indicating that SpSoxB1 and SpSoxB2 have at least some distinct developmental functions. The results of all these studies support a model in which the concentration of SpSoxB factors must be tightly regulated along the animal-vegetal axis of the early sea urchin embryo to allow beta-catenin-dependent specification of endoderm and mesenchyme cell fates as well as to activate target genes required for gastrulation.