Comparative Evaluation of Creatinine and Cystatin C Derived Glomerular Filtration Rate Methods in Hiv Patients on Therapy and Healthy Controls.

BACKGROUND: Antiretroviral drugs are associated with adverse effects including chronic kidney disease. The onset of chronic kidney disease manifests with mild reduction in GFR. Early detection of chronic kidney disease is integral component of clinical medicine with major effect on disease labeling, intervention and drug dosing. METHODS: We determined the serum creatinine and cystatin-c levels of 55 HIV patients on one year ART, 55 HIV patients on three years ART and 54 apparently healthy controls using colorimetric and immunoturbidimetric methods respectively. Glomerular filtration rates (GFRs) were calculated from serum creatinine and cystatin-c levels with Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equations. RESULTS: The mean±SD GFR derived from serum creatinine (ml/min/1.73m2) were 110.55±14.34, 106.35±19.25 and 121.63±13.88 for HIV patients on one year, three years ART and healthy controls respectively. GFR derived from cystatin-c (ml/min/1.73m2) were 90.96±13.53, 87.27±14.16 and 108.61±12.07 for HIV patients on one year, three years ART and healthy subjects respectively. GFRcreat was higher when compared with GFRcyst in each group (p=0.01). No significant association was seen between body mass index (BMI) and GFRcyst in patients (p= 0.720) and controls (p=0.760). Binary logistic regression analysis for sensitivity between patients and controls showed odd ratios (0.95 and 1.03) for GFRcreat and (1.04 and 0.99) for GFRcyst in group 1 and 2 respectively. CONCLUSION: Rather than creatinine, GFR derived from serum cystatin-c might be an ideal renal function estimate for this population of Nigerians for sensitivity and non dependence on age and BMI.

CONTEXTE: Les médicaments antirétroviraux sont associés à des effets indésirables dont la maladie rénale chronique. L'apparition de la maladie rénale chronique se manifeste par une légère réduction du DFG. La détection précoce de la maladie rénale chronique fait partie intégrante de la médecine clinique et a un effet majeur sur l'étiquetage de la maladie, l'intervention et le dosage des médicaments. MÉTHODES: Nous avons déterminé les taux de créatinine et de cystatine-c sériques de 55 patients VIH sous traitement antirétroviral pendant un an, 55 patients VIH sous traitement antirétroviral pendant trois ans et 54 témoins apparemment sains, en utilisant respectivement les méthodes colorimétrique et méthodes colorimétriques et immunoturbidimétriques respectivement. Les taux de filtration glomérulaire (GFR) ont été calculés à partir des taux de créatinine sérique et de cystatine-c avec les équations de la Collaboration pour l'épidémiologie de la maladie rénale chronique (CKD-EPI). RÉSULTATS: Le DFG moyen±SD dérivé de la créatinine sérique (ml/min/1,73m2) étaient de 110,55±14,34, 106,35±19,25 et 121,63±13,88 pour les patients séropositifs sous TAR d'un an, de trois ans et les contrôles sains respectivement. Le DFG dérivé de la cystatine-c (ml/min/1,73m2) étaient de 90,96±13,53, 87,27±14,16 et 108,61±12,07 pour les patients séropositifs sous TAR d'un an, de trois ans et les sujets sains respectivement. Le DFGcreat était plus élevé que le DFGcyst dans chaque groupe (p=0,01). Aucune association significative n'a été observée entre l'indice de masse corporelle (IMC) et le DFGcyst chez les patients (p=0,720) et les contrôles (p=0,760). L'analyse de régression logistique binaire pour la sensibilité entre les patients et les contrôles a montré des rapports impairs (0,95 et 1,03) pour le GFRcreat et (1,04 et 0,99) pour GFRcyst dans les groupes 1 et 2, respectivement. CONCLUSION: Le DFG dérivé de la cystatine-c sérique, plutôt que de la créatinine, pourrait être une mesure idéale du DFG. cystatine-c sérique pourrait être une estimation idéale de la fonction rénale pour cette population de Nigérians en termes de sensibilité et de non dépendance à l'âge et à l'IMC. MOTS CLÉS: ART, Créatinine, Cystatine-c, DFG, VIH.

Lipid, lipoproteins, total antioxidant status and organ changes in rats administered high doses of cadmium chloride.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the possible association between cadmium (Cd) exposure and alterations in plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels and total antioxidant status (TAS) in rats. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Twenty male albino rats assigned to 2 groups of 10 rats each (test and control) were used for the study. Each test animal model was given 1.0 mg CdCl(2)/kg body weight, administered intraperitoneally for 4 weeks. Blood samples obtained from both groups at the beginning (baseline) and after 4 weeks of Cd exposure were analysed for triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC), TAS and Cd. Kidney and liver sections from the rats were examined. RESULTS: The plasma TG, TC and LDLC levels were significantly higher in exposed rats than controls (p < 0.0001, p < 0.0001 and p < 0.001, respectively). Plasma HDLC was reduced in the exposed rats compared to controls (0.41 ± 0.22 and 0.68 ± 0.14 mmol/l, respectively). CONCLUSION: The observed dyslipidaemia and decrease in TAS could be due to increased free radical production causing oxidative stress. Damage to liver and kidney sections in the exposed group suggests that Cd toxicity results in detrimental histological changes and may be implicated in the aetiology of cerebrovascular diseases.

Assessment of some renal indices in people occupationally exposed to lead.

Exposure to lead has been reported to have adverse health implications. An assessment of renal function in people occupationally exposed to lead was carried out using the following biochemical markers urea, creatinine, sodium, potassium, chloride and bicarbonate. A total of 53 test subjects (mean age 30.9 ± 7.7) were randomly selected among some workers occupationally exposed to lead in Osogbo city and 42 apparently healthy subjects (mean age 30.1 ± 1.2) were used as controls. The plasma urea, creatinine, chloride and bicarbonate concentration were determined using modified Berthelot method, Jaffe's reaction, Schales and Schales method and back titration methods, respectively. The plasma sodium and potassium concentrations were determined using flame emission spectrophotometry while blood lead level was also determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The result showed significant increases in mean plasma concentration of creatinine (84.9 ± 13.6-97.4 ± 28.7 µmol/L), sodium (131.9 ± 3.9-134.8 ± 3.7 mmol/L) and chloride (98.2 ± 4.0-100.4 ± 3.9 mmol/L) in test subjects when compared with controls (p < 0.05). Furthermore, significant increases (p < 0.01) were observed in mean plasma concentration of urea (4.7 ± 1.2-5.7 ± 1.3 mmol/L) and blood lead levels (18.5 ± 3.5-69.7 ± 13.2 mg/L) in test subjects in comparison with controls. In contrast, there were no significant differences observed when mean plasma potassium and bicarbonate levels in test subjects were compared with controls (p > 0.05). These results indicate that occupational exposure to lead may compromise renal function.

Changes in Testes Lipid Profile in Rats Fed on Thermally-Oxidized Soya bean Oil-Based Diets

The effect of thermally-oxidized soyabean oil-based diets on the lipid profile of the testes of rats was studied. For 35 days; two groups of male weanling rats were fed a basal diet containing unoxidised and oxidized soyabean oil. Rats fed the thermally oxidized soyabean oil diets displayed typical signs of essential fatty acids (EFA) deficiency and had their testes weights reduced to about 81 of fats fed unoxidised soyabean oil diets. There was a significant decrease (p0.05) in phosphatidylcholine and diphosphatidylglycerol content and increase in cholesterol (p0.005) content of the testes of rats fed oxidized soyabean oil-based diet compared to those fed unoxidised oil diets

Effects of Tea Consumption on Plasma Lipids and Lipoproteins in Apparently Healthy Individuals

Possible alterations in total plasma cholesterol; triglyceride; HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol concentrations were studied in forty healthy human subjects (twenty-two males and eighteen adult females) after twenty eight days of tea consumption. A commercial brand of tea preparation was drunk by each of the subjects and they were made to take two standard cups (4.0g) of tea infusion per day. The result showed a significant decrease in mean HDL-cholesterol and increase in LDL-cholesterol concentrations compared with the mean control values. The mean total cholesterol was statistically unchanged. When the subjects were grouped into males and females; the mean LDL-C concentration was significantly elevated in both male and female groups while the mean HDL-C and triglyceride levels only in female subjects when compared with the corresponding control group. The difference observed in the value of the mean total cholesterol was not statistically significant in individual male and female groups.Findings from this study suggest that tea consumption could affect the metabolism of atherogenic lipid fractions and may thus be important in the aetiology of coronary heart disease