Migration among individuals with leprosy: a population-based study in central Brazil.

This study investigates social and clinical factors associated with migration among individuals affected by leprosy. A cross-sectional study was conducted among those newly diagnosed with leprosy (2006-2008), in 79 endemic municipalities in the state of Tocantins, Brazil (N = 1,074). In total, 76.2% were born in a municipality different from their current residence. In the five years before diagnosis 16.7% migrated, and 3.6% migrated after leprosy diagnosis. Findings reflect aspects associated with historical rural-urban population movement in Brazil. Indicators of poverty were prominent among before-diagnosis migrants but not after-diagnosis migrants. Migration after diagnosis was associated with prior migration. The association of multibacillary leprosy with migration indicates healthcare access may be an obstacle to early diagnosis among before-diagnosis migrants, which may also be related to the high mobility of this group.

Migration among individuals with leprosy: a population-based study in Central Brazil / Migração entre pessoas com hanseníase: estudo de base populacional no Centro-Oeste do Brasil / La migración entre personas con lepra: un estudio basado en la población en el centro de Brasil

This study investigates social and clinical factors associated with migration among individuals affected by leprosy. A cross-sectional study was conducted among those newly diagnosed with leprosy (2006-2008), in 79 endemic municipalities in the state of Tocantins, Brazil (N = 1,074). In total, 76.2% were born in a municipality different from their current residence. In the five years before diagnosis 16.7% migrated, and 3.6% migrated after leprosy diagnosis. Findings reflect aspects associated with historical rural-urban population movement in Brazil. Indicators of poverty were prominent among before-diagnosis migrants but not after-diagnosis migrants. Migration after diagnosis was associated with prior migration. The association of multibacillary leprosy with migration indicates healthcare access may be an obstacle to early diagnosis among before-diagnosis migrants, which may also be related to the high mobility of this group.

Este estudo investiga fatores sociais e clínicos associados à migração entre pessoas afetadas pela hanseníase. Estudo transversal entre recém- diagnosticados com hanseníase (2006-2008), em 79 municípios endêmicos do Estado de Tocantins, Brasil (N = 1.074). No total, 76,2% nasceram em município diferente de sua residência atual. Nos cinco anos antes do diagnóstico, 16,7% migraram, e 3,6% migraram após o diagnóstico da hanseníase. Resultados refletem aspectos associados com o movimento histórico da população rural-urbana no Brasil. Indicadores de pobreza foram proeminentes antes do diagnóstico de migrantes. A migração após o diagnóstico foi associada com migração anterior. A associação da forma multibacilar com migração indica que o acesso à saúde pode ser um obstáculo para o diagnóstico precoce de migrantes, o que pode também estar relacionado com a elevada mobilidade desse grupo.

Este estudio investiga los factores sociales y clínicos asociados con la migración entre las personas afectadas por lepra. Un estudio transversal se llevó a cabo entre las personas recién diagnosticadas con lepra (2006-2008), en 79 municipios endémicos en el estado de Tocantins, Brasil (N = 1,074). En total, el 76,2% nacieron en otro municipio diferente a su residencia actual. En los cinco años antes del diagnóstico el 16,7% emigró, y el 3,6% migró después del diagnóstico de lepra. Los resultados reflejan aspectos relacionados con el movimiento histórico de la población rural-urbana en Brasil. Los indicadores de pobreza fueron sobresalientes entre el grupo de migrantes antes del diagnóstico. La migración tras el diagnóstico se asoció a una migración anterior. La asociación de lepra multibacilar con migración indica que el acceso a la atención médica puede ser un obstáculo para el diagnóstico temprano en el grupo de migrantes antes de la migración.

Motives and determinants for residence change after leprosy diagnosis, central Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the extent of population movement after diagnosis with leprosy and to describe the underlying motives and determinants for relocation. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study was conducted among those newly diagnosed with leprosy in 79 endemic municipalities in the state of Tocantins, central Brazil. Individuals were identified through the National Information System for Notifiable Diseases (SINAN) database and interviewed with structured questionnaires. RESULTS: In total, 224 (20.9%) out of 1070 individuals relocated after their diagnosis with leprosy. Respondents moved to another neighbourhood in the same municipality (n = 178, 79.5%), followed by another municipality in Tocantins state (n = 26, 11.6%) and in another state (n = 11, 4.9%). The primary motives and/or determinants for relocation were: home ownership (n = 55, 28.4%), familial reasons (n = 43, 19.2%), to seek better living conditions (n = 27, 13.9%), employment (n = 26, 11.6%), and better neighbourhood (n = 22, 9.8%). Other motives were related to better access to leprosy diagnosis/treatment (n = 11, 4.9%), owner-terminated rental (n = 5, 2.2%), personal finances/could not afford housing (n = 4, 1.8%). Perceived stigma due to leprosy was mentioned by one participant (0.5%). CONCLUSION: In Tocantins state, population movement is lower among individuals recently diagnosed with leprosy, as compared to the overall population. The primary motives for relocation after leprosy diagnosis were related to lifestyle changes. Stigma and treatment-related reasons did not appear to be common motives for population movement. These results may reflect policy changes instituted from the Brazilian Program of Leprosy Control to decentralise leprosy services and intensify health education campaigns within a broader concept of Information, Education and Communication.

Interruption and defaulting of multidrug therapy against leprosy: population-based study in Brazil's Savannah Region.

BACKGROUND: Low adherence to multidrug therapy against leprosy (MDT) is still an important obstacle of disease control, and may lead to remaining sources of infection, incomplete cure, irreversible complications, and multidrug resistance. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDING: We performed a population-based study in 78 municipalities in Tocantins State, central Brazil, and applied structured questionnaires on leprosy-affected individuals. We used two outcomes for assessment of risk factors: defaulting (not presenting to health care center for supervised treatment for >12 months); and interruption of MDT. In total, 28/936 (3.0%) patients defaulted, and 147/806 (18.2%) interrupted MDT. Defaulting was significantly associated with: low number of rooms per household (OR = 3.43; 0.98-9.69; p = 0.03); moving to another residence after diagnosis (OR = 2.90; 0.95-5.28; p = 0.04); and low family income (OR = 2.42; 1.02-5.63: p = 0.04). Interruption of treatment was associated with: low number of rooms per household (OR = 1.95; 0.98-3.70; p = 0.04); difficulty in swallowing MDT drugs (OR = 1.66; 1.03-2.63; p = 0.02); temporal non-availability of MDT at the health center (OR = 1.67; 1.11-2.46; p = 0.01); and moving to another residence (OR = 1.58; 95% confidence interval: 1.03-2.40; p = 0.03). Logistic regression identified temporal non-availability of MDT as an independent risk factor for treatment interruption (adjusted OR = 1.56; 1.05-2.33; p = 0.03), and residence size as a protective factor (adjusted OR = 0.89 per additional number of rooms; 0.80-0.99; p = 0.03). Residence size was also independently associated with defaulting (adjusted OR = 0.67; 0.52-0.88; p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Defaulting and interruption of MDT are associated with some poverty-related variables such as family income, household size, and migration. Intermittent problems of drug supply need to be resolved, mainly on the municipality level. MDT producers should consider oral drug formulations that may be more easily accepted by patients. Thus, an integrated approach is needed for further improving control, focusing on vulnerable population groups and the local health system.