Assessing the potential cross-reactivity using a commercial heartworm ELISA kits of serum from dogs naturally infected with Onchocerca lupi.

Onchocerca lupi is an emerging zoonotic parasite of dogs, endemic to the southwestern USA and areas of the Old World. Currently, there are no specific serological diagnostic tests able to detect O. lupi infection. Recent literature has demonstrated that commercially available heartworm antigen tests, despite being highly sensitive, may cross-react with infections by other filarid nematodes. There is no information on potential cross-reactivity of such tests in serum of dogs infected with O. lupi. Our objective was to assess serum samples of dogs naturally-infected with O. lupi for potential cross-reactivity before and after heat-treatment using a commercial heartworm ELISA kit. We obtained serum from 23 dogs naturally-infected with O. lupi. These dogs presented with ocular disease, and were consulted to schedule either surgical removal of ocular nodules due to infection or enucleation. Samples were tested in triplicate using the DiroCHEK® Heartworm Antigen Test kit (Synbiotics Corporation, Zoetis, Kalamazoo, MI, USA) following the manufacturers' protocol pre- and post-heat-treatment. Samples were heat-treated using a dry heat block at 103 °C for 10 min and then centrifuged at 1818×g for 20 min. Out of a total of 23 dogs, 19 (82.6 %) had no antigen detected regardless of heat-treatment, three dogs tested positive before and after heat-treatment, and a single dog turned positive after heat-treatment. These three dogs that were positive before and after heat-treatment were confirmedly co-infected with Dirofilaria immitis by the veterinarians responsible for these cases, and we were unable to get the history or follow up with the dog that turned positive post-heat-treatment only. Our data suggest that O. lupi infections should not result in false-positives when using the DiroCHEK® in dog serum, before or after heat-treatment. Dogs with clinical ocular onchocercosis that test antigen-positive in DiroCHEK® are likely co-infected with D. immitis, and should be further tested, including evaluation of microfilariae in blood and diagnostic imaging. If heartworm infection is confirmed, the animals should be enrolled in the recommended treatment protocol in accordance to the guidelines of the American Heartworm Society or other local organizations.

Frequency of anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies in dogs and wild small mammals from rural properties and conservation units in southern Brazil.

Leptospirosis is a disease of worldwide distribution that affects man and several animal species. Domestic and wild animals can behave as reservoirs of the agent. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies in dogs and wild small mammals from rural properties and conservation units of three municipalities of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Sera were collected from 192 domestic dogs and 132 small mammals, namely rodents of the Cricetidae and Caviidae families and marsupials of the Didelphidae family. The study used Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) against 23 serovars of Leptospira spp. Overall, 9.90% (19/192) dogs, and 1.51% (2/132) small mammals were seropositive. Leptospira interrogans serovar Australis was the most frequent serovar in dogs and antibodies against L. interrogans serovar Pomona were detected in a dog and a small mammal belonging to the same municipality. We conclude that in the regions studied the frequency of seropositivity in dogs is low, and leptospires do not seem to be circulating in small mammals, yet, further research is necessary to assess the real role that these animals may have for leptospirosis in the studied areas. This is the first serological survey in small mammals, including wild rodents, in the area that encompasses conservation units of great importance to Rio Grande do Sul state.

Clinical and Pathological Aspects of Canine Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: A Meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: In the present study, we described the most prevalent clinical symptoms, the most affected organs, and the macro and microscopic lesions associated with cutaneous leishmaniasis. METHODS: Two independent researchers performed an extensive systematic review of the literature in four stages (identification, screening, eligibility, and inclusion) to identify studies published between January 2002 and November 2018 from the following electronic databases: Web of Science, PubMed, SciELO, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. Meta-analysis was conducted in "Metaprop" package of R 3.4.2 software. RESULTS: The electronic search yielded 3896 results, out of which 155 were further analyzed based on the full-text. Data extracted from 16 articles were included in the meta-analysis, representing a total of 430 leishmaniasis cases. Only 43% of all animals were identified to exhibit the clinical and cutaneous changes characteristic of leishmaniasis based on the observation that skin lesions were the most prevalent clinical sign and were present in 86% of all cases. Other less prevalent symptoms included weight loss, cachexia, apathy and lymph node enlargement. Histopathological analysis showed that the skin was the most affected organ, affecting 64% of cases, followed by lymph nodes (12%), spleen (8%) and liver (7%). CONCLUSIONS: Therefore, our current findings suggest that cutaneous leishmaniasis could lead to visceral disease. Notably, our findings indicated no clinical manifestation patterns in cutaneous leishmaniasis, since the same host species may present different clinical conditions.

Litomosoides silvai (Nematoda: Onchocercidae) parasitizing Akodon montensis (Rodentia: Cricetidae) in the southern region of Brazil / Litomosoides silvai (Nematoda: Onchocercidae) parasitando Akodon montensis (Rodentia: Cricetidae) na região Sul do Brasil

Abstract In the present study, Litomosoides silvai parasitizing Akodon montensis in the southern region of Brazil is reported for the first time. New morphological information is provided for some structures of this nematode species, such as a flattened cephalic extremity, presence of two dorsal cephalic papillae, female tail with a constriction at its tip, "s" shaped vagina, spicules characteristic of the carinii species group and microfilaria tail constricted at the tip. This nematode was found parasitizing the thoracic cavity with a prevalence of 10% (2/20), mean intensity of 4 (6/2), mean abundance of 0.4 (8/20) and range of infection of 2-6 specimens per host, in southern Brazil. This occurrence of L. silvai in A. montensis is a new geographical record for southern Brazil, in the Upper Paraná Atlantic Forest ecoregion of the northwestern region of Rio Grande do Sul, which is part of the Atlantic Forest biome.

Resumo No presente estudo é relatado pela primeira vez Litomosoides silvai parasitando Akodon montensis coletados na região Sul do Brasil. Foram fornecidas novas informações morfológicas para algumas estruturas desta espécie de nematódeo, tais como extremidade cefálica achatada, a presença de duas papilas cefálicas dorsais, cauda das fêmeas com uma constrição na ponta da cauda, vagina em forma de "s", espículas de característica do grupo de espécies de carinii e cauda da microfilária com constrição na ponta. Este nematódeo parasitava a cavidade torácica com uma prevalência de 10% (2/20), intensidade média de 4 (8/2) e abundância média de 0,4 (8/20), e intervalo de infecção de 2-6 espécimes por hospedeiro no Sul do Brasil. A ocorrência de L. silvai em A. montensis é um novo registro geográfico, no sul do Brasil, a noroeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, na ecorregião da Mata Atlântica do Alto Paraná, parte do bioma da Mata Atlântica.

Litomosoides silvai (Nematoda: Onchocercidae) parasitizing Akodon montensis (Rodentia: Cricetidae) in the southern region of Brazil.

In the present study, Litomosoides silvai parasitizing Akodon montensis in the southern region of Brazil is reported for the first time. New morphological information is provided for some structures of this nematode species, such as a flattened cephalic extremity, presence of two dorsal cephalic papillae, female tail with a constriction at its tip, "s" shaped vagina, spicules characteristic of the carinii species group and microfilaria tail constricted at the tip. This nematode was found parasitizing the thoracic cavity with a prevalence of 10% (2/20), mean intensity of 4 (6/2), mean abundance of 0.4 (8/20) and range of infection of 2-6 specimens per host, in southern Brazil. This occurrence of L. silvai in A. montensis is a new geographical record for southern Brazil, in the Upper Paraná Atlantic Forest ecoregion of the northwestern region of Rio Grande do Sul, which is part of the Atlantic Forest biome.

Detecção de anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii em felinos domésticos / Detection of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in domestic felines

A toxoplasmose é uma protozoonose que acomete uma variedade de animais de sangue quente e tem como agente etológico o protozoário Toxoplasma gondii, parasito intracelular obrigatório. Dentre a grande diversidade de animais susceptíveis, os felinos têm um importante papel na disseminação da infecção pelo T. gondii, pois são os únicos hospedeiros definitivos do parasito. Com o objetivo de verificar a ocorrência do T. gondii em gatos domésticos da microrregião de Santa Maria/RS, Brasil, foram coletadas 180 amostras de soros de felinos atendidos no Hospital Veterinário Universitário da UFSM. Estas amostras foram avaliadas no Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias para detecção de anticorpos anti-T. gondii pela técnica de imunofluorescência indireta (IFI). Das 180 amostras analisadas, 39 (21,6 %) apresentaram anticorpos anti-T. gondii com títulos iguais ou superiores a 64. Os resultados demonstram a alta prevalência de felinos anticorpos positivos, o que sugere a participação destes animais na contaminação ambiental, indicando a importância destes na epidemiologia da doença.

Toxoplasmosis is a protozoiasis that affects a variety of warm-blooded animals and its etiologic agentis the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii, an obligatory intracellular parasite. Among the great diversity ofsusceptible animals, felines have an important role in the dissemination of T. gondii infection becausethey are the unique definitive hosts of this parasite. In order to verify the occurrence of T. gondii infectionin domestic cats in micro-Santa Maria, RS-Brazil, 180 serum samples were collected from cats examinedat the Veterinary Teaching Hospital - UFSM. These samples were tested in the Laboratory of ParasiticDiseases for detecting anti-T. gondii antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IIF ) . Of 180samples, in 39 (21.6 %) were detected anti-T. gondii antibodies, reactive in titers equal or higher than 64.This study demonstrates the high prevalence of antibody-positive felines, suggesting the participation ofthese animals in environmental contamination, and indicates their importance in the epidemiology of thedisease.

Detection of anti: Rickettsia spp. antibodies in domestic chickens of extensive breeding in an endemic area for spotted fever in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil / Detecção de anticorpos anti: Rickettsia spp. em galinhas domésticas de criação extensiva em uma área endêmica para febre maculosa no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

The goal of this study was to investigate anti-Rickettsia spp. antibodies in sera of domestic chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) of extensive breeding in Cerro Largo county, considered an endemic area for spotted fever in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Three hundred blood samples were collected and anti-Rickettsia spp. antibodies were evaluated by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) in the sera obtained. The occurrence of anti-Rickettsia spp. antibodies detected in this study was 1.33% (4/300), with endpoint titers ranging from 64 to 256 for Rickettsia rickettsiii, R. parkeri and/or R. bellii. The results suggest these domestic chickens do not participate as a reservoir and/or amplifying host in the epidemiology of spotted fever in that endemic area. The present study consists in the first serological survey in Gallus gallus domesticus to Rickettsiae-spotted fever group in Brazil.

Este estudo teve como objetivo pesquisar anticorpos anti-Rickettsia spp. em soros de galinhas domésticas (Gallus gallus domesticus) de criação extensiva, provenientes de área considerada endêmica para febre maculosa no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Foram coletadas 300 amostras de sangue e os soros obtidos foram testados para anticorpos anti-Rickettsia spp. pela Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta (RIFI). A ocorrência de anticorpos anti-Rickettsia spp. observada foi de 1,33% (4/300), com títulos variando de 64 a 256 para Rickettsia rickettsii, Rickettsia parkeri e/ou Rickettsia bellii. Os resultados sugerem que essas galinhas domésticas não participam como reservatório e/ou hospedeiro amplificador na epidemiologia da febre maculosa na área endêmica. O presente estudo consiste na primeira pesquisa sorológica em Gallus gallus domesticus para rickettsia do grupo da febre maculosa no Brasil.

Detecção de ácidos nucleicos em tecidos de gerbils submetidos à infecção aguda por Neospora caninum / Detection of nucleic acids in tissues of gerbils submitted to acute infection with Neospora caninum

Neospora caninum é um protozoário de grande importância na pecuária, por determinar problemas reprodutivos principalmente em bovinos. Os gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) podem atuar como modelos experimentais para reproduzir a neosporose aguda de bovinos. Neste trabalho, foram formados dois grupos de gerbils (n=10), inoculados com taquizoítos de N. caninum (cepa NC-1) nas doses de 5x10(6) taquizoítos ml-1 (G1) ou de 5x10(5) taquizoítos ml-1 (G2), doses capazes de induzir infecção aguda. Cérebro, medula espinhal, coração, pulmão, fígado, rins e baço foram coletados e a técnica de PCR foi realizada a partir das amostras de tecidos e órgãos. Na maioria dos animais, o DNA do N. caninum foi detectado pelo menos em cinco tecidos, considerando ambos os grupos (12/20; 60%). No grupo 1, a frequência de detecção de DNA, na totalidade das amostras, foi maior (52/70; 74,28%) quando comparada ao grupo 2 (38/70; 54,28%). A partir desses resultados, pode-se afirmar que o protozoário replicou eficientemente após inoculação e se disseminou pelos tecidos. Além disso, demonstrou-se que gerbils podem ser utilizados como modelo de infecção aguda pelo N. caninum, apresentando sinais clínicos da neosporose.

Neospora caninum is a protozoan of great importance for livestock, mainly by causing reproductive diseases in cattle. Gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) may be a model to reproduce experimental acute neosporosis of cattle. In this study two groups of gerbils were formed (n=10) and gerbils were inoculated with N. caninum tachyzoites (NC-1 strain) at two different doses appropriate to cause acute neosporosis: 5x10(6) tachyzoites ml-1 (G1) or 5x10(5) tachyzoites ml-1 (G2). Brain, spinal cord, heart, lung, liver, kidneys and spleen were collected and PCR was performed using samples of these tissues and organs. DNA of N. caninum was detected in at least five tissues for most animals (12/20; 60%) considering both groups. In group 1, the frequency of DNA detection, evaluating all samples, was higher (52/70; 74.28%) compared to group 2 (38/70; 54.28%). These results showed that the protozoan replicated efficiently after inoculation spreading by several tissues. Also, was demonstrated that gerbils can be used as model for acute infection with N. caninum showing clinical signs of neosporosis.