Proximal tibial epiphysiodesis in young dog with cranial cruciate ligament deficient stifle / Epifisiodese tibial proximal em cão imaturo com ruptura de ligamento cruzado cranial

Background: Cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture is one of the most common causes of lameness in dogs. It is usually reported to be of traumatic origin in juvenile dogs, associated with hyperextension and excessive internal rotation of the knee joint. Treatment of immature dogs poses a therapeutic dilemma, because various stabilization techniques could prove inadequate for growing animals. Proximal tibial epiphysiodesis has been proposed for the correction of CCL rupture in immature dogs and involves reducing the tibial plateau angle via partial fusion of the proximal tibia. This report aimed to describe the successful treatment of a juvenile dog with CCL rupture using proximal tibial epiphysiodesis.Case: A 5-month-old dog of the American Staffordshire breed presented with a history of claudication in the left pelvic limb since a week after trauma. During physical examination, the dog exhibited a non-weight-bearing lameness and pain on hyperextension of the knee joint; there were no signs of joint effusion. The drawer and cranial tibial thrust tests were positive only with the knee flex, which was confirmed under sedation. The radiograph showed no change in the affected joint and the tibial plateau angle (TPA) was 22. The patient was suggested exploratory arthrotomy. Proximal tibial epiphysiodesis was performed on confirming partial rupture of the CCL. A 3.5 × 30-mm cortica...

A ruptura do ligamento cruzado cranial (LCCr) é uma das causas mais comuns de claudica- ção em cães [6,14]. A lesão ligamentar pode ser de origem aguda, devido a trauma direto ou, na maioria das vezes, devido à degeneração crônica do ligamento [13]. Ainda que grande parte das insuficiências de LCCr ocorram em cães adultos, a ruptura de LCCr é também relatada em cães jovens, muitas vezes associada à avulsão de inserção do ligamento. Estes cães imaturos tornam-se um dilema terapêutico porque muitas técnicas de estabilização podem ser inadequadas para animais em crescimento [4]. Efeitos positivos produzidos pela osteotomia de nivelamento do platô tibial (TPLO) em rupturas de LCCr foram demonstrados [1,12,17]. No entanto, devido à abertura da placa de crescimento, a TPLO não é indicada em cães imaturos. A técnica de osteotomia em cunha da tíbia (TWO) reduz o ângulo do platô tibial (APT) quando aplicada distal a placa de crescimento de cães imaturos, porém, é um procedimento bastante invasivo e com complicações pós-operatórias relatadas [11]. A técnica de epifisiodese proximal da tíbia foi descrita como terapia para a correção da ruptura de LCCr em cães imaturos, com redução do platô tibial através da fusão parcial da tíbia proximal [16]. O objetivo deste relato é descrever o tratamento bem sucedido de um cão jovem com ruptura de LCCr tratado com a técnica de epifisiodese tibial...

Proximal tibial epiphysiodesis in young dog with cranial cruciate ligament deficient stifle / Epifisiodese tibial proximal em cão imaturo com ruptura de ligamento cruzado cranial

Background: Cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture is one of the most common causes of lameness in dogs. It is usually reported to be of traumatic origin in juvenile dogs, associated with hyperextension and excessive internal rotation of the knee joint. Treatment of immature dogs poses a therapeutic dilemma, because various stabilization techniques could prove inadequate for growing animals. Proximal tibial epiphysiodesis has been proposed for the correction of CCL rupture in immature dogs and involves reducing the tibial plateau angle via partial fusion of the proximal tibia. This report aimed to describe the successful treatment of a juvenile dog with CCL rupture using proximal tibial epiphysiodesis.Case: A 5-month-old dog of the American Staffordshire breed presented with a history of claudication in the left pelvic limb since a week after trauma. During physical examination, the dog exhibited a non-weight-bearing lameness and pain on hyperextension of the knee joint; there were no signs of joint effusion. The drawer and cranial tibial thrust tests were positive only with the knee flex, which was confirmed under sedation. The radiograph showed no change in the affected joint and the tibial plateau angle (TPA) was 22. The patient was suggested exploratory arthrotomy. Proximal tibial epiphysiodesis was performed on confirming partial rupture of the CCL. A 3.5 × 30-mm cortica...(AU)

A ruptura do ligamento cruzado cranial (LCCr) é uma das causas mais comuns de claudica- ção em cães [6,14]. A lesão ligamentar pode ser de origem aguda, devido a trauma direto ou, na maioria das vezes, devido à degeneração crônica do ligamento [13]. Ainda que grande parte das insuficiências de LCCr ocorram em cães adultos, a ruptura de LCCr é também relatada em cães jovens, muitas vezes associada à avulsão de inserção do ligamento. Estes cães imaturos tornam-se um dilema terapêutico porque muitas técnicas de estabilização podem ser inadequadas para animais em crescimento [4]. Efeitos positivos produzidos pela osteotomia de nivelamento do platô tibial (TPLO) em rupturas de LCCr foram demonstrados [1,12,17]. No entanto, devido à abertura da placa de crescimento, a TPLO não é indicada em cães imaturos. A técnica de osteotomia em cunha da tíbia (TWO) reduz o ângulo do platô tibial (APT) quando aplicada distal a placa de crescimento de cães imaturos, porém, é um procedimento bastante invasivo e com complicações pós-operatórias relatadas [11]. A técnica de epifisiodese proximal da tíbia foi descrita como terapia para a correção da ruptura de LCCr em cães imaturos, com redução do platô tibial através da fusão parcial da tíbia proximal [16]. O objetivo deste relato é descrever o tratamento bem sucedido de um cão jovem com ruptura de LCCr tratado com a técnica de epifisiodese tibial...(AU)

Ectopia ureteral bilateral em cadelas: diagnóstico, tratamento cirúrgico e evolução clínica / Bilateral Ureteral Ectopia in Female Dogs: Diagnosis, Surgical Treatment, and Clinical Outcomes

Background: Ectopic ureter is the most common cause of congenital urinary incontinence in dogs. Intramural ectopic ureter occurs when the ureter runs within the urinary bladder wall, while extramural ectopic ureter occurs when the distal ureter is not associated with the bladder wall. Ectopic ureters are diagnosed using different techniques and/or combinations of various imaging studies. Surgical correction is the standard treatment for dogs with an ectopic ureter, and these surgical techniques include neoureterostomy, ureteroneocystostomy, and nephroureterectomy. The aim of this report is to describe two cases of ectopic ureter successfully treated with surgery. Cases: In case 1, a 2-month-old female poodle, weighing 1.3 kg, with urinary incontinence since birth was presented to our veterinary service. Excretory urography revealed an ectopic ureter, and ureteroneocystostomy was performed. Abdominal ultrasonography performed 30 days after surgery revealed left renal pyelectasis and ureteral dilatation. Based on these findings, nephrectomy was performed. In case 2, a 3-month-old Golden Retriever, weighing 13.5 kg, with urinary incontinence since birth was brought to our veterinary service. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed a small left kidney and left ureteral dilation. Laparotomy was performed and revealed bilateral intramural ectopic ureters. Based on these findings, bilateral neoureterostomy was performed. Thirty days after surgery, patient presented with urinary infection that was controlled with antibiotics. Both dogs were continent one year after treatment. Discussion: Imaging results of the urinary tract can be useful in diagnosing ectopic ureter. Image modalities used for detecting ectopic ureter include excretory urography, pneumocystography, vaginography, retrograde urethrography, ultrasonography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. The difference between extra and intramural ureteral ectopia, in some cases, can only be determined during exploratory laparotomy. Surgical complications vary due to several factors, such as whether the ureteral ectopia is uni- or bilateral, intra or extramural, and also the surgical treatment used. Ureteroneocystostomy complications include hydroureter, hydronephrosis, cystitis, transient stenosis, anastomotic dehiscence, persistent dysuria, and loss of normal ureteric peristalsis. Complications of neoureterostomy include persistent dysuria, cystitis, and reflex dyssynergia. Recanalization is a possible cause of postoperative incontinence if the distal ureter is not completely resected. Unilateral hydronephrosis was observed in the first reported case, and nephroureterectomy was performed. A nephroureterectomy is indicated when severe pathologic findings are present, such as severe hydronephrosis, hydroureter, or renal dysplasia and when the contralateral kidney and ureter are functioning normally. In the second case, bacterial cystitis was diagnosed during the post-operative period and was controlled with antibiotic therapy. After surgery, 44­67% of dogs had persistent urinary incontinence. Although residual incontinence can occur after incomplete intramural ureteral remnant or ureteral trough resection, incontinence has also been reported after ureteral reimplantation and nephroureterectomy. Bilateral disease and concurrent urogenital abnormalities often contribute to treatment failure. Therapeutic success was reported in both cases without signs of urinary incontinence one year after surgery.

Plasma rico em plaquetas (PRP) na reparação osteo-articularem pequenos animais Revisão / Platelet-rich plasm a (PRP) in osteo-articular repair in sm all anim als Review

O plasma rico em plaquetas (PRP) é uma terapia endógena, na qual fatores de crescimento (FC) derivadosdas plaquetas do próprio paciente são usados para estimular a regeneração óssea. Embora o PRPtenha se mostrado seguro e eficaz em diversas aplicações terapêuticas, na ortopedia veterinária seu usoé recente, necessitando de mais estudos controlados. Neste artigo são revisadas as bases científicas daatividade biológica do PRP e dos FC e a utilização destes componentes ricos em plaquetas na reparaçãoosteo-articular em pequenos animais.(AU)

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is an endogenous therapy, where growth factors (GF) derived from ownpatients platelets is used to stimulate bone regeneration. Although PRP has been shown safe and effective in various therapeutic applications, its use in veterinary orthopedics is recent, requiring more controlled studies. This article summarized the scientific basis ofbiological activity of the PRP and the GF and the use of platelet-rich components in osteoarticular repairin small animals.(AU)

Plasma rico em plaquetas (PRP) na reparação osteo-articularem pequenos animais – Revisão / Platelet-rich plasm a (PRP) in osteo-articular repair in sm all anim als – Review

O plasma rico em plaquetas (PRP) é uma terapia endógena, na qual fatores de crescimento (FC) derivadosdas plaquetas do próprio paciente são usados para estimular a regeneração óssea. Embora o PRPtenha se mostrado seguro e eficaz em diversas aplicações terapêuticas, na ortopedia veterinária seu usoé recente, necessitando de mais estudos controlados. Neste artigo são revisadas as bases científicas daatividade biológica do PRP e dos FC e a utilização destes componentes ricos em plaquetas na reparaçãoosteo-articular em pequenos animais.

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is an endogenous therapy, where growth factors (GF) derived from ownpatient’s platelets is used to stimulate bone regeneration. Although PRP has been shown safe and effective in various therapeutic applications, its use in veterinary orthopedics is recent, requiring more controlled studies. This article summarized the scientific basis ofbiological activity of the PRP and the GF and the use of platelet-rich components in osteoarticular repairin small animals.

Marsupialização da vesícula urinária em um cão / Urinary bladder m arsupialization in a dog

Relata-se um caso em que a marsupialização temporária da vesícula urinária em decorrência de uma lesãode uretra pélvica foi transformada com eficiência em definitivo. Este paciente teve a uretra lesionadadevido a uma fratura de pelve causada por atropelamento e que foi reparada, mas sem sucesso. Na literaturarevisada, nenhuma publicação foi encontrada em que tenha sido feito acompanhamento por umperíodo superior a dois meses de pós-operatório em cães, após o emprego desta técnica.(AU)

A case of urinary bladder marsupialization was efficiently adopted as a temporary solution for urethralinjury and became the final procedure. This patient had injured the urethra due to a pelvis fracturecaused by a car accident. It was repaired but didn´t work out well. There is no publication describing aperiod exceeding two months post-operative evaluation of this technique in dogs.(AU)

Marsupialização da vesícula urinária em um cão / Urinary bladder m arsupialization in a dog

Relata-se um caso em que a marsupialização temporária da vesícula urinária em decorrência de uma lesãode uretra pélvica foi transformada com eficiência em definitivo. Este paciente teve a uretra lesionadadevido a uma fratura de pelve causada por atropelamento e que foi reparada, mas sem sucesso. Na literaturarevisada, nenhuma publicação foi encontrada em que tenha sido feito acompanhamento por umperíodo superior a dois meses de pós-operatório em cães, após o emprego desta técnica.

A case of urinary bladder marsupialization was efficiently adopted as a temporary solution for urethralinjury and became the final procedure. This patient had injured the urethra due to a pelvis fracturecaused by a car accident. It was repaired but didn´t work out well. There is no publication describing aperiod exceeding two months post-operative evaluation of this technique in dogs.