Sickle cell disease children's gut colonization by extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacterales: an antibiotic prophylaxis effect?

Introduction. Sickle cell disease (SCD) children have a high susceptibility to pneumococcal infection. For this reason, they are routinely immunized with pneumococcal vaccines and use antibiotic prophylaxis (AP).Hypothesis/Gap Statement. Yet, little is known about SCD children's gut microbiota. If antibiotic-resistant Enterobacterales may colonize people on AP, we hypothesized that SCD children on AP are colonized by resistant enterobacteria species.Objective. To evaluate the effect of continuous AP on Enterobacterales gut colonization from children with SCD.Methodology. We analysed 30 faecal swabs from SCD children on AP and 21 swabs from children without the same condition. Enterobacterales was isolated on MacConkey agar plates and identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) (bioMérieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France). We performed the antibiogram by Vitek 2 system (bioMérieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France), and the resistance genes were identified by multiplex PCR.Results. We found four different species with resistance to one or more different antibiotic types in the AP-SCD children's group: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Citrobacter freundii, and Citrobacter farmeri. Colonization by resistant E. coli was associated with AP (prevalence ratio 2.69, 95 % confidence interval [CI], 1.98-3.67, P<0.001). Strains producing extended-spectrum ß-lactamases (ESBL) were identified only in SCD children, E. coli, 4/30 (13 %), and K. pneumoniae, 2/30 (7 %). The ESBL-producing Enterobacterales were associated with penicillin G benzathine use (95 % CI, 22.91-86.71, P<0.001). CTX-M-1 was the most prevalent among ESBL-producers (3/6, 50 %), followed by CTX-M-9 (2/6, 33 %), and CTX-M-2 (1/6, 17 %).Conclusion. Resistant enterobacteria colonize SCD children on AP, and this therapy raises the chance of ESBL-producing Enterobacterales colonization. Future studies should focus on prophylactic vaccines as exclusive therapy against pneumococcal infections.

Triagem neonatal para fenilcetonúria, hipotireoidismo congênito e hemoglobinopatias no recôncavo baiano: avaliação da cobertura em Cruz das Almas e Valença, Bahia, Brasil / Neonatal screening for phenylketonuria, congenital hypothyroidism and hemoglobinopathies: evaluation of cooverage in Cruz das Almas and Valença-Bahia, Brazil / Tamizaje neonatal para fenilcetonuria, hipotiroidismo congénito y hemoglobinopatías en el recóncavo baiano: evaluación de la cobertura en Cruz das Almas y Valença, Bahia, Brasil

O Programa de Triagem Neonatal (PTN) realizado pelo SUS na Bahia abrange o diagnóstico da fenilcetonúria (PKU), hipotireoidismo congênito (HC) e hemoglobinopatias, patologias que devem ser tratadas precocemente. O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar a cobertura do PTN e a incidência das doenças triadas em Cruz das Almas e Valença, Bahia. Trata-se de estudo descritivo de incidência das doenças triadas pelo Serviço de Referencia em Triagem Neonatal (SRTN)-APAE Salvador, com dados obtidos nos registros das Secretarias Municipais de Saúde (SMS) de Cruz das Almas e Valença, do Serviço de Referência em Tiragem Neonatal (SRTN) e do DATASUS, entre 2001 e 2009. Os resultados indicam que a cobertura observada foi crescente, alcançando 87,6% e 88,8%, respectivamente, em Valença e Cruz das Almas, em 2009. Nestes municípios, encontrou-se incidência de dois casos/1000 nascidos vivos(NV) para hemoglobinas variantes; 0,5 casos/1000NV para HC e nenhum caso de PKU, respectivamente. Incongruências quanto ao número de nativivos e amostras triadas pelo PTN foram observadas. Concluiu-se que houve aumento da cobertura do PTN, com incidência relevante de hemoglobinopatias nos municípios estudados. O sucesso da cobertura doprograma depende da adesão dos municípios, sendo necessária a implantação de um serviço de gestão dessas informações nas SMSs para planejamento de políticas de saúde pública.

The Neonatal Screening Program (NSP) in Brazil carried out by The Unique Health System (SUS) identifies the following congenital disorders: phenylketonuria, congenital hypothyroidism and hemoglobinapathies which should be treated in advance. The objective of this study is to evaluate the coverage of the neonatal Screening Program and the incidence of the identified disease by The Newborn Screening Reference Service at APAE-Salvador.The data were collected from registrations in The Municipal Department of health of Cruz das Almas e Valença, Newborn Screening Reference Service and DATASUS from 2001 to 2009. The results show that there was an increase in the coverage in Cruz das Almas (88.8%) and Valença (87.6%) respectively. In these two municipalities in Bahia it was found out an incidence of emoglobinapathies (two cases per 1000 live-births), three cases per 1000 congenital hypothyroidism and none of phenylketonuria. There were prominent inconsistencies in the registry of newborns and their blood samples as identified by the NSP. It can be concluded that there was an increase in the coverage of the NSP with relevant incidence of hemoglobinapathies in the municipalities studied. The success of the neonatal screening program in Cruz das Almas and Valença depends on the adherence of the municipalities. Therefore, it is necessary to implement a management service of information at the municipal Departments of health for planning public health policies.

El Programa de Tamizaje Neonatal (PTN) realizado por el SUS, en laBahia, abarca el diagnóstico de la fenilcetonuria (PKU), hipotiroidismo congénito (HC) y hemoglobinopatías, patologías que deben tratarse precozmente. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la cobertura del PTN y la incidencia de las enfermedades triadas en Cruz das Almas y Valença, Bahia. Estudio retrospectivo sobre la incidencia de enfermedades triadas por el Servicio de Referencia en Tamizaje Neonatal (SRTN) ? APAE, Salvador, con datos obtenidos en los registros de las Secretarías Municipales de Salud (SMS) de Cruz das Almas y Valença, del Servicio de Referencia en Tamizaje Neonatal (SRTN) y del DATASUS, entre los años de 2001 y 2009. Los resultados indican que la cobertura observada fue creciente alcanzando, en Valença y Cruz das Almas, 87,6% y 88,8%, respectivamente, durante el año de 2009. En estos municipios, se encontró, respectivamente, la incidencia de dos casos/1000 nacidos vivos(NV) de hemoglobinas variantes; 0,5 casos/1000 NV de HC y ningún caso de PKU. Fueron observadas incoherencias con relación al número de nacidos vivos y las muestras triadas por el PTN. Se concluye que, en los municipios investigados, hubo un aumento en la cobertura del PTN, con relevante incidencia de hemoglobinopatías. El suceso de la cobertura del programa depende de la adhesión de los municipios, siendo necesaria la implantación de un servicio de gestión de esas informaciones en las SMSs, para la planificación de políticas de salud pública.