Prevalence of urologic sequelae and bladder and bowel dysfunctions in patients with congenital Zika syndrome: A multicenter evaluation of the Zika virus bladder and bowel sequelae assistance network.

INTRODUCTION: Neurogenic bladder was first confirmed as a urological sequela of Congenital Zika Syndrome (CZS) in 2018. Further clinical-epidemiological evidence also confirmed neurogenic bowel dysfunction and cryptorchidism. To strengthen the care for these children, the Congenital Zika Virus Bladder and Bowel Sequelae Network (RASZ in Brazilian) was created, including six integrated centers in Brazil. This article represents the initial outcome of the efforts by RASZ. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of bladder and bowel dysfunction, cryptorchidism and other urological sequelae related to CZS in cohorts attended in six Brazilian states. STUDY DESIGN: Observational, prospective, multicenter study including children with CZS assisted in one of six RASZ collaborative centers between June 2016 and February 2023. Data were collected from patient's first assessment using the same protocols for urological and bowel evaluation. Categorical variables were analyzed by frequency of occurrence and numerical variables by mean, median, and standard deviation. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committees of each center, all parents/caregivers provided written informed consent. RESULTS: The study included 414 children aged 2 months to 7 years (mean 2.77 years, SD 1.73), 227 (54.8 %) were male and 140 (33,8 %) referred urological and bowel symptoms on arrival. Prevalence of both urological and bowel sequelae was 66.7 %, 51 % of children aged 4 years and older had urinary incontinence (UI). UTI was confirmed in 23.4 % (two presented toxemia) and among males, 18.1 % had cryptorchidism. Renal ultrasonography, performed in 186 children, was abnormal in 25 (13.4 %), 7 had hydronephrosis. Among the 287 children who performed urodynamics, 283 (98.6 %) were altered: 232 had a lower bladder capacity, 144 a maximum bladder pressure of ≥40 cm H2O, and 127 did not satisfactorily empty their bladder. DISCUSSION: A higher prevalence of NLUTD, neurogenic bowel and cryptorchidism was confirmed in children with CZS. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, including a multidisciplinary approach, may reduce the risk of UTIs, UI and kidney damage. A limitation of the study was the inability of children to complete the protocol, specifically urodynamic evaluation, and ultrasonography. In both exams, the percentage of abnormal cases was higher than that expected in the normal population. CONCLUSION: A 66,7 % prevalence of combined urological sequelae and bladder-bowel dysfunction related to CZS was confirmed in patients evaluated in six Brazilian cohorts. The most frequent changes were related to NLUTD, neurogenic bowel, and cryptorchidism. Prevalence may be underestimated due to access restrictions to diagnostic tests.

Factors associated with the employment situation and driving license of patients with epilepsy / Fatores associados a situação laboral e licença para dirigir em pacientes com epilepsia

INTRODUCTION: It is estimated that approximately 50 percent of patients with epilepsy have difficulty finding employment. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the employment situation and driving license of patients with symptomatic or probably symptomatic focal epilepsy and correlate it with clinical and socio-demographic aspects. METHODS: Ninety-two patients were classified into 3 groups: "employed", "unemployed" and "retired/on leave". The relationship between employment and socio-demographic aspects and those of epilepsy was studied, and also whether the patients were holders of national driving licenses. RESULTS: Thirty-one (33.7 percent) of the patients were employed, 19 (20.7 percent) unemployed and 33 (35.9 percent) retired/on leave. Patients with formal education of less than 9 years predominated (p<0.05) in the "retired/on leave" group and non-white patients were more frequently unemployed. Of 58 patients who lost their jobs, 27 (46.6 percent) reported that epilepsy was the main reason (p<0.05). There was a significant relationship between the occurrence of ES at work and unemployment and "leave/retirement" (p<0.05). There was no relationship between clinical aspects and the employment situation. Nineteen (33.9 percent) of the 56 surveyed reported being holders of driving licenses. DISCUSSION: There was a high index of unemployment and retired/on leave individuals. There was a relationship between unemployment and the occurrence of ES at work and with a low scholastic level. CONCLUSION: The low scholastic level/professional qualifications and the stigma aggravated the employment perspectives of these individuals, contributing to their social exclusion.

INTRODUÇÃO: Estima-se que aproximadamente 50 por cento dos pacientes com epilepsia têm problemas para encontrar emprego. OBJETIVO: O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a situação laboral e a licença para dirigir de 92 pacientes com epilepsia focal sintomática ou provavelmente sintomática e, correlaciona-la a aspectos clínicos e sociodemográficos. RESULTADOS: 31 (33,7 por cento) pacientes estavam empregados, 19 (20,7 por cento) desempregados, 33 (35,9 por cento) afastados/aposentados. Os pacientes com maior escolaridade formal, da cor branca, e do gênero masculino estavam mais empregados (ANOVA; p<0,05). 30 (46,1 por cento) pacientes referiram que a epilepsia motivou a demissão. Houve relação significativa entre ocorrência de CE no trabalho com desemprego e afastamento/aposentadoria (χ2; p=0,03). Não houve relação entre aspectos clínicos da epilepsia e situação ocupacional. DISCUSSÃO: Foram observados índices elevados de desemprego e afastamentos/aposentadoria. Houve relação entre desemprego e ocorrência de CE no trabalho, e baixa escolaridade e qualificação profissional. CONCLUSÃO: A baixa escolaridade/qualificação profissional e o estigma agravaram a perspectiva de empregabilidade dos indivíduos, contribuindo para a exclusão social.