Ontogenetic changes in bite force and gape in tufted capuchins.

Bite force and gape are two important performance metrics of the feeding system, and these metrics are inversely related for a given muscle size because of fundamental constraints in sarcomere length-tension relationships. How these competing performance metrics change in developing primates is largely unknown. Here, we quantified in vivo bite forces and gapes across ontogeny and examined these data in relation to body mass and cranial measurements in captive tufted capuchins, Sapajus spp. Bite force and gape were also compared across geometric and mechanical properties of mechanically challenging foods to investigate relationships between bite force, gape and food accessibility (defined here as the ability to breach shelled nuts). Bite forces at a range of gapes and feeding behavioral data were collected from a cross-sectional ontogenetic series of 20 captive and semi-wild tufted capuchins at the Núcleo de Procriação de Macacos-Prego Research Center in Araçatuba, Brazil. These data were paired with body mass, photogrammetric measures of jaw length and facial width, and food geometric and material properties. Tufted capuchins with larger body masses had absolutely higher in vivo bite forces and gapes, and animals with wider faces had absolutely higher bite forces. Bite forces and gapes were significantly smaller in juveniles compared with subadults and adults. These are the first primate data to empirically demonstrate the gapes at which maximum active bite force is generated and to demonstrate relationships to food accessibility. These data advance our understanding of how primates meet the changing performance demands of the feeding system during development.

Effects of cyclosporin, nifedipine and phenytoin on gingival myofibroblast transdifferentiation in monkeys.

OBJECTIVE: Myofibroblasts have been associated with the development of several pathologic fibrotic conditions. This longitudinal study aims to assess the proliferative and antiapoptotic effects of cyclosporin, nifedipine and phenytoin on gingival connective tissue cells of nonhuman primate, as well as to analyze a possible role of myofibroblasts in gingival overgrowth. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Gingival samples from the right superior canine area were obtained from 12 male monkeys ( Sapajus spp ) to comprise the control group. After one week, the animals were randomly assigned to three groups, which received daily oral doses of cyclosporin, nifedipine or phenytoin for 120 days. Gingival samples were collected from the left superior canine area of two animals of each group at 52 and 120 days. Histological sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and immunoreacted against α-SMA, Ki- 67 and bcl-2. RESULTS: α-SMA immunoreaction was negative in the control and experimental groups. Similarly, no difference between groups concerning immunostaining against Ki-67 and bcl-2 was observed in connective tissue cells. CONCLUSION: Based on this methodology, it may be concluded that gingival overgrowths induced by cyclosporin, nifedipine and phenytoin are not associated with neither myofibroblast transdifferentiation, proliferation nor apoptosis of gingival connective cells in monkeys.

Renal artery in tufted capuchin monkey: structure and morphometry / Artéria renal do macaco prego: estrutura e morfometria

The objective was to describe the structure of the renal artery in capuchin monkey at the level of the proximal and distal arterial segments. Morphometric analysis was performed referring to the thickness and quantification of tissue elements of the renal artery tunica media in both segments. Renal arteries of eight adult capuchin monkeys were collected for histological analysis of the two segments, being the proximal part branched from the abdominal aorta, and the distal part localized next to the renal hilus. The quantification of smooth muscle cells and connective elements was carried out in transversal sections of the two segments; for the tunica media, it was used the volume densities of smooth muscle cells, collagen and elastic fibers. Considering these volume densities obtained for each segment, it was verified that the proximal segment showed a marked myoconnective architecture, while the distal segment was characterized by a single muscular artery. Apparently, the mixed architecture of the proximal segment could be related to a blood flow control at the aortic emergence of the renal artery, which helped to guarantee a priority flow of enriched plasma into the kidney parenchyma.

O objetivo foi descrever a estrutura da artéria renal no macaco prego ao nível dos segmentos arteriais proximal e distal. Uma análise morfométrica foi realizada, tendo como parâmetros a espessura e a quantificação dos elementos constituintes da túnica média da parede vascular, nos dois segmentos. Foram coletadas as artérias renais de oito macacos pregos adultos para estudos histológicos dos dois segmentos, sendo o segmento proximal a parte originária da aorta abdominal e o segmento distal a parte arterial junto ao hilo renal. A quantificação de células musculares lisas e de elementos conjuntivos da matriz extracelular foi realizada em secções transversais dos dois segmentos, sendo empregadas para a túnica média as densidades de volumes (DV), dos componentes musculares e das fibras elásticas e colágenas. Tendo por base estas densidades de volumes obtidas para cada segmento arterial verificou-se que o segmento proximal apresentou estrutura mioconjuntiva marcante, enquanto que o segmento distal foi caracterizado como uma artéria muscular padrão. Aparentemente, a arquitetura mista do segmento proximal estaria relacionada com o controle de fluxo sanguíneo na emergência aórtica da artéria renal, garantindo um direcionamento prioritário de fluxo de plasma sanguíneo enriquecido para dentro do parênquima renal.

Twenty-year follow-up of a familial case of PTH1R-associated primary failure of tooth eruption.

INTRODUCTION: Nonsyndromic primary failure of eruption (PFE) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder of dental eruption with no obvious dental or soft tissue interference. The purposes of this study were to genetically and clinically characterize a family with many members affected by PFE and to describe the natural evolution of the disorder. METHODS: Three generations of a family with 18 members, 10 of them clinically affected by PFE, were evaluated periodically during 20 years of clinical follow-up. PFE was observed in varying degrees of severity in both sexes. Clinical presentation became more severe in adulthood. One patient had spontaneous reeruption of 2 posterior teeth. Cervical root resorptions were observed in 3 members. Genetic analysis showed a deleterious heterozygous mutation in intron 9 of the PTH1R gene (c.639-2A>G) and diagnosed an additional affected member. CONCLUSIONS: The long-term follow-up of PFE cases in this family permitted the following observations: (1) the onset occurred from the preemergence to the postemergence phases, (2) PFE appeared to be closely related to ankylosis, (3) affected teeth maintained the eruptive potential even in adulthood, (4) the earlier the onset the more severe the open bite, and (5) cervical root resorptions occurred in 3 affected members.

Per3 expression in different tissues of Cebus apella.

We present a study of Per3 expression in six different tissues of the non-human primate Cebus apella (capuchin monkey). The aim of this study was to verify whether the expression of the Per3 gene in different tissues of capuchin monkey occurs in a circadian pattern, its phase and the phase relationships between these different tissues during the 24 h of a day. We observed that gene expression oscillated in all of the tissues studied during this time period, although only the liver and muscle presented a robust circadian pattern. This preliminary study highlights the possibility of using Cebus apella as a model to study circadian rhythms at the gene expression level and opens an opportunity for future researches.

Evolutionary history of the PER3 variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR): idiosyncratic aspect of primate molecular circadian clock.

The PER3 gene is one of the clock genes, which function in the core mammalian molecular circadian system. A variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) locus in the 18th exon of this gene has been strongly associated to circadian rhythm phenotypes and sleep organization in humans, but it has not been identified in other mammals except primates. To better understand the evolution and the placement of the PER3 VNTR in a phylogenetical context, the present study enlarges the investigation about the presence and the structure of this variable region in a large sample of primate species and other mammals. The analysis of the results has revealed that the PER3 VNTR occurs exclusively in simiiforme primates and that the number of copies of the primitive unit ranges from 2 to 11 across different primate species. Two transposable elements surrounding the 18th exon of PER3 were found in primates with published genome sequences, including the tarsiiforme Tarsius syrichta, which lacks the VNTR. These results suggest that this VNTR may have evolved in a common ancestor of the simiiforme branch and that the evolutionary copy number differentiation of this VNTR may be associated with primate simiiformes sleep and circadian phenotype patterns.

Multidisciplinary approach in the teaching of dental sculpture and anatomy / Enfoque multidisciplinario para la enseñanza de escultura y anatomía dental

The purpose of the Dental Sculpture and Anatomy discipline is to introduce undergraduate students to the study of the anatomic and morphological characteristics of permanent and primary human dentition, through classes, books and cognitive and psychomotor activities. This discipline supports the teaching of specific knowledge necessary for a more extensive education, involving interdisciplinarity as a means of knowledge exchange among several areas of dentistry, to achieve comprehensive professional education. Students must recognize the dental morphology from samples of preserved teeth, and reproduce the morphology through three-dimensional models made of stone or wax blocks. In this article, the authors describe the process for producing teeth collars and macro dental models made of stone, their importance and benefits of utilization. The purpose of the study was to encourage the teaching of Dental Sculpture and Anatomy toundergraduate students of the Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, through activities that would associate theory, practice and the development of manual skills.

El propósito de la disciplina sobre escultura y anatomía de dientes es introducir a los estudiantes de pregrado para el estudio de las características anatómicas y morfológicas de la dentición humana permanente y primaria, a través de clases, libros y actividades cognitivas y psicomotoras. Esta disciplina se fundamenta en la enseñanza de conocimientos específicos necesarios para una educación más amplia, que implica la interdisciplinariedad como medio de intercambio de conocimientos entre diferentes áreas en odontología, y de esa forma, lograr una enseñanza profesional integral. Los estudiantes deben identificar la morfología dental a partir de dientes conservados, además de reproducir la morfología a través de modelos tridimensionales elaborados con bloques de yeso tipo piedra o cera. En este estudio, los autores describen el proceso para la producción de collares de dientes y macro modelos dentales hechos de yeso tipo piedra, su importancia y los beneficios de su utilización. El propósito del estudio fue incentivar la enseñanza de la escultura y anatomía dental a los estudiantes de pregrado de la Facultad de Odontología de Bauru, Universidad de São Paulo, a través de actividades que asocian la teoría, práctica y desarrollo de habilidades manuales.

Sequential healing of open extraction sockets. An experimental study in monkeys.

AIM: To describe the sequential healing of open extraction sockets at which no attempts to obtain a primary closure of the coronal access to the alveolus have been made. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The third mandibular premolar was extracted bilaterally in 12 monkeys, and no sutures were applied to close the wound. The healing after 4, 10, 20, 30, 90 and 180 days was morphometrically studied. RESULTS: After 4 days of healing, a blood clot mainly occupied the extraction sockets, with the presence of an inflammatory cells' infiltrate. A void was confined in the central zones of the coronal and middle regions, in continuity with the entrance of the alveoli. At 10 days, the alveolus was occupied by a provisional matrix, with new bone formation lining the socket bony walls. At 20 days, the amount of woven bone was sensibly increasing. At 30 days, the alveolar socket was mainly occupied by mineralized immature bone at different stages of healing. At 90 and 180 days, the amount of mineralized bone decreased and substituted by trabecular bone and bone marrow. Bundle bone decreased from 95.5% at 4 days to 7.6% at 180 days, of the whole length of the inner alveolar surface. CONCLUSIONS: Modeling processes start from the lateral and apical walls of the alveolus, leading to the closure of the socket with newly formed bone within a month from extraction. Remodeling processes will follow the previous stages, resulting in trabecular and bone marrow formation and in a corticalization of the socket access.

Use of a titanium device in lateral sinus floor elevation: an experimental study in monkeys.

AIM: To evaluate the effect of a space-maintaining device fixed to the lateral wall of the maxillary sinus after the elevation of the sinus mucosa on bone filling of the sinus cavity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Immediately after the elevation of the maxillary sinus Schneiderian membrane accomplished through lateral antrostomy in four monkeys, a titanium device was affixed to the lateral sinus wall protruding into the sinus cavity to maintain the mucosa elevated without the use of grafting material. The healing of the tissue around the implants was evaluated after 3 and 6 months. Ground sections were prepared and analyzed histologically. RESULTS: The void under the elevated sinus membrane, originally filled with the blood clot, was reduced after 3 as well as after 6 months of healing of about 56% and 40.5%, respectively. In seven out of eight cases, the devices had perforated the sinus mucosa. The formation of mineralized bone and bone marrow amounted to about 42% and 69% after 3 and 6 months, respectively. The connective tissue represented about 53% and 23% of the newly formed tissue after 3 and 6 months, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: New bone formation was found below the devices. However, shrinkage of the newly formed tissue was observed both after 3 and 6 months of healing. Hence, the space-maintaining function of the devices used in the present study has to be questioned.

Bone defect repair on the alveolar wall of the maxillary sinus using collagen membranes and temporal fascia: an experimental study in monkeys.

UNLABELLED: Few studies has been done using guided bone regeneration in maxillary sinus defects. AIM: To assess the bone repair process in surgical defects on the alveolar wall of the monkey maxillary sinus, which communicates with the sinus cavity, by using collagen membranes: Gen-derm--Genius Baumer, Pro-tape--Proline and autologous temporal fascia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this prospective and experimental study, orosinusal communications were performed in four tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) and histologic analysis was carried out 180 days after. RESULTS: In the defects without a cover (control), bone proliferation predominated in two animals and fibrous connective tissue predominated in the other two. In defects repaired with a temporal fascia flap, fibrous connective tissue predominated in three animals and bone proliferation predominated in one. In the defects repaired with Gen-derm or Pro-tape collagen membranes there was complete bone proliferation in three animals and fibrous connective tissue in one. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical defect can be repaired with both bone tissue and fibrous connective tissue in all study groups; collagen membranes was more beneficial in the bone repair process than temporal fascia or absence of a barrier.

Bone defect repair on the alveolar wall of the maxillary sinus using collagen membranes and temporal fascia: an experimental study in monkeys / Reparo em defeito ósseo da parede alveolar do seio maxilar utilizando membranas de colágeno e fáscia temporal: estudo experimental em macacos

Few studies has been done using guided bone regeneration in maxillary sinus defects. AIM: To assess the bone repair process in surgical defects on the alveolar wall of the monkey maxillary sinus, which communicates with the sinus cavity, by using collagen membranes: Gen-derm - Genius Baumer, Pro-tape - Proline and autologous temporal fascia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this prospective and experimental study, orosinusal communications were performed in four tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) and histologic analysis was carried out 180 days after. RESULTS: In the defects without a cover (control), bone proliferation predominated in two animals and fibrous connective tissue predominated in the other two. In defects repaired with a temporal fascia flap, fibrous connective tissue predominated in three animals and bone proliferation predominated in one. In the defects repaired with Gen-derm or Pro-tape collagen membranes there was complete bone proliferation in three animals and fibrous connective tissue in one. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical defect can be repaired with both bone tissue and fibrous connective tissue in all study groups; collagen membranes was more beneficial in the bone repair process than temporal fascia or absence of a barrier.

Poucos experimentos têm sido conduzidos utilizando o princípio da regeneração óssea guiada nas perfurações ósseas do seio maxilar. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o processo de reparo ósseo em defeitos cirúrgicos experimentais realizados na parede alveolar do seio maxilar, comunicando-se com a cavidade sinusal utilizando membranas de colágeno e fáscia temporal. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Neste estudo prospectivo, experimental, foram realizados defeitos ósseos em paredes alveolares dos seios maxilares comunicando-se com as cavidades sinusais de quatro macacos pregos (Cebus apella) com membranas de colágeno Gen-derm - Genius Baumer, Pro-tape - Proline e fáscia temporal autóloga e análises histológicas após 180 dias. RESULTADOS: No defeito experimental sem cobertura com métodos de barreira predominou proliferação óssea em dois animais e nos outros dois, tecido conjuntivo fibroso; no grupo em que foi utilizado fáscia temporal predominou tecido conjuntivo fibroso em três animais e proliferação óssea em um animal; nos grupos com membranas de colágeno Gen-derm Pro-tape houve completa proliferação óssea em três animais e predomínio de tecido conjuntivo fibroso em um animal. CONCLUSÕES: Os defeitos cirúrgicos experimentais podem ser reparados, tanto por tecido ósseo como por tecido conjuntivo fibroso, e o uso de membranas de colágeno trouxeram benefícios ao processo de reparo ósseo.

Early healing after elevation of the maxillary sinus floor applying a lateral access: a histological study in monkeys.

AIM: To describe the early healing within the void obtained after the elevation of the sinus mucosa and simultaneous implant installation without the use of any grafting material in monkeys. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Implants were installed simultaneously with the elevation of the maxillary sinus using the lateral approach in eight monkeys without the use of grafting material. The healing after 4, 10, 20 and 30 days was evaluated in the area distal to the implants. Paraffin sections were prepared and analyzed using qualitative histological methods. RESULTS: The healing process was initiated by the formation of a coagulum and followed by a provisional matrix and woven bone. Subsequently, a parallel-fiber bone replaced woven bone. The dimension of the elevated area shrank during the healing process. Sprouts of woven bone, present to a moderate extent after 4 days, were more numerous after 10 and 20 days. Newly formed bone originated from the sinus walls and septa, while there was no evidence of participation of the Schneiderian membrane in this process. After 30 days, the window access appeared to be closed by a layer of newly formed trabecular bone. CONCLUSIONS: The coagulum that filled the void distal to the implant after simultaneous elevation of the sinus floor gave rise to newly formed bone. However, the void occupied by the coagulum shrank substantially. The Schneiderian membrane did not provide a basis for new bone formation in the early phase of healing.

Ricinus communis biocompatibility histological study in the nose of Cebus apella monkeys.

UNLABELLED: Bone tissue lesions can be caused by congenital and acquired factors, and result in nasal deformities with cosmetic and functional repercussion. Surgical treatment in these cases frequently requires complex reconstructions and the use of biomaterials. The polyurethane derived from castor beans (Ricinus communis) has a favorable formulation in terms of ease of processing, flexibility, no emission of toxic vapors and low cost. Nonetheless, despite favorable results, studies about the use of castor beam polymer (Ricinus communis) assessing tissue reaction on the nasal dorsum are still missing in the literature. AIM: the goal of the present investigation is to histologically assess the Ricinus communis polymer implant biocompatibility with the nasal dorsum. STUDY DESIGN: experimental. MATERIALS AND METHODS: we used four Cebus appela monkeys, in which we created a nasal dorsal defect in all the animals and there we placed the aforementioned implant. The animals were sacrificed 270 days after surgery and the samples were submitted to histological study. RESULTS: in the histology analysis we did not observe the presence of foreign body granulomas or phagocytic cells. We also observed a progressive bone formation and maturation. CONCLUSION: macroscopic and microscopic results showed that the castor oil polymer implant was biocompatible.

Ricinus communis biocompatibility histological study in the nose of Cebus apella monkeys / Avaliação histológica da biocompatibilidade do polímero da mamona no dorso nasal de macacos-pregos (Cebus apella)

Bone tissue lesions can be caused by congenital and acquired factors, and result in nasal deformities with cosmetic and functional repercussion. Surgical treatment in these cases frequently requires complex reconstructions and the use of biomaterials. The polyurethane derived from castor beans (Ricinus communis) has a favorable formulation in terms of ease of processing, flexibility, no emission of toxic vapors and low cost. Nonetheless, despite favorable results, studies about the use of castor beam polymer (Ricinus communis) assessing tissue reaction on the nasal dorsum are still missing in the literature. AIM: the goal of the present investigation is to histologically assess the Ricinus communis polymer implant biocompatibility with the nasal dorsum. STUDY DESING: experimental. MATERIALS AND METHODS: we used four Cebus appela monkeys, in which we created a nasal dorsal defect in all the animals and there we placed the aforementioned implant. The animals were sacrificed 270 days after surgery and the samples were submitted to histological study. RESULTS: in the histology analysis we did not observe the presence of foreign body granulomas or phagocytic cells. We also observed a progressive bone formation and maturation. CONCLUSION: macroscopic and microscopic results showed that the castor oil polymer implant was biocompatible.

Lesões do tecido ósseo podem ser causadas por fatores congênitos e adquiridos e resultar em deformidade nasal com repercussão estética e funcional. O tratamento cirúrgico desses casos requer reconstruções complexas e frequentemente o uso de biomateriais. O poliuretano derivado do óleo da mamona apresenta uma fórmula com aspectos favoráveis de processabilidade, flexibilidade de formulação, ausência de emissão de vapores tóxicos e baixo custo. Entretanto, a despeito dos resultados favoráveis, estudos referentes ao uso do polímero de mamona, avaliando a reação tecidual no dorso nasal, ainda não foram realizados. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo consiste em avaliar histologicamente a biocompatibilidade do implante do polímero de mamona no dorso nasal. FORMA DE ESTUDO: Experimental. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Foram utilizados quatro macacos-pregos da espécie Cebus apella. Um defeito ósseo foi realizado no osso nasal em todos os animais e colocado um implante de polímero de mamona. A eutanásia foi realizada com 270 dias de pós-operatório, e as amostras foram submetidas a estudo histológico. RESULTADOS: Na análise histológica não foi observada a presença de granuloma de corpo estranho ou células fagocitárias. Progressiva formação óssea e maturação foram observadas. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados macroscópicos e microscópicos mostraram que o implante de polímero de mamona foi biocompatível.

Características clínicas e radiográficas da osteogênese imperfeita associada à dentinogênese imperfeita / Clinical and radiographic features of osteogenesis imperfecta associated with dentinogenesis imperfecta

A osteogênese imperfeita é uma doença hereditária que afeta tecido conjuntivo. Pode ser classificada em sete tipos, conforme as características clínicas, radiográficas, histológicas e genéticas, e subtipos, conforme a presença ou não de dentinogênese imperfeita. O objetivo do presente trabalho é apresentar um caso familiar de osteogênese imperfeita do tipo IV associada à dentinogênese imperfeita. A paciente apresentava deficiência de crescimento corpóreo e história de várias fraturas ósseas. Os dentes tinham a coloração marrom, com baixa incidência de cárie, embora pudessem ser observados desgastes de suas faces incisais ou oclusais. Aos exames radiográficos panorâmico e periapical, observou-se que as câmaras pulpares e canais radiculares eram amplos nos dentes em formação ou recém-erupcionados, mas obliterados naqueles totalmente irrompidos. Através do levantamento da história familiar constatou-se que o pai também era portador de osteogênese imperfeita, diagnosticada apenas após a quarta fratura de fêmur, com associação à dentinogênese imperfeita. Características semelhantes descritas nesse trabalho foram também observadas em uma irmã mais jovem.

Osteogenesis imperfecta is a hereditary disorder that affects connective tissue. This disorder may be classified into seven types, according to clinical presentation, radiographic findings, mode of inheritance and histologic features, and into subtypes, depending on the absence or presence of dentinogenesis imperfecta. The most relevant clinical manifestations are represented by bone fragility, growth deficiency, blue sclera, hearing impairment and joint hypermobility. Craniofacial deformities include increased rates of open bite, anterior and/or posterior crossbite, class III occlusal relationship, prominent frontal bossae and short facial height. The aim of the present article is to report a familial case of osteogenesis imperfecta associated with dentinogenesis imperfecta. Clinical manifestations included short stature and the medical history of several bone fractures. Dentinogenesis imperfecta was also present, characterized by brown teeth, low incidence of caries, cracking and loss of enamel on occlusal surfaces caused by attrition. Radiographic findings included obliterated pulp chambers and root channels, although they were open in immature teeth. Similar characteristics were observed in the younger sister. The familiar history disclosed the first occurrence in the father, as he related four femoral fractures and had also manifested dentinogenesis imperfecta.

Histological findings following the use of a space-making device for bone reformation and implant integration in the maxillary sinus of primates.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that membrane elevation results in predictable bone formation in the maxillary sinus provided that implants can be placed as tent poles. In situations with an extremely thin residual crest which impairs implant placement, it is possible that a space-making device can be used under the sinus membrane to promote bone formation prior to placement of implants. PURPOSE: The present study was conducted to test the hypothesis that the use of a space-making device for elevation of the sinus membrane will result in predictable bone formation at the maxillary sinus floor to allow placement of dental implants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eight tufted capuchin primates underwent bilateral sinus membrane elevation surgery, and a bioresorbable space-making device, about 6 mm wide and 6 mm in height, was placed below the elevated membrane on the sinus floor. An oxidized implant (Nobel Biocare AB, Gothenburg, Sweden) was installed in the residual bone protruding into the created space at one side while the other side was left without an implant. Four animals were sacrificed after 6 months of healing. The remaining four animals received a second implant in the side with a space-making device only and followed for another 3 months before sacrifice. Implant stability was assessed through resonance frequency analysis (RFA) using the Osstell (Osstell AB, Gothenburg, Sweden) at installation, 6 months and 9 months after the first surgery. The bone-implant contact (BIC) and bone area inside the threads (BA) were histometrically evaluated in ground sections. RESULTS: Histologically there were only minor or no signs of bone formation in the sites with a space-making device only. Sites with simultaneous implant placement showed bone formation along the implant surface. Sites with delayed implant placement showed minor or no bone formation and/or formation of a dense fibrous tissue along the apical part of the implant surface. In the latter group the apical part of the implant was not covered with the membrane but protruded into the sinus cavity. CONCLUSIONS: The use of a space-making device, with the design used in the present study, does not result in bone formation at the sinus floor. However, membrane elevation and simultaneous placement of the device and an implant does result in bone formation at the implant surface while sites with implants placed 6 months after membrane elevation show only small amounts of bone formation. It is suggested that lack of stabilization of the device and/or a too extensive elevation of the membrane may explain the results.

Tratamento da dor miofascial dp músculo masseter referida para o ouvido / Treatment of masseter myofascial pain referred of the ear region

Várias são as causa de dor no ouvido, dentre elas, a dor miofascial do músculo masseter e/ou pterigóideo lateral. Este estudo procurou verificar o efeito do tratamento de pacientes com dor miofascial do músculo masseter, com algia referida para o ouvido, sobre as vibrações da articulação temporomandibular e atividade elétrica dos músculos masseter e temporal. Foram selecionados sete pacientes, os quais foram tratados com placa miorrelaxante, fisioterapia e analisados através de eletrovibratografia e eletromiografia. Notou-se diminuição nas vibrações presentes na articulação temporomandibular e na atividade elétrica, verificando-se, também, uma diminuição no período de silêncio dos músculos analisados. Os resultados permitiram concluir que o emprego de calor e a realização de exercícios musculares são eficazes no alívio da sintomatologia dolorosa

Distribution of NADPH-diaphorase-positive neurons in the prefrontal cortex of the Cebus monkey.

We studied the distribution of NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d) activity in the prefrontal cortex of normal adult Cebus apella monkeys using NADPH-d histochemical protocols. The following regions were studied: granular areas 46 and 12, dysgranular areas 9 and 13, and agranular areas 32 and Oap. NADPH-d-positive neurons were divided into two distinct types, both non-pyramidal. Type I neurons had a large soma diameter (17.24 +/- 1.73 microm) and were densely stained. More than 90% of these neurons were located in the subcortical white matter and infragranular layers. The remaining type I neurons were distributed in the supragranular layers. Type II neurons had a small, round or oval soma (9.83 +/- 1.03 microm), and their staining pattern varied markedly. Type II neurons were distributed throughout the cortex, with their greatest numerical density being observed in layers II and III. In granular areas, the number of type II neurons was up to 20 times that of type I neurons, but this proportion was smaller in agranular areas. Areal density of type II neurons was maximum in the supragranular layers of granular areas and minimum in agranular areas. Statistical analysis revealed that these areal differences were significant when comparing some specific areas. In conclusion, our results indicate a predominance of NADPH-d-positive cells in supragranular layers of granular areas in the Cebus prefrontal cortex. These findings support previous observations on the role of type II neurons as a new cortical nitric oxide source in supragranular cortical layers in primates, and their potential contribution to cortical neuronal activation in advanced mammals.

The mandibular lingula's position in children as a reference to inferior alveolar nerve block.

PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the position of the mandibular lingula (ML) to provide data for inferior alveolar nerve block techniques in children. METHODS: One hundred fifty-four panoramic radiographs of 7- to 10-year-old boys and girls were analyzed. Measurements were taken from the ML to the occlusal plane, and the percentile distances of the ML to ramal borders were determined. RESULTS: The distance between the ML and the occlusal plane showed a gradual increase, but only in the male group was it statistically significant. ML's ratio position on the ramus remained constant in all analyzed groups. In the 7-year-old group, the ML was observed above the occlusal plane in 70% of girls and 55% of boys. That percentage reached 85% of all children by age 10. CONCLUSIONS: The mandibular lingula's ratio position remained constant. Inferior alveolar anesthesia should be administered at least 6 mm above the occlusal plane in 7- to 8-year-old children, while 10 mm could be indicated for 9- to 10-year-old children. The mandibular lingula should be considered a reliable reference for further studies of inferior alveolar nerve block techniques.

Localizaçäo dos aferentes primários que inervam a articulaçäo temporomandibular do macaco Cebus Apella / Localization of primary afferent neurons that innervate the temporomandibular joint in Cebus monkey

A origem da inervaçäo sensitiva da articulaçäo temporomandibular (ATM) é motivo de controvérsia. Livros clássicos de anatomia indicam que os corpos neuronais responsáveis por essa inervaçäo estariam localizados no núcleo mesencefálico do nervo trigêmeo. Entretanto, estudos realizados em mamíferos inferiores indicam que esses neurônios estariam localizados no gânglio trigeminal. Neste trabalho, empregando a técnica de traçado de vias nervosas mediante a utilizaçäo de peroxidase do rábano silvestre (HRP), estudou-se a inervaçäo da ATM do primata Cebus apella. Os resultados mostram que os corpos neuronais responsáveis pela inervaçäo sensitiva da ATM nesses animais se localizam apenas no gânglio trigeminal