Cardiac disturbances and changes in tissue cytokine levels in mice fed with a high-refined carbohydrate diet.

AIMS: The consumption of highly refined carbohydrates increases systemic inflammatory markers, but its potential to exert direct myocardial inflammation is uncertain. Herein, we addressed the impact of a high-refined carbohydrate (HC) diet on mice heart and local inflammation over time. MAIN METHODS: BALB/c mice were fed with a standard chow (control) or an isocaloric HC diet for 2, 4, or 8 weeks (HC groups), in which the morphometry of heart sections and contractile analyses by invasive catheterization and Langendorff-perfused hearts were assessed. Cytokines levels by ELISA, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity by zymography, in situ reactive oxygen species (ROS) staining and lipid peroxidation-induced TBARS levels, were also determined. KEY FINDINGS: HC diet fed mice displayed left ventricular hypertrophy and interstitial fibrosis in all times analyzed, which was confirmed by echocardiographic analyses of 8HC group. Impaired contractility indices of HC groups were observed by left ventricular catheterization, whereas ex vivo and in vitro indices of contraction under isoprenaline-stimulation were higher in HC-fed mice compared with controls. Peak levels of TNF-α, TGF-ß, ROS, TBARS, and MMP-2 occur independently of HC diet time. However, a long-lasting local reduction of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was found, which was linearly correlated to the decline of systolic function in vivo. SIGNIFICANCE: Altogether, the results indicate that short-term consumption of HC diet negatively impacts the balance of anti-inflammatory defenses and proinflammatory/profibrotic mediators in the heart, which can contribute to HC diet-induced morphofunctional cardiac alterations.

Taxas de incidência em mulheres com aids no Pará entre os anos 1999 a 2009 e suas relações com faixa etária, densidade e mobilidade demográfica / Incidence rates of aids in women of Pará (Brasil) between 1999 and 2009 and their relation with age, demographic density and populational mobility

Objetivo: este estudo objetivou o seguinte: 1) avaliar a taxa de incidência em mulheres comAIDS no Estado do Pará e no Brasil entre os anos de 1999 a 2009; 2) avaliar no Estado do Pará,se há relação da taxa de incidência com faixa etária, densidade e mobilidade demográfica.Método:1) avaliou-se a taxa de incidência em mulheres com AIDS no Estado do Pará duranteos anos de 1999 a 2009, comparando-as com as taxas brasileiras, de acordo com faixas etárias;2) correlacionou-se a taxa de incidência no Estado com a densidade demográfica, taxa demobilidade populacional e faixa etária. Resultados: as taxas de incidência no Pará forammenores que as do Brasil e revelaram tendência de crescimento ao longo doas anos, enquantoque as taxas de incidência no Brasil permaneceram estáveis durante os últimos sete anos. O picomodal da incidência no Pará foi entre 30 a 39 anos, menor do que o pico modal nacional (40 a49 anos). Além do mais, as taxas de incidência não se correlacionaram com a densidadedemográfica, porém correlacionaram-se com a mobilidade populacional. As mais elevadas taxasde incidência foram encontradas nas regiões Sudeste, Sudoeste e Baixo Amazonas,provavelmente, devido à maior taxa de mobilidade que estas regiões apresentam. Conclusão: asmulheres com faixas etárias mais avançadas são merecedoras em especial de campanhas deprevenção e diagnóstico de HIV/AIDS, visto que a taxa de incidência em mulheres nesta faixaetária tende ao crescimento ao longo dos anos

Objective: the present study aimed to i) evaluate the incidence rate of AIDS in women in theState of Pará and in Brazil in years 1999 to 2009, ii) evaluate in the State of Pará if theincidence rate is related to demographic density, mobility rate and age. Methodology: this studyi) evaluated the incidence rate of AIDS in women in the State of Pará in years 1999-2009,comparing it with the Brazilian rates, according to age; ii) correlated the incidence rate in Paráwith demographic density, mobility rate and age. Results: the incidence rates in Pará werelower than the Brazilian ones and showed a trend to increase with the time, while the Brazilianincidence rates remained stable over the last seven years. The modal peak of incidence in Paráwas between 30 and 39 years, lower than the national modal peak (40 to 49 years). Moreover,the incidence rates did not correlate with demographic density but correlated with populationalmobility. The highest incidence rates were observed in Southeast, Southwest and BaixoAmazonas Mesoregions, probably due to their higher populational mobility. Conclusion:advanced aged women deserve more intensive prevention programs and HIV/AIDS diagnostic,since the incidence rate in these women tends to increase over the years