Maternal voluntary physical exercise in the adult rat: evidence of exercise-associated differences in maternal food intake, and in brain effects on the progeny.

Objectives: Maternal physical activity may impact behavioral and electrophysiological aspects of brain function, with short- and long-term effects on pre- and postnatal neurodevelopment of the offspring. This study evaluated in the rat the effects of maternal voluntary physical activity (MVPA) on food intake and weight gain in the dams, as well as anxiety-like behavior, short-term memory and the brain excitability-related phenomenon known as cortical spreading depression (CSD) on the mother-pup dyad.Methods: Female Wistar rats (n=33) were individually housed in cages containing a running wheel for a 30-days adaptation period before mating. Rats were classified as inactive (I); active (A) or very active (VA) according to the distance spontaneously travelled daily. During gestation, the dams continued to have access to the running wheel. Mothers and their respective pups (1 pup per mother) were evaluated in the open field test (OFT), object recognition test (ORT), elevated plus maze test (EPMT) and the CSD propagation features.Results: MVPA was directly associated with increased food intake and weight gain during gestation, and maternal anxiolytic-like behavioral responses in the OFT. Pups from VA mothers showed a high discrimination index for shape recognition memory (ORT) and decreased propagation velocities of CSD, when compared with the inactive group.Discussion: The data suggest that MVPA during the gestational period induces neuroplasticity and may modulate the brain functions in the mother-infant dyad in the rat.

Adverse event following immunization or vaccination in children in Minas Gerais: 2015 to 2020.

OBJECTIVE: To describe adverse event following immunization or vaccination in children in Minas Gerais: 2015 to 2020, resulting from immunization errors in children from zero to nine years old. METHODS: An ecological, descriptive study with a quantitative approach, based on event notifications available in the National Immunization Program Information System. RESULTS: Among the 39,903,277 doses of immunobiologicals in children aged zero to nine, administered in the state of MG, 3,259 events of types of immunization errors were recorded, around 0.008% of the total and, of these, 91.86% did not result in adverse events and 56.02% were children under one year of age. The most frequent diagnosis was application outside the recommended age (29.12%). Among the manifestations, 71.91% were local and systemic, with fever being the most common (40.85%). CONCLUSION: The study demonstrated that immunization errors were rare and that most of them were not associated with adverse events, which reinforces the safety of the immunization process. This undoubtedly raises reflection on the need and relevance of continuing education for health professionals.

Treadmill Exercise Reverses the Adverse Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Behavior and Cortical Spreading Depression in Young Rats.

Intermittent fasting (IF) and physical exercise (PE) have beneficial psychological and physiological effects, improving memory and anxiety-like behavior. However, the impact of this combination on brain electrophysiological patterns is unknown. We aimed to evaluate the behavior and parameters of a brain excitability-related phenomenon named cortical spreading depression (CSD) in young rats (31-87 days of life) submitted to IF and treadmill PE for eight weeks. Sixty-four male and female Wistar rats aged 24 days were randomized into control, IF, PE, and IF+PE groups. Behavioral tests (open field (OF), object recognition, and elevated plus maze (EPM)) were performed, and the CSD propagation features were recorded. IF caused behavioral responses indicative of anxiety (lower number of entries and time spent in the OF center and EPM open arms). IF also reduced the discrimination index for object recognition memory tests and increased the propagation velocity of CSD. PE rats displayed more entries into the OF center and lowered CSD propagation speed. Data suggest that IF worsens anxiety-like behavior and memory and accelerates CSD in young rats. In contrast, PE reverted the unfavorable effects of IF. The brain effects of IF and PE at younger ages are recommended for study.

Effect of neonatal melatonin administration on behavioral and brain electrophysiological and redox imbalance in rats.

Introduction: Melatonin (MLT) reportedly has beneficial effects in neurological disorders involving brain excitability (e.g., Epilepsy and Migraine) and behavioral patterns (e.g., Anxiety and Depression). This study was performed to investigate, in the developing rat brain, the effect of early-in-life administration of two different doses of exogenous MLT on behavioral (anxiety and memory) and electrophysiological (CSD analysis) aspects of brain function. Additionally, brain levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), both cellular indicators of redox balance status, were evaluated. We hypothesize that MLT differentially affects the behavioral and CSD parameters as a function of the MLT dose. Materials and methods: Male Wistar rats received, from the 7th to the 27th postnatal day (PND), on alternate days, vehicle solution, or 10 mg/kg/or 40 mg/kg MLT (MLT-10 and MLT-40 groups), or no treatment (intact group). To perform behavioral and cognition analysis, from PND30 to PND32, they were tested in the open field apparatus, first for anxiety (PND30) and then for object recognition memory tasks: spatial position recognition (PND31) and shape recognition (PND32). On PND34, they were tested in the elevated plus maze. From PND36 to 42, the excitability-related phenomenon known as cortical spreading depression (CSD) was recorded, and its features were analyzed. Results: Treatment with MLT did not change the animals' body weight or blood glucose levels. The MLT-10 treatment, but not the MLT-40 treatment, was associated with behaviors that suggest less anxiety and improved memory. MLT-10 and MLT-40 treatments, respectively, decelerated and accelerated CSD propagation (speed of 2.86 ± 0.14 mm/min and 3.96 ± 0.16 mm/min), compared with the control groups (3.3 ± 0.10 mm/min and 3.25 ± 0.11 mm/min, for the intact and vehicle groups, respectively; p < 0.01). Cerebral cortex levels of malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase were, respectively, lower and higher in the MLT-10 group but not in the MLT40 group. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that MLT intraperitoneal administration during brain development may differentially act as an antioxidant agent when administered at a low dose but not at a high dose, according to behavioral, electrophysiological, and biochemical parameters.

Protective effect of exogenous melatonin on testicular histopathology and histomorphometry of adult rats with domperidone-induced hyperprolactinemia.

Hyperprolactinemia is a pathological condition resulting from increased prolactin that directly affects reproduction, as this condition inhibits the release of LH, FSH and gonadal steroidogenesis, bringing several negative clinical associations in reproduction. In contrast, melatonin (MEL) plays an important role in the regulation of steroidogenesis and modulates damages to the process of spermatogenesis. The objective was to analyze the protective effects of exogenous melatonin on the testis of hyperprolactinemic adult rats. Forty-eight male rats were used, divided into two treatment periods: 30 and 60 days, each treatment was subdivided into three groups: Control, Hyper (hyperprolactinemia), and Hyper+MEL (hyperprolactinemia and melatonin). Treatment with melatonin was 200 µg/100 g, subcutaneously. Induction of hyperprolactinemia was obtained with a dose of 4 mg/kg of domperidone, subcutaneously. The results of the histopathology demonstrated that the animals in the Hyper group presented degeneration of germ cells when compared to the control. In addition, the degenerations were presented in smaller quantities in the Hyper+MEL, in both treatment periods, evidencing the benefits of the melatonin in gonadal regeneration. The Hyper group of both treatment periods showed a decrease in tubular diameter, epithelium height, and tubular area, in addition to a decrease in Sertoli cells, when compared to the control and the Hyper+MEL group. In conclusion, the hyperprolactinemia can affect the germinal epithelium and testicular microstructure; the exogenous melatonin has a protective effect against hyperprolactinemia, reducing testicular damage.

Adverse event following immunization or vaccination in children in Minas Gerais: 2015 to 2020 / Eventos supostamente atribuíveis à imunização ou vacinação em crianças de Minas Gerais: de 2015 a 2020

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe adverse event following immunization or vaccination in children in Minas Gerais: 2015 to 2020, resulting from immunization errors in children from zero to nine years old. Methods: An ecological, descriptive study with a quantitative approach, based on event notifications available in the National Immunization Program Information System. Results: Among the 39,903,277 doses of immunobiologicals in children aged zero to nine, administered in the state of MG, 3,259 events of types of immunization errors were recorded, around 0.008% of the total and, of these, 91.86% did not result in adverse events and 56.02% were children under one year of age. The most frequent diagnosis was application outside the recommended age (29.12%). Among the manifestations, 71.91% were local and systemic, with fever being the most common (40.85%). Conclusion: The study demonstrated that immunization errors were rare and that most of them were not associated with adverse events, which reinforces the safety of the immunization process. This undoubtedly raises reflection on the need and relevance of continuing education for health professionals.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever os eventos supostamente atribuíveis à imunização ou vacinação em crianças de Minas Gerais, de 2015 a 2020, decorrentes dos erros de imunização em crianças de 0 a 9 anos. Métodos: Estudo ecológico, descritivo, de abordagem quantitativa, fundamentado nas notificações de eventos disponíveis no Sistema de Informações do Programa Nacional de Imunizações. Resultados: Dentre os 39.903.277 de doses de imunobiológicos administrados em crianças de 0 a 9 anos, no estado de Minas Gerais, registraram-se 3.259 eventos do tipo erros de imunizaçõo, cerca de 0,008% do total e, destes, 91,86% não acarretaram eventos adversos e 56,02% ocorreram em crianças menores de 1 ano. O diagnóstico mais frequente foi a aplicação fora da idade recomendada (29,12%). Dentre as manifestações, 71,91% foram locais e, em relação às sistêmicas, a mais comum foi a febre (40,85%). Conclusão: O estudo demonstrou que os erros de imunização foram raros e a maioria deles não se associou aos eventos adversos, o que reitera a segurança no processo de imunização. Isso suscita, indubitavelmente, a reflexão sobre a necessidade e a relevância de educação permanente dos profissionais da saúde.

Atuação da psicologia em um centro de terapia intensiva dedicado para COVID-19: relato de experiência / The psychologist's work within a COVID intensive care unit: an experience report

As reestruturações necessárias nos serviços de saúde em decorrência da pandemia da COVID-19 geraram impactos na assistência aos pacientes hospitalizados, em especial àqueles gravemente afetados pela doença. A atuação da psicologia em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva dedicadas a esses pacientes requer a ampliação de ferramentas clínicas que possibilitem o atendimento às demandas psicológicas nesse contexto. Esse artigo discute, a partir de um relato de experiência, as atividades desenvolvidas pela equipe de psicologia em um Centro de Terapia Intensiva voltado ao tratamento da COVID-19: atendimento remoto a familiares, atendimento aos pacientes, visitas virtuais e presenciais. As intervenções realizadas, em consonância com o referencial teórico utilizado, indicam os seguintes benefícios: fortalecimento das conexões entre paciente, família e equipe; atenuação do sofrimento provocado pela situação de isolamento; prevenção de agravos em saúde mental relacionados ao luto complicado e à vivência de experiências traumáticas. Espera-se que as inovações nas práticas desenvolvidas sigam contribuindo para qualificar a atenção a pacientes críticos após a pandemia.(AU)

The reorganization needed in health care services due to the COVID-19 pandemic generated a substantial impact on the assistance of hospital patients, especially those who are severely affected by the disease. The psychologist's work in Intensive Care Units, dedicated to these specific patients, requires the amplification of clinical tools that enable the assistance of the psychological demands in this context. In an experience report format, this article discusses the activities developed by the psychological team in an Intensive Care Unit dedicated to the treatment of COVID-19 patients such as: families' remote support, direct patient´s psychological care and virtual and face to face visits. The interventions, in accordance with the theoretical background used, indicate the following benefits: strengthening of the connection between patient, family and health care teams, attenuation of suffering provoked by isolation, the prevention of the aggravation of mental health problems related to complicated mourning processes and the experience of traumatic situations. It is hoped that the innovative developed practices can continue to contribute to qualify the assistance of critically ill patients after the pandemic.(AU)

La necesaria reestructuración de los servicios de salud como consecuencia de la pandemia COVID-19 ha repercutido en la atención de los pacientes hospitalarios, especialmente en los afectados gravemente por la enfermedad. El trabajo de la psicología en las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos dedicadas a estos pacientes requiere la ampliación de herramientas clínicas que permitan atender las demandas psicológicas de este contexto. Este artículo analiza, a partir de un relato de experiencia, las actividades desarrolladas por el equipo de psicología en un Centro de Cuidados Intensivos enfocado al tratamiento del COVID-19: atención remota a familiares, atención a pacientes, visitas virtuales y presenciales. Las intervenciones realizadas, en consonancia con el referencial teórico utilizado, señalan los siguientes beneficios: fortalecimiento de las conexiones entre paciente, familia y equipo; mitigación del sufrimiento causado por la situación de aislamiento; prevención de agravios en salud mental relacionados al duelo complicado y experiencias traumáticas. Se espera que las innovaciones en las prácticas desarrolladas continúen contribuyendo para calificar la atención de los pacientes críticos pasada la pandemia.(AU)

Influence of SARS-CoV-2 during pregnancy: a placental view.

Since the beginning of the current coronavirus outbreak (COVID-19), there has been great concern over a disease that has spread rapidly in several countries worldwide, with the result of several deaths, including deaths of pregnant women. Therefore, the aim of this study was to conduct a literature review on placental changes in infected pregnant women and/or asymptomatic carriers of COVID-19 during pregnancy, aiming at the possible vertical transmission. A systematic collection was carried out on the effects of that COVID-19 can cause directly and/or indirectly to pregnancy and the placenta in the following databases: Pubmed, Science Direct, Scielo, Lilacs, and Web of Science. For search, the following descriptors were used: placenta, pregnant woman, COVID-19, maternal-fetal. The results indicate transplacental transmission in some cases reviewed in many reports from this study. The presence of the virus was seen in the amniotic fluid, umbilical cord, and peripheral blood. Finally, pathological studies suggest that there are morphological changes related to infection in the placentas. We can conclude that, based on the researched material, there is little evidence of transplacental vertical viral transmission and its respective morphological changes related to viral infection in the placenta.

Características clínicas de fumantes atendidos em um centro de referênciana cessação do tabagismo / Clinical characteristics of smokers seen in a smoking cessation reference center

Descrever características demográficas e clínicas de fumantes que procuraram atendimento em centro especializado na cessação de tabagismo. Métodos: Foram analisadas, retrospectivamente, as informações disponíveis em ficha clínica padronizada preenchida no momento do primeiro atendimento, de fumantes que procuraram o Ambulatório de Apoio ao Tabagista do Centro de Saúde Escola daFaculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo, no período de 18 meses. Resultados: O serviço foi procurado no período por 186 fumantes (135 mulheres), com idade de 50±12anos. A maioria (59%) veio encaminhada de outros ambulatórios médicos, e o consumo apenas de cigarros industrializados foi relatado por 96%. A idade de início do consumo regular de cigarros foi de18±7 anos. Experiências prévias frustradas de abandono foram relatadas por 83% dos fumantes, e o número médio de tentativas efetuadas foi de 3±2. A maioria dos atendidos (66%) exibia dependência ànicotina de grau alto ou muito alto, com escore médio do teste de Fargestrõm de 6±2. Co-morbidadesfísicas foram relatadas em 62% e psiquiátricas em 24% dos casos, particularmente depressão (17%). Conclusões: Os dados obtidos servem como embasamento de algumas necessidades a serem supridas por novos serviços de cessação do tabagismo a serem instalados em municípios de porte médio do Brasil e exterior.

Objective: To describe demographic and clinical features of smokers who had looked for care in as moking cessation specialized center. Methods: It has been retrospectively analyzed the data from standardized clinical forms, completed in the moment of the first consultation of smokers from the Outpatient Service of Support to Smokers of the "Centro de Saúde Escola da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo", for a period of 18 months. Results: The outpatient clinic received 186 new smokers (135 women), with a mean age of 50±12 years old, in this time. Most of the smokers(59%) came from other medical outpatient services, and smoking of industrialized cigarettes only was reported by 96% of them. The beginning age of cigarettes regular consumption was 18±7 years. Previous frustrated smoking cessation experiences were reported by 83% of the smokers, and the mean number of attempts was 3±2 years. Most of the subjects (66%) showed nicotine addiction of high andvery high degree. The mean score of the Fargestrõm nicotine dependence test, for the whole group, was 6±2. Physical co-morbidities were reported by 62% and psychiatric ones by 24% of the subjects, particularly depression cases (17%). Conclusions: The present data is a starting point, regarding the needs tobe fulfilled by new smoking cessation services to be installed in medium size towns from Brazil and abroad.

Modos de subjetivação de mulheres negras: efeitos da discriminação racial / Black women subjectivity: effects of racial discrimination

Neste estudo, buscou-se compreender os efeitos da discriminação racial na identidade e subjetividade de mulheres negras atendidas no programa SOS Racismo/Porto Alegre/RS. Essa pesquisa fundamentou-se em um grupo dispositivo, cujo objetivo foi ouvir as narrativas das mulheres que sofreram atos de racismo/discriminação e agenciar outras referências identitárias. O referencial teórico-metodológico utilizado para analisar o material empírico produzido nos grupos foi o das práticas discursivas, entendidas como a forma pela quais as pessoas produzem sentidos para experiências como as da violência racial. Os repertórios interpretativos presentes nos diálogos enunciados pelas mulheres referiam-se à discriminação racial e ao racismo e sinalizavam a construção de estratégias de enfrentamento e resistência. Acreditamos que a intervenção produziu efeitos políticos de reflexão e mudança, na medida em que o grupo construiu novos sentidos para as violências sofridas, transformando a narrativa pessoal em uma denúncia pública.

In this study, we investigated the effects of racial discrimination on the identity and subjectivity patterns of black women assisted through the SOS Racism Program in Porto Alegre/RS. The research was based on a discussion group whose objective was to listen to the women's narratives of racial discrimination and agency other identity references. The theoretical and methodological support used to analyze the information was the discursive practice. This practice refers to the way by which people produce meaning in social interactions, like experiences of racial violence. The interpretative repertoires used by the women in the group dialogues were about racial discrimination and racism and pointed to the construction of resistance strategies. We believe that this intervention produces political effects of reflection and change, in the way that the group worked out new meanings for the violence suffered, changing from a personal narrative to a public denounce.

Modos de subjetivação de mulheres negras: efeitos da discriminação racial / Black women subjectivity: effects of racial discrimination

Neste estudo, buscou-se compreender os efeitos da discriminação racial na identidade e subjetividade de mulheres negras atendidas no programa SOS Racismo/Porto Alegre/RS. Essa pesquisa fundamentou-se em um grupo dispositivo, cujo objetivo foi ouvir as narrativas das mulheres que sofreram atos de racismo/discriminação e agenciar outras referências identitárias. O referencial teórico-metodológico utilizado para analisar o material empírico produzido nos grupos foi o das práticas discursivas, entendidas como a forma pela quais as pessoas produzem sentidos para experiências como as da violência racial. Os repertórios interpretativos presentes nos diálogos enunciados pelas mulheres referiam-se à discriminação racial e ao racismo e sinalizavam a construção de estratégias de enfrentamento e resistência. Acreditamos que a intervenção produziu efeitos políticos de reflexão e mudança, na medida em que o grupo construiu novos sentidos para as violências sofridas, transformando a narrativa pessoal em uma denúncia pública.(AU)

In this study, we investigated the effects of racial discrimination on the identity and subjectivity patterns of black women assisted through the SOS Racism Program in Porto Alegre/RS. The research was based on a discussion group whose objective was to listen to the women's narratives of racial discrimination and agency other identity references. The theoretical and methodological support used to analyze the information was the discursive practice. This practice refers to the way by which people produce meaning in social interactions, like experiences of racial violence. The interpretative repertoires used by the women in the group dialogues were about racial discrimination and racism and pointed to the construction of resistance strategies. We believe that this intervention produces political effects of reflection and change, in the way that the group worked out new meanings for the violence suffered, changing from a personal narrative to a public denounce.(AU)

Desigualdades na realização do exame clínico de mama em São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil / Inequalities in clinical breast examination in São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Foi realizado um estudo transversal de base populacional com o objetivo de estabelecer o nível de cobertura de exame clínico de mamas entre as mulheres de 20 a 60 anos residentes em São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, e descrever as características associadas à sua não-realização. O desfecho foi definido como realização de exame clínico de mamas por médico no ano que antecedeu a entrevista. Foram utilizados dois modelos de análise multivariada. Entre as 1.026 mulheres incluídas na amostra, 556 (54,2 por cento; IC95 por cento: 51,1-57,2) foram submetidas ao exame clínico de mamas. A análise multivariada incluindo todas as mulheres demonstrou que somente a variável classe econômica estava associada com a não-realização de exame médico de mama. No outro modelo constatou-se associação entre classe econômica e cor da pele. Assim, classe econômica influenciou a realização de exames de mama nos modelos. Entretanto, no modelo restrito àquelas mulheres que haviam se consultado no ano, cor da pele foi determinante para a realização do exame, ou seja, superadas as diferenças de acesso, as mulheres brancas terão maior probabilidade de serem examinadas.

This cross-sectional population-based survey focused on the coverage of clinical breast examination (CBE) in women 20 to 60 years of age in São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, and described the factors associated with lack of CBE. The outcome was defined as having received a CBE by a physician during the year prior to the interview. Two different multivariate models were analyzed. Among the 1,026 women included in the sample, 556 (54.2 percent; 95 percentCI: 51.1-57.2) had received CBEs. Multivariate analysis including the entire sample of women showed that low socioeconomic status (SES) was the only variable associated with not having a CBE. In the other multivariate model (only women who had consulted physicians in the previous year, with or without CBE), a statistically significant effect was found for both SES and skin color. Thus, low SES was significantly associated with lack of CBE in both models. However, in the model limited to women with physician consultations in the previous year, skin color was the main factor for receiving CBE, suggesting that once differences in initial access to the health service were overcome, white women had a higher probability of receiving a clinical breast examination as part of their consultation.

[Inequalities in clinical breast examination in São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil]. / Desigualdades na realização do exame clínico de mama em São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.

This cross-sectional population-based survey focused on the coverage of clinical breast examination (CBE) in women 20 to 60 years of age in São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, and described the factors associated with lack of CBE. The outcome was defined as having received a CBE by a physician during the year prior to the interview. Two different multivariate models were analyzed. Among the 1,026 women included in the sample, 556 (54.2%; 95%CI: 51.1-57.2) had received CBEs. Multivariate analysis including the entire sample of women showed that low socioeconomic status (SES) was the only variable associated with not having a CBE. In the other multivariate model (only women who had consulted physicians in the previous year, with or without CBE), a statistically significant effect was found for both SES and skin color. Thus, low SES was significantly associated with lack of CBE in both models. However, in the model limited to women with physician consultations in the previous year, skin color was the main factor for receiving CBE, suggesting that once differences in initial access to the health service were overcome, white women had a higher probability of receiving a clinical breast examination as part of their consultation.

O silêncio da pulsäo de morte / The silence of death instinct

Partindo do estudo da Teoria das Pulsöes, segundo perspectiva metapsicológica, as autoras analisam o conceito de Pulsäo de Morte. Refazendo o percurso freudiano, à luz de alguns de seus estudiosos, destacam a importância do dualismo pulsional. Postulam que a Pulsäo de Morte é a pulsäo por excelência e que, embora tendo uma atuaçäo silenciosa, perpassa toda a teoria e clínica psicanalíticas

O silencio da pulsao de morte

Partindo de estudo da Teoria das Pulsoes, segundo perspectiva matapsicologia, as autoras analisam o conceito de Pulsao de Morte. Refazendo o percurso freudiano, a luz de alguns de seus estudiosos, destacam a importancia do dualismo pulsional. Postulam que a Pulsao de Morte e a pulsao por excelencia e que, embora tendo uma atuacao silenciosa, perpassa toda a teoria e clinica psicanalitica.