Flexible Label-Free Platinum and Bio-PET-Based Immunosensor for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2.

The demand for new devices that enable the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) at a relatively low cost and that are fast and feasible to be used as point-of-care is required overtime on a large scale. In this sense, the use of sustainable materials, for example, the bio-based poly (ethylene terephthalate) (Bio-PET) can be an alternative to current standard diagnostics. In this work, we present a flexible disposable printed electrode based on a platinum thin film on Bio-PET as a substrate for the development of a sensor and immunosensor for the monitoring of COVID-19 biomarkers, by the detection of L-cysteine and the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, respectively. The electrode was applied in conjunction with 3D printing technology to generate a portable and easy-to-analyze device with a low sample volume. For the L-cysteine determination, chronoamperometry was used, which achieved two linear dynamic ranges (LDR) of 3.98-39.0 µmol L-1 and 39.0-145 µmol L-1, and a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.70 µmol L-1. The detection of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein was achieved by both square wave voltammetry (SWV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) by a label-free immunosensor, using potassium ferro-ferricyanide solution as the electrochemical probe. An LDR of 0.70-7.0 and 1.0-30 pmol L-1, with an LOD of 0.70 and 1.0 pmol L-1 were obtained by SWV and EIS, respectively. As a proof of concept, the immunosensor was successfully applied for the detection of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in enriched synthetic saliva samples, which demonstrates the potential of using the proposed sensor as an alternative platform for the diagnosis of COVID-19 in the future.

Novel and highly stable strategy for the development of microfluidic enzymatic assays based on the immobilization of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into cotton threads.

The use of biological components in the development of new methods of analysis and point-of-care (POC) devices is an ever-expanding theme in analytical chemistry research, due to the immense potential for early diagnosis of diseases and monitoring of biomarkers. In the present work, the evaluation of an electrochemical microfluidic device based on the immobilization of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) enzyme into chemically treated cotton threads is described. This bioreactor was used as a channel for the build of the microfluidic device, which has allowed to use of a non-modified screen-printed electrode (SPE) as an amperometric detector. Cotton threads were treated using citric acid, and the immobilization of HRP has been performed by EDC/NHS crosslinking, connecting amine groups of the enzymes to carboxylic acids in the cellulosic structure. For the analytical evaluation, an amperometric assay for hydrogen peroxide detection was performed after the injection of H2O2 and hydroquinone (HQN) concomitantly. The enzymatic reaction consumes H2O2 leading to the formation of O-quinone, which is readily reducible at non-modified SPE. Several experimental parameters related to enzyme immobilization have been investigated and under the best set of conditions, a good analytical performance was obtained. In addition, the threads were freezer-stored and, after 12 weeks, 84% of hydrogen peroxide sensitivity was maintained, which is very reasonable for enzyme-based systems and still offers good analytical precision. Therefore, a simple and inexpensive microfluidic system was reported by crosslinking carboxylic groups to amine-containing macromolecules, suggesting a new platform for many other protein-based assays.

Temperature effects on oxygen consumption and breathing pattern in juvenile and adult Chelonoidis carbonarius (Spix, 1824).

The effects of temperature on breathing pattern and oxygen consumption are being investigated in juvenile tortoises and compared to adults, in order to understand physiological adjustments of the respiratory system as related to body size, especially regarding the energetic expenditure associated with growth. We analyzed the breathing pattern and oxygen consumption of juvenile and adult red-footed tortoises (Chelonoidis carbonarius, Cryptodira: Testudinidae). The animals (N = 9; body mass ranging from 0.03 Kg to 2.5 Kg) were exposed to normoxic-normocarbic conditions using open respirometry in order to determine the breathing pattern and oxygen consumption in three different temperatures (15, 25, 35 °C). The obtained results showed intermittent breathing pattern in all tested temperatures in juveniles and adults. Tidal volume was not affected by changes in temperature, while breathing frequency increased significantly with increasing temperature, leading to a significant increment in minute ventilation between 15 and 35 °C. Mass specific oxygen consumption increased significantly with temperature and juveniles showed greater values when compared to adults. The alterations in the ventilatory response to temperature changes occurred in order to maintain the oxygen supply with increased metabolic activity. The differences between juveniles and adults in breathing frequency lead to juveniles needing a lower ventilation rate to perform gas exchange while extracting more oxygen. While these differences might be attributed to a greater metabolic expenditure during development, scaling effects on respiratory variables might be the main contributors to the found differences.

Influence of filament aging and conductive additive in 3D printed sensors.

3D printing technology combined with electrochemical techniques have allowed the development of versatile and low-cost devices. However, some aspects need to be considered for the good quality and useful life of the sensors. In this work, we have demonstrated herein that the filament aging, the conductive material, and the activation processes (post-treatments) can influence the surface characteristics and the electrochemical performance of the 3D printed sensors. Commercial filaments and 3D printed sensors were morphologically, thermally, and electrochemically analyzed. The activated graphene-based (Black Magic®) sensor showed the best electrochemical response, compared to the carbon black-filament (Proto-Pasta®). In addition, we have proven that filament aging harms the performance of the sensors since the electrodes produced with three years old filament had a considerably lower intra-days reproducibility. Finally, the activated graphene-based sensor has shown the best performance for the electrochemical detection of bisphenol A, demonstrating the importance of evaluating and control the characteristics and quality of filaments to improve the mechanical, conductive, and electrochemical performance of 3D printed sensors.

A herança africana e a construção do Estado brasileiro / African heritage and the construction of the brazilian State

Resumo: Este artigo tem como objetivo compreender como, de maneira aparentemente paradoxal no Brasil, com uma sociedade erigida em estreita relação com o Continente Africano, se construiu um Estado que desde suas primeiras décadas de existência mostrou-se hostil aos africanos e a seus descendentes, promovendo, ao contrário, a continuidade de uma civilização europeia nos trópicos.

Abstract: This article aims to understand how, in an apparently paradoxical way in Brazil, with a society erected in a close relationship with the African Continent, a State that since its first decades of existence has showed itself hostile to africans and their descendants was built, promoting, on the contrary, the continuation of an european civilization in the tropics.

Tratamento cirúrgico de luxação recidivante da mandíbula: relato de caso / Surgical treatment of recurrent mandible luxation: case report

Introdução: A articulação temporomandibular (ATM) é uma estrutura especializada e excepcional, relacionada com funções estomatognáticas e propensa à disfunções associadas ao sistema maxilo-mandibular. Dentre essas alterações, a luxação é uma entidade patológica importante. Possui patogênese multifatorial e pode se manifestar de modo recidivante. Diversos tratamentos são propostos, dentre eles, a criação de anteparos aloplásticos. Paciente do sexo feminino, 22 anos com história de luxação mandibular recidivante com sintomatologia congruente ao quadro. Realizou-se tratamento cirúrgico com instalação de miniplacas de titânio do sistema 2.0 mm em forma de duplo T com curvatura de aproximadamente 90°, na região de eminencia articular. Após 1 ano e 6 meses, a paciente segue assintomática, sem lesões nervosas e sem luxações. A luxação da ATM é um quadro clínico angustiante, sendo a segunda luxação mais frequente e incidente em mulheres. Caracteriza-se por: incapacidade de fechar a boca, depressão cutânea pré-auricular, ptialismo e musculatura mastigatória tensa. A paciente apresentava severas luxações recidivantes, juntamente com ansiedade e angústia social. A utilização de placas evitou a hiperexcussão e remissão do quadro. É um procedimento menos agressivo e reversível. A técnica utilizada demonstrou bom prognóstico e, dentre as opções cirúrgicas, é uma técnica mais conservadora... (AU)

Introduction: TMJ dislocation is a multifactorial joint pathology that occurs when the mandibular condyle exceeds the articular eminence and cannot return to its original anatomical position, making it impossible for the patient to close the mouth. A 22-year-old female patient complaining of succes sive episodes of mandibular dislocation, characterizing the condition of dislocation redicivant TMJ. Surgical treatment was performed with the installation of 2.0 mm double T-shaped titanium miniplates with approximately 90° curvature in the region of articular eminence. After 8 months, the patient has no complaints, no signs of facial nerve damage and no episodes of dislocation. TMJ dislocation is a socially and psychologically distressing clinical condition, being the second most frequent dislocation in the body and with higher incidence in female patients. Key features are inability to close the mouth, pre auricular cutaneous depression, excessive salivation, and tense and spasmodic masticatory muscles. In this case, the patient presented severe relapsing dislocations, along with anxiety and social anguish. The use of plates acts as a mechanical barrier for condylar movements, avoiding hyperexcussion, being a less aggressive and reversible procedure, having only the disadvantage of the possibility of plate frac ture. The technique used with the objective of limiting condyle movement, among the surgical options, is a more conservative technique... (AU)

Biosensing strategies for the electrochemical detection of viruses and viral diseases - A review.

Viruses are the causing agents for many relevant diseases, including influenza, Ebola, HIV/AIDS, and COVID-19. Its rapid replication and high transmissibility can lead to serious consequences not only to the individual but also to collective health, causing deep economic impacts. In this scenario, diagnosis tools are of significant importance, allowing the rapid, precise, and low-cost testing of a substantial number of individuals. Currently, PCR-based techniques are the gold standard for the diagnosis of viral diseases. Although these allow the diagnosis of different illnesses with high precision, they still present significant drawbacks. Their main disadvantages include long periods for obtaining results and the need for specialized professionals and equipment, requiring the tests to be performed in research centers. In this scenario, biosensors have been presented as promising alternatives for the rapid, precise, low-cost, and on-site diagnosis of viral diseases. This critical review article describes the advancements achieved in the last five years regarding electrochemical biosensors for the diagnosis of viral infections. First, genosensors and aptasensors for the detection of virus and the diagnosis of viral diseases are presented in detail regarding probe immobilization approaches, detection methods (label-free and sandwich), and amplification strategies. Following, immunosensors are highlighted, including many different construction strategies such as label-free, sandwich, competitive, and lateral-flow assays. Then, biosensors for the detection of viral-diseases-related biomarkers are presented and discussed, as well as point of care systems and their advantages when compared to traditional techniques. Last, the difficulties of commercializing electrochemical devices are critically discussed in conjunction with future trends such as lab-on-a-chip and flexible sensors.

A carbon fiber ultramicroelectrode as a simple tool to direct antioxidant estimation based on caffeic acid oxidation.

This work describes the construction and evaluation of carbon fiber ultramicroelectrodes (CF-UMEs) in the voltammetric estimation of the antioxidant capacity of wine and grape samples based on caffeic acid (HCAF) oxidation. For this, lab-made CF-UMEs were constructed using an arrangement of six carbon fibers (7 µm diameters individual) assembled in a glass capillary, and caffeic acid (HCAF) was used as a standard solution. By using the most straightforward 2-electrode cell arrangement (the CF-UME as a working electrode and Ag/AgCl as a reference/auxiliary electrode), voltammetric measurements of a 1.0 mmol L-1 HCAF solution were done in the absence of a supporting electrolyte. A sigmoidal voltammetric profile was observed in CF-UMEs caused by a more effective mass transport by radial diffusion, which leads to a rapid formation of the diffusion layer. Reproducibility studies for different 6-fiber electrodes manually constructed in different batches showed an RSD of less than 5%. For the same electrode surface, a variation of 2.7% was observed. Under optimized conditions, a linear relationship between anodic peak current and HCAF concentration from 3.0 to 500 µmol L-1 with a sensitivity of 12 µA L mol-1 was reached. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were calculated to be 0.41 and 1.26 µmol L-1, respectively. The proposed electrochemical method was applied in the estimation of the antioxidant capacity in three different wine samples as well as in green and red grapes. Concordant and satisfactory results by comparison with a proper method were obtained, which suggests that the proposed sensor can be successfully applied for direct analysis of wine and grape samples by estimation of HCAF content.

Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Acari: Macronyssidae) parasitism among poultry farm workers in Minas Gerais state, Brazil / Parasitismo de Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Acari: Macronyssidae) em trabalhadores de avicultura no Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil

ABSTRACT: Ornithonyssus sylviarum is a hematophagous mite present in wild, domestic, and synanthropic birds. However, this mite can affect several vertebrate hosts, including humans, leading to dermatitis, pruritus, allergic reactions, and papular skin lesions. This study evaluated the epidemiological characteristics of O. sylviarum attacks on poultry workers, including data on laying hens, infrastructure and management of hen houses, and reports of attacks by hematophagous mites. In addition, a case of mite attack on a farm worker on a laying farm in the Midwest region in Minas Gerais is presented. It was found that 60.7% farm workers reported attacks by hematophagous mites. Correspondence analysis showed an association between reports of mite attacks in humans with (1) presence of O. sylviarum in the hen house, (2) manual removal of manure by employees, and (3) history of acaricide use. The specimens collected from the location were confirmatively identified as O. sylviarum. O. sylviarum attacks ave not been reported when manure was removed in a shorter time interval and did not use acaricide in the sheds when the removal was done by manure conveyor belt. Parasitism by O. sylviarum should be considered a relevant occupational hazard affecting employees working in direct contact with commercial egg-laying hens in Minas Gerais. We emphasized the need to monitor hen infestations by this mite to improve the development of mite control strategies.

RESUMO: Ornithonyssus sylviarum é um ácaro hematófago de aves silvestres, domésticas e sinantrópicas. No entanto, este ácaro pode afetar vários hospedeiros vertebrados, incluindo humanos, levando a dermatites, prurido, reações alérgicas e lesões cutâneas papulosas. O presente estudo avaliou os aspectos epidemiológicos do ataque de O. sylviarum em trabalhadores de granjas avícolas e descreveu um relato de caso em uma granja de postura. Este estudo utilizou um banco de dados secundário com informações sobre as poedeiras, infraestrutura e manejo dos galinheiros e relatos de ataques por ácaros hematófagos. Foi apresentado um caso de ataque de ácaro a um trabalhador rural no Centro-Oeste em Minas Gerais. Houve uma frequência de 60,7% de trabalhadores que relataram ter sido atacados por ácaros hematófagos em fazendas. A análise de correspondência mostrou uma associação entre relatos de ataques de ácaros em humanos com (1) presença de O. sylviarum na fazenda, (2) remoção manual de esterco por funcionários da fazenda e (3) histórico de uso de acaricidas. Os espécimes coletados do local foram identificados como O. sylviarum. Não há ataques de O. sylviarum, quando a remoçãodo esterco é feita em menor intervalo de tempo, e não se utiliza acaricida nos galpões quando a remoção é feita por esteira transportadora de esterco. Conclui-se que o parasitismo por O. Sylviarum deve ser considerado como um risco ocupacional relevante, que afeta trabalhadores que trabalham diretamente com poedeiras comerciais em Minas Gerais. Ressaltamos a necessidade de monitorar as infestações de aves por esse ácaro, a fim de melhorar o desenvolvimento de estratégias de controle.

Epidemiological determinants of Chrysomya (Diptera: calliphoridae) infestation in layer farms of Minas Gerais, Brazil / Determinantes epidemiológicos da infestação por Chrysomya (Diptera: Calliphoridae) em granjas avícolas de postura de Minas Gerais, Brasil

Aspects related to the epidemiology of Diptera belonging to genus Chrysomya were studied in order to determine predisposing factors for their occurrence in commercial laying hens farms from the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. An observational, analytical and sectional survey was conducted to verify the main epidemiological determinants of infestations by Chrysomya spp. Forty-three farms were visited in 2012 and these 13 (30,23%) were infested by Chrysomya putoria, 4 (9,30%) by Chrysomya megacephala and 2 (4,65%) by Chrysomya albiceps and in 2 farms (4,65%) was not possible to identify the species of Chrysomya. The epidemiological determinants for the occurrence of infestations by Chrysomya spp. were investigated using multiple logistic regression models. Housing clustering type and its conditions were important factors involved in epidemiology of these species (OR=5.05, 95% CI = 2.66 to 9.58, p = 0.000). It was also observed that the increase of the humidity of manure leads to increase chances of infestations (OR = 1.81, 95% CI = 1.36 to 2.40, p = 0.000). The presence of the beetle "lesser mealworm" (Alphitobiusdiaperinus) (OR = 0.15, 95% CI = 0.067 to 0.36, p = 0.000) was characterized as a protective factor against infestations, probably due to predation behavior of the beetle. Some regions of the state were characterized as lower risk areas for Chrysomya spp. infestation as compared to other regions. Management measures, such as constant monitoring of water leaks on manure, adequate composting of dead poultry and periodic removal of manure could assist in decreasing the presence of Chrysomya spp. inside the laying houses.

Aspectos relacionados à epidemiologia das infestações por dípteros do gênero Chrysomyaforam estudados com o objetivo de determinar os fatores predisponentes para sua ocorrência em granjas comerciais de postura do estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Foi realizado um estudo observacional, analítico e seccional para verificar os principais determinantes epidemiológicos das infestações por Chrysomya spp. Foram visitadas 43 granjas avícolas em 2012 e dessas 13 (30,23%) apresentaram infestação por Chrysomya putoria, 4 (9,30%) por Chrysomya megacephala, 2 (4,65%) por Chrysomya albiceps e em 2 granjas (4,65%) não foi possível identificar as espécies de Chrysomya. A verificação dos determinantes epidemiológicos foi realizada utilizando modelos de regressão logística múltipla. Diferenças entre os núcleos das granjas avícolas e que não foram avaliadas neste estudo, apresentaram-se importantes na epidemiologia destas moscas (OR=5.05 95% IC = 2.66 a 9.58, p = 0.000). Observou-se também que o aumento na umidade do esterco dos aviários aumenta as chances de ocorrência de infestações (OR = 1.81, 95% IC = 1.36 a 2.40, p = 0.000). A presença de coleópteros popularmente conhecidos como "Cascudinhos", Alphitobiusdiaperinus (OR = 0.15, 95% IC = 0.067 a 0.36, p = 0.000), foi caracterizada como um fator protetor contra infestações, provavelmente devido ao comportamento predador deste coleóptero. Algumas regiões do estado apresentaram menores chances de ocorrência de infestações por Chrysomya spp. quando comparadas a outras regiões. Algumas medidas de manejo, como monitoramento constante de vazamentos de água no esterco, compostagem adequada de aves mortas e remoção periódica do esterco, poderiam auxiliar na diminuição da presença de Chrysomya spp. no interior dos galpões de postura.

Abordagem minimamente invasiva para tratamento de adenoma pleomórfico em palato: caso clínico / Minimally invasive approach for pleomorfic adenoma treatment in palate: clinical case

Introdução: O adenoma pleomórfico (AP) ou tumor misto benigno é a neoplasia de glândula salivar mais comum. A glândula parótida geralmente é a mais acometida com 80% dos casos, e, quando surge em glândulas salivares menores, o palato é a região mais afetada. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar um caso clínico de AP em palato duro, tratado de forma conservadora. Relato de caso: Paciente 35 anos, gênero masculino, apresentando aumento de volume em palato, aos 6 meses de evolução, foi submetido à realização de procedimento cirúrgico, realizado sob anestesia local, para enucleação da lesão, seguido por curetagem de periósteo e com preservação de tecido mucoso sobrejacente. Considerações Finais: No momento, o paciente encontra-se com 1 ano de acompanhamento e não apresenta sinais de recidiva... (AU)

Introduction: Pleomorphic adenoma (PA) or benign mixed tumor is a more common salivary gland neoplasia. The parotid gland is usually the most affected with 80% of the cases and when they appear in smaller salivary glands, the palate is a region more affected. The objective of this study is to report a case of PA in the hard palate, treated conservatively. Case report: Patient 35 years old, male, presenting a palate volume increase with 6 months of evolution and submitted to surgical surgery performed under local anesthesia for enucleation of the process followed by periosteum cures and preservation of overlying mucosal tissue. Final considerations: At the moment, the patient is 1 year of follow-up and shows no signs of relapse... (AU)

A Reliable Stem Cell Carrier: An Experimental Study in Wistar Rats.

INTRODUCTION: Treatments based on cell biology need reliable and precise carriers for reaching the desired targets. For that reason, a PDO-based cell carrier was idealized, with the purpose of carrying stem cells to distant sites at room temperature. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three modalities of the same carrier were evaluated: one containing undifferentiated human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs); one loaded with stem cells induced to neurogenic differentiation (DPSCNs); and one without cells (Blank). The carriers were implanted in sciatic nerve gaps in 48 Wistar rats that were divided in three groups. Two other rats were included in a SHAM control group. Immunohistochemical, histological and clinical analyses were performed in two, four, six and eight weeks of time. RESULTS: Efficacy of human stem cell transportation at room temperature to rats was attested. Moreover, it was possible to confirm that those cells show tropism for inflamed environments and are also prone to induction of neurogenesis in the first two weeks, vanishing after that period. CONCLUSION: Clinical evaluation of the animals' gait recovery shows a promising perspective of success with the inclusion of stem cell-loaded PDO tubes in nerve gaps, which may be positively compared to previously published studies. NO LEVEL ASSIGNED: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors - www.springer.com/00266.

Palonosetron versus ondansetron for prevention of nausea and vomiting after total abdominal hysterectomy under spinal anesthesia with intrathecal morphine: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Hysterectomy is a widely performed surgery and neuraxial anesthesia with intrathecal morphine provides superior quality of recovery. Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is a frequent problem with intrathecal morphine use. Although palonosetron is effective for prevention of PONV after general anesthesia, its efficacy after neuraxial anesthesia has not been established. This study was conducted to compare the use of palonosetron with ondansetron for PONV prophylaxis in patients at a high risk of PONV during total abdominal hysterectomy (TAH) under spinal anesthesia with intrathecal morphine. METHODS: This prospective, randomized double-blind study conducted at São Rafael Hospital involved 140 American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I or II women who underwent TAH under spinal anesthesia with intrathecal morphine and who had at least 3 risk factors for PONV based on Apfel's simplified score. The patients were randomized into two groups: one received palonosetron whereas the other received ondansetron. All patients received spinal anesthesia with intrathecal morphine, as well as dexamethasone plus palonosetron or ondansetron for PONV prophylaxis. The overall incidence of PONV, incidence of early- and late-onset nausea and vomiting, severity of nausea, and use of rescue antiemetics were recorded. RESULTS: The overall incidence of PONV was 42.9% in the palonosetron group and 52.9% in the ondansetron group (p > 0.05). No significant differences existed in the incidence of early- and late-onset nausea or early-onset vomiting between the two groups. The incidence of late-onset vomiting was significantly lower in the palonosetron group. CONCLUSIONS: Palonosetron exhibited efficacy similar to that of ondansetron for reducing the overall incidence of PONV after TAH under spinal anesthesia with intrathecal morphine; however, palonosetron reduced the incidence of late-onset vomiting significantly better than ondansetron. TRIAL REGISTRATION: RBR-4gnm8n ( ensaiosclinicos.gov.br ), date of registration: August 18, 2014.

Electrochemical cell designed for in situ integrate microextraction and electroanalysis: Trace-level determination of norfloxacin in aqueous samples.

In this work, a newly designed electrochemical cell was assembled for in situ integrated microextraction and electroanalysis. Ionic liquids (ILs) were used as extractors to perform the microextraction, which enabled the pre-concentration of norfloxacin from tap water samples. The featured device can be used to replace conventional liquid-liquid microextraction, reducing the number of steps involved in the process. In addition, the pre-concentration of target analyte was performed in a single drop, which was directly decanted onto the electrode surface after agitation, allowing for further determination at trace concentration levels. The analytical performance of the proposed device was evaluated and the norfloxacin was determined at the trace-level in tap water samples with suitable accuracy (recovery values were 86-115%).

Activated biochar: Preparation, characterization and electroanalytical application in an alternative strategy of nickel determination.

This work reports for the first time the use of chemically activated biochar as electrode modifier for nickel determination. The biochar activation was performed by refluxing with HNO3, which promoted a higher nickel preconcentration compared to unmodified and modified biochar precursor electrodes. Morphological and structural characterization revealed the increase of surface acid groups, surface area and porosity of biochar after activation. Nickel determination was investigated adopting an alternative voltammetric methodology based on monitoring the Ni(II)/Ni(III) redox couple. In the proposed method, it was not necessary to use a complexing agent and the biochar itself was responsible for the analyte preconcentration. A linear response for Ni(II) concentration range from 1.0 to 30 µmol L-1 and a limit of detection of 0.25 µmol L-1 were obtained. The method was successfully applied for Ni(II) determination in spiked samples of bioethanol fuel and discharge water, with recoveries values between 103 and 109%.

Durability of Three Different Types of Hyaluronic Acid Fillers in Skin: Are There Differences Among Biphasic, Monophasic Monodensified, and Monophasic Polydensified Products?

Background: Hyaluronic acid fillers are used for facial rejuvenation and are classified as non-cross-linked or cross-linked (monophasic mono- or polydensified). Objectives: To histologically assess the intradermal durability of three types of fillers (biphasic, monophasic monodensified, and monophasic polydensified), to compare the durability of the products over 6 months, and to evaluate the structural changes after application. Methods: In all, 25 volunteers received injections of three different fillers in the dermis of the right lumbar region (in one line), and equal amounts of the fillers were injected into three different sites (in the same column), yielding nine points of application in each patient. Each line was biopsied on days 2, 92, and 184; these skin samples were analyzed histologically, and the presence or absence of these fillers was verified by a dermatopathologist. Results: The histological analysis showed that over 182 days, the amount of the injected monophasic polydensified, monophasic monodensified, and biphasic filler products decreased by 62.5%, 25%, and 12.5%, respectively. Conclusions: The biphasic and monophasic monodensified fillers presented greater intradermal durability than did the monophasic polydensified filler at 6 months after intradermal injection.

Treinamento muscular inspiratório e desmame ventilatório de paciente com síndrome pós-pólio / Inspiratory muscle training and ventilation weaning in patient with post-polio syndrome

A síndrome pós-pólio (SPP) é a recidiva dos sintomas da poliomielite anterior aguda (PAA), e o quadro é caracterizado por fraqueza muscular flácida assimétrica, com frequente comprometimento respiratório e de deglutição, além dos distúrbios de sono. O presente estudo relata o caso de uma paciente idosa, em ventilação mecânica domiciliar. Investiu-se no treinamento muscular inspiratório (TMI) com Powerbreathe® por 30 repetições por 2 vezes ao dia, durante 4 semanas, associado a um programa de exercícios físicos. Tal estratégia apresentou como desfecho o desmame da ventilação mecânica (VM), assim como melhora concomitante na Pimax e Mensuração de Independência Funcional (MIF), retornando ao final deste curto programa de reabilitação a realizar atividades laborais em domicílio. O presente relato de caso conclui que o emprego da TMI em pacientes com SPP pode ser uma estratégia promissora para o desmame ventilatório. (AU)

The post-polio syndrome (PPS) is the recurrence of the symptoms of acute anterior poliomyelitis (AAP), and characterized by asymmetrical flaccid muscle weakness, with respiratory and swallowing impairment, in addition to sleep disorders. The present study reports the case of an elderly patient in home mechanical ventilation. We invested in inspiratory muscle training (IMT) ® with Powerbreathe for 30 repetitions, twice daily, during 4 weeks, associated with a program of physical exercise. This strategy showed weaning from mechanical ventilation (MV), as well as a concomitant improvement in Pimax and Functional Independence Measure (FIM), returning at the end of this short rehabilitation program to perform work activities at home. This case study concludes that the use of IMT in patients with PPS may be a promising strategy for weaning. (AU)

Fisiologia de extremos: Digestão em répteis de alimentação esporádica / Extreme physiology: Digestion in intermittent-feeding reptiles / Fisiología de extremos: Digestión en reptiles de alimentación esporádica

Entre as diversas adaptações que os seres vivos apresentam em resposta às variáveis do ambiente, estão as mudanças adaptativas morfológicas e funcionais a curto e longo prazo que acontecem no sistema digestório em resposta ao padrão de alimentação. Em alguns répteis, tais adaptações vêm ao encontro da maximização dos recursos energéticos, os quais correlacionam os hábitos alimentares ao rendimento energético por meio do processo de regulação de órgãos específicos. Considerável número de artigos discute o desempenho do trato gastrointestinal e a influência de outros sistemas no auxílio a esse comportamento do sistema digestório em répteis, especialmente em pítons. Este trabalho teve por objetivo destacar e discutir as ações fisiológicas envolvidas no processo digestório e em outros sistemas em répteis que se alimentam esporadicamente. A atrofia e reconstrução alternadas do trato gastrointestinal em animais de hábitos alimentares infrequentes garantem a esses uma economia de energia em períodos de jejum e uma alta captação dos nutrientes no período digestivo. Essas alterações são acompanhadas por variações funcionais ácido-básicas, respiratórias e hemodinâmicas, e consequentemente por grandes mudanças na taxa metabólica, quando os estados de jejum e pós-prandial são comparados.

Short- and long-term morphological and functional adaptive changes in the digestive system related to the feeding habits are among the many adaptations living beings have in response to environmental variables. In some reptiles, such adaptations aim at maximizing the energy resources, which correlate the feeding habits with the energy performance through the regulation of specific organs. A considerable number of articles address the performance of the digestive tract and the influence of other systems in helping this digestive system behavior in reptiles, especially pythons. This paper has the purpose of highlighting and discussing the physiological actions involved in the digestive process and in other systems in reptiles that feed sporadically. The alternate atrophy and reconstruction of the gastrointestinal system in infrequent-feeding animals allow them to save energy during fasting and a high uptake of nutrients during digestion. These changes are accompanied by acid-base, respiratory and hemodynamic alterations, and therefore, by large changes in the metabolic rate, when comparing fasting and the post-prandial periods.

Entre las diversas adaptaciones que los seres vivos tienen, en respuesta a las variables ambientales, están los cambios adaptativos morfológicos y funcionales a corto y largo plazo que se producen en el sistema digestivo en respuesta al patrón de alimentación. En algunos reptiles, tales adaptaciones vienen a satisfacer la maximización de los recursos energéticos, que correlacionan los hábitos alimenticios con la eficiencia energética a través del proceso de regulación de órganos específicos. Números considerables de artículos analizan el rendimiento del tracto gastrointestinal y la influencia de otros sistemas para ayudar al sistema digestivo en los reptiles, especialmente las pitones. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo destacar y discutir las acciones fisiológicas que intervienen en el proceso digestivo y en otros sistemas en reptiles que se alimentan de forma esporádica. La atrofia y la reconstrucción alternadas del tracto gastrointestinal de animales de hábitos alimentarios infrecuentes, aseguran tales ahorros de energía durante los períodos de ayuno y una alta absorción de nutrientes en el período digestivo. Estos cambios van acompañados de variaciones funcionales ácido-básico, respiratorias y hemodinámicos y, consecuentemente por importantes cambios en la tasa metabólica, cuando se comparan los estados de ayuno y postprandial.

Epidemiology of Megninia spp. in laying flocks from the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Aspects related to the epidemiology of Megninia ginglymura were studied, in order to determine predisposing factors for the occurrence in layer chicken houses of commercial farms in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. An observational, cross-sectional, analytical survey was conducted for identifying major risks or protection factors for infestations. Four hundred thirty-one houses located in forty-three farms were visited in 2012. Regarding the farms, 17 (39.53%) had chickens infested by M. ginglymura and 1 (2.32%) presented Megninia cubitalis. The epidemiological aspects of the occurrence of M. ginglymura were investigated using multiple logistic regression models. The chicken house organization was an important protection factor involved in the occurrence of M. ginglymura (odds ratio [OR] = 0.85). The presence of subsistence breedings of poultry within the premises or at the proximity of a farm was characterized as a risk factor for the occurrence of infestations (OR = 3.92). The use of mineral oil (OR = 0.16) was considered protective against new infestations. Some regions of the state were characterized by a higher risk for mite infestation than others.

Epidemiology of Megninia spp. in laying flocks from the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil / Epidemiologia de Megninia spp. em estabelecimentos de postura no Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil

Aspects related to the epidemiology of Megninia ginglymura were studied, in order to determine predisposing factors for the ocurrence in layer chicken houses of commercial farms in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. An observational, cross-sectional, analytical survey was conducted for identifying major risks or protection factors for infestations. Four hundred thirty-one houses located in forty-three farms were visited in 2012. Regarding the farms, 17 (39.53%) had chickens infested by M. ginglymura and 1 (2.32%) presented Megninia cubitalis. The epidemiological aspects of the occurrence of M. ginglymura were investigated using multiple logistic regression models. The chicken house organization was an important protection factor involved in the occurrence of M. ginglymura (odds ratio [OR] = 0.85). The presence of subsistence breedings of poultry within the premises or at the proximity of a farm was characterized as a risk factor for the occurrence of infestations (OR = 3.92). The use of mineral oil (OR = 0.16) was considered protective against new infestations. Some regions of the state were characterized by a higher risk for mite infestation than others.

Aspectos relacionados à epidemiologia de infestações pelo ácaro Megninia ginglymura foram estudados com o objetivo de determinar os principais fatores para a ocorrência desse ectoparasito em galinhas poedeiras de granjas comerciais no Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Um estudo observacional, analítico e seccional foi realizado para verificar os principais fatores de risco ou proteção para as infestações. Quatrocentos e trinta e um galpões distribuídos em quarenta e três granjas foram visitados, no ano de 2012. Em relação às granjas, 17 (39,53%) possuíam aves infestadas por M. ginglymura e uma (2,32%) apresentou galinhas infestadas por Megninia cubitalis. Os aspectos epidemiológicos para a ocorrência de M. ginglymura foram investigados, utilizando-se modelos de regressão logística múltipla. A organização dos galpões nas granjas foi verificada como um importante fator de proteção envolvido na epidemiologia dessa espécie (Razão de Chances=0,85). A presença de criações de galinhas de subsistência dentro das instalações das granjas ou nas proximidades (Razão de Chances =3,92) foi caracterizada como um fator de risco para a ocorrência de infestações. O uso de óleo mineral foi considerado um fator de proteção contra infestações por M. ginglymura. Algumas regiões do Estado de Minas Gerais foram caracterizadas como de maior risco do que outras para infestações por esse ácaro.