The reverse Trendelenburg position in proximal ureteral stone management: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Ureteroscopy lithotripsy (URSL) presents a therapeutic option for patients with proximal ureteral calculi warranting active removal. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the efficacy of the reverse Trendelenburg (RT) position during this procedure. MATERIALS: A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases to identify randomized controlled trials and observational studies comparing RT versus standard positioning (STD) in patients undergoing URSL for proximal ureteral stones. Heterogeneity was measured with the Cochran's Q test, I2 statistics, and prediction intervals (PI). A DerSimonian and Laird random-effects model was utilized for all outcomes. RESULTS: Four studies encompassing 505 patients undergoing URSL were analyzed. Among the studied participants, 293 (58%) underwent RT positioning. Overall, RT was associated with a lower average incidence of stone retropulsion (RR 0.42; 95% CI 0.27-0.65; I2=48%; PI 0.08-2.10) and a higher mean stone-free rate (RR 1.33; 95% CI 1.18-1.49; I2=0%). However, no significant difference between groups was found in the mean rate of overall complications (RR 0.76; 95% CI 0.40-1.43; I2=51%; PI 0.00-520.22) and operative time (MD -0.65; 95% CI -9.58-8.27; I2=94%; PI -111.95-110.65). In those with proximal ureteral stones undergoing RT positioning at only the 20° angle, there was a reduction in stone retropulsion without any measured heterogeneity (RR 0.35; 95% CI 0.23-0.52; I2=0%). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that RT positioning is effective in improving outcomes for patients with proximal ureteral stones undergoing URSL, and its use should be considered during the procedure.

Preoperative α1-Blockers Impact on Outcomes of Patients Undergoing Ureteroscopy with Ureteral Access Sheaths: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Introduction: The use of a ureteral access sheath (UAS) during ureteroscopy (URS) has been associated with the risk for ureteral injuries. Preoperative administration of α1-blockers presents a potential mitigator of such lesions by inducing ureteral relaxation, which may also contribute to improving other surgical outcomes. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted across MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane databases for studies comparing preoperative α1-blockers administration vs its non-use in adult patients without pre-stenting undergoing URS. Binary outcomes were evaluated using risk ratios (RRs) and odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Heterogeneity was measured with the Cochran's Q test, I2 statistics, and prediction intervals (PIs). A DerSimonian and Laird random-effects model was utilized for all outcomes. Results: Eleven studies encompassing 1074 patients undergoing URS were included, of whom 522 (48.60%) received α1-blockers before the procedure. Preoperative α1-blockers were associated with a reduction in significant ureteral injuries (RR 0.30; 95% CI 0.17-0.53; I2 = 6%; PI 0.10-0.88) and an increase in mean successful UAS insertion (OR 2.14; 95% CI 1.08-4.23; I2 = 23%; PI 0.51-8.93). In patients undergoing exclusively ureteroscopy lithotripsy (URSL), the medications also reduced total complications (RR 0.62; 95% CI 0.46-0.84; I2 = 0%) and complications graded Clavien-Dindo III or higher (RR 0.16; 95% CI 0.04-0.69; I2 = 0%), but no significant difference between groups was found in the stone-free rate (RR 1.10; 95% CI 0.86-1.40; I2 = 91%; PI 0.47-2.59). Conclusion: Preoperative α1-blockers were linked to a decrease in significant ureteral injuries with UAS use and fewer complications during URSL procedures. However, their impact on the successful insertion of a UAS remains uncertain. Consideration of administering preoperative α1-blockers in non-stented adult patients undergoing URS with UAS is advisable.

Plasmonic photocatalytic degradation of tebuconazole and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid by Ag nanoparticles-decorated TiO2 tracked by SERS analysis.

Chemical oxidation technologies have been notably used for the mineralization of organic pollutants from aqueous effluents, been especially relevant for the degradation of pesticides. In this context, both tebuconazole (TEB) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) pesticides were photodegraded by a combined catalyst of TiO2 and silver nanoparticles irradiated by UV-A light (λmax = 368 nm), and the experiments were tracked by surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy. For 2,4-D, the degradation of about 70% was observed after almost 200 min, while for TEB, a decrease of 80% of the initial concentration was observed after approximately 100 min. The SERS monitoring allowed the proposal of some by-products, such as oxidized aliphatic chain and triazole from TEB besides glycolic, glyoxylic and dihydroxyacetic acids from 2,4-D. Their toxicities were predicted through ECOSAR software, verifying that most of them were not harmful to populations of fish, Daphnia and green algae. Thus, the performed oxidative process was efficient in the photodecomposition of TEB and 2,4-D pesticides, inclusive in terms of the decreasing of the toxicity of contaminated effluents.

Rabies in Callithrix sp. in the urban area of Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

In Brazil, rabies occurs mainly within an urban cycle, in which dogs and bats are reservoirs. This paper aims to report the occurrence of rabies in Callithrix sp. in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. In June 2019 a hybrid specimen was referred for diagnosis. The Direct Fluorescent Antibody, Mouse Inoculation, and Polymerase Chain Reaction tests were positive. A phylogenetic analysis was compatible with antigenic variant 3, characteristic of Desmodus rotundus. New studies should be undertaken to elucidate the real role of callitrichids in the urban rabies cycle.

Toxinas animais seletivas a canais iônicos: uma revisão / Ion channels selective animal toxins: a review

Animal poisons are glandular secretions that compromise biological systems. Their active biomolecules are called toxins. Many affect ion channels and ionotropic receptors, membrane proteins that control cellular ion flow. In this work a bibliographic survey was carried out about the main toxins of animal origin whose targets are ion channels. The groups with the highest toxin diversity were Conus ssp., Araneae, Scorpiones, Serpentes and Cnidaria. Toxins studies support basic and applied science. Despite their therapeutic potential, of all the studied poisons only ω-conotoxin MVIIA was approved for clinical use. So the field still has a lot to offer.

Venenos animais são secreções glandulares que comprometem sistemas biológicos. Suas biomoléculas ativas são denominadas toxinas. Muitas afetam canais iônicos e receptores ionotrópicos, proteínas de membrana que controlam o fluxo iônico celular. Neste trabalho foi realizado um levantamento bibliográfico sobre as principais toxinas de origem animal cujos alvos são canais iônicos. Os grupos com maior diversidade de toxinas foram Conus ssp., Araneae, Scorpiones, Serpentes e Cnidaria. Estudos sobre toxinas auxiliam a ciência de base e aplicada. Apesar do potencial terapêutico, dentre todos os venenos estudados apenas a ω-conotoxina MVIIA obteve aprovação para o uso clinico. Portanto, o campo ainda tem muito a oferecer.

Rabies in Callithrix sp. in the urban area of Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Abstract In Brazil, rabies occurs mainly within an urban cycle, in which dogs and bats are reservoirs. This paper aims to report the occurrence of rabies in Callithrix sp. in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. In June 2019 a hybrid specimen was referred for diagnosis. The Direct Fluorescent Antibody, Mouse Inoculation, and Polymerase Chain Reaction tests were positive. A phylogenetic analysis was compatible with antigenic variant 3, characteristic of Desmodus rotundus. New studies should be undertaken to elucidate the real role of callitrichids in the urban rabies cycle.

Acute appendicitis may no longer be a predominant disease of the young population.

BACKGROUND: Some authors consider acute appendicitis as the main cause of acute surgical abdomen. Incident in all ages, contemporary literature suggests that is more frequent in children and young adults, male predominantly. This study aims to test the hypothesis that the disease in question is no longer prevalent in young adults (excluding children) in the surveyed region. METHODS: 1150 cases of emergency surgery were performed and prospectively analyzed. 300 cases of appendicitis in adults were selected and variables studied. Patients under 13 years old were excluded. RESULTS: 190 patients older than 60 years had a diagnosis of acute appendicitis confirmed by biopsy. There is a predominance of males. The elderly population takes less time to seek medical assistance and has fewer complications, despite being more often admitted to the ICU due to other comorbidities. CONCLUSIONS: A trend regarding acute appendicitis epidemiology may exist. In the specific studied region acute appendicitis is no longer a disease prevalent in young adults. Surgeons and emergency physicians must be aware that acute appendicitis may no longer be predominantly common in young adults in their own specific region. Multicenter studies are needed to determine whether these data are reproduced in a geographical area of greater extent.

Cervical spondylotic myelopathy: clinical cases and physiotherapy / Mielopatia espondilótica cervical: casos clínicos e a fisioterapia / Mielopatía espondilótica cervical: casos clínicos y fisioterapia

ABSTRACT The aims of this article are to present cervical spondylotic myelopathy, a spinal condition caused by bony, ligament and disc alterations that results in spinal cord compression leading to progressive degeneration of the spinal cord, and to describe the possible physiotherapeutic interventions. The pathology has different forms of progression and affected areas, which contributes to the diversity of clinical presentations. This work presents two evaluations of three patients diagnosed with this disease, at different times, to compare the severity, the affected regions, and the evolution of each one. Subsequently, it describes the most appropriate physiotherapeutic treatment for this illness, demonstrating its wide variability according to the signs and symptoms presented. Level of Evidence: IV. Case series.

RESUMO O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar a Mielopatia Espondilótica Cervical, uma afecção da coluna vertebral causada por alterações ósseas, ligamentares e discais, que resultam na compressão medular, desencadeando a degeneração progressiva da medula, e descrever possíveis intervenções fisioterapêuticas. A patologia tem diferentes formas de progressão e áreas de comprometimento, o que contribui com a diversidade de quadros clínicos. Serão apresentadas duas avaliações de 3 pacientes com diagnóstico desta doença, em momentos diferentes, com o intuito de comparar a gravidade, as regiões comprometidas e a evolução de cada um. Posteriormente, é descrito o tratamento fisioterapêutico mais apropriado para esta doença, demonstrando também sua grande variabilidade de acordo com os sinais e sintomas apresentados. Nível de evidência: IV Tipo de estudo: Série de casos.

RESUMEN Los objetivo de este artículo son presentar la mielopatía espondilótica cervical, una afección de la columna vertebral causada por alteraciones óseas, ligamentos y discales, que resultan en la compresión medular, desencadenando la degeneración progresiva de la médula y describir posibles intervenciones fisioterapéuticas. La patología tiene diferentes formas de progresión y áreas de compromiso, lo que contribuye a la diversidad de cuadros clínicos. Se presentarán dos evaluaciones de tres pacientes con diagnóstico de esta enfermedad en momentos diferentes con el objetivo de comparar la gravedad, las regiones comprometidas y la evolución de cada uno. Posteriormente se describe el tratamiento fisioterapéutico más apropiado para esta enfermedad, demostrando también su gran variabilidad de acuerdo con los signos y síntomas presentados. Nivel de evidencia IV. Serie de casos.

Non-human primates as a reservoir for rabies virus in Brazil.

Rabies virus (RABV) does not persist in the environment as it is a very fragile agent. The primary hosts are mammalian species in the orders Carnivora and Chiroptera. Since the late 1980s, RABV has been isolated from non-human primates, Callithrix jacchus (the white-tufted marmoset), in four coastal states (Rio Grande do Norte, Ceará, Piauí and Pernambuco) in north-eastern Brazil, where this species is indigenous. The original habitat of C. jacchus consisted of two Brazilian biomes, the Atlantic Forest and the Caatinga. However, these marmosets have since adapted to other ecosystems as a result of human activities. Between 1988 and 1989, RABV isolates were obtained from white-tufted marmosets in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, but antigenic and genetic identification studies were not conducted at that time. In the following years, three additional states reported cases (Ceará, Piauí and Pernambuco). In two of these states (Ceará and Piauí), human cases of rabies transmitted by marmosets were reported. According to Brazilian Health Ministry data, at least 19 human cases in which this species was the source of infection were registered in between 1990 and 2016. Recent findings in laboratory tests of 12 rabid samples from humans and marmosets and the regional transmission among these animals for over 20 years, together with the gradual increase in the affected geographic area, support the concept of the emergence of a new RABV reservoir. Regional tourism, the wild animal trade and the cultural practice of maintaining these animals as pets, particularly in coastal regions, appear to be major risk factors for the increase in human cases. Additional epidemiological and ecological studies are required to better understand local disease dynamics and to identify ideal opportunities for prevention and control of this fatal infection.

Non-human primates as a reservoir for rabies virus in Brazil

Rabies virus (RABV) does not persist in the environment as it is a very fragile agent. The primary hosts are mammalian species in the orders Carnivora and Chiroptera. Since the late 1980s, RABV has been isolated from non-human primates, Callithrix jacchus (the white-tufted marmoset), in four coastal states (Rio Grande do Norte, Ceará, Piauí and Pernambuco) in north-eastern Brazil, where this species is indigenous. The original habitat of C. jacchus consisted of two Brazilian biomes, the Atlantic Forest and the Caatinga. However, these marmosets have since adapted to other ecosystems as a result of human activities. Between 1988 and 1989, RABV isolates were obtained from white-tufted marmosets in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, but antigenic and genetic identification studies were not conducted at that time. In the following years, three additional states reported cases (Ceará, Piauí and Pernambuco). In two of these states (Ceará and Piauí), human cases of rabies transmitted by marmosets were reported. According to Brazilian Health Ministry data, at least 19 human cases in which this species was the source of infection were registered in between 1990 and 2016. Recent findings in laboratory tests of 12 rabid samples from humans and marmosets and the regional transmission among these animals for over 20 years, together with the gradual increase in the affected geographic area, support the concept of the emergence of a new RABV reservoir. Regional tourism, the wild animal trade and the cultural practice of maintaining these animals as pets, particularly in coastal regions, appear to be major risk factors for the increase in human cases. Additional epidemiological and ecological studies are required to better understand local disease dynamics and to identify ideal opportunities for prevention and control of this fatal infection.

Non-human primates as a reservoir for rabies virus in Brazil

Rabies virus (RABV) does not persist in the environment as it is a very fragile agent. The primary hosts are mammalian species in the orders Carnivora and Chiroptera. Since the late 1980s, RABV has been isolated from non-human primates, Callithrix jacchus (the white-tufted marmoset), in four coastal states (Rio Grande do Norte, Ceará, Piauí and Pernambuco) in north-eastern Brazil, where this species is indigenous. The original habitat of C. jacchus consisted of two Brazilian biomes, the Atlantic Forest and the Caatinga. However, these marmosets have since adapted to other ecosystems as a result of human activities. Between 1988 and 1989, RABV isolates were obtained from white-tufted marmosets in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, but antigenic and genetic identification studies were not conducted at that time. In the following years, three additional states reported cases (Ceará, Piauí and Pernambuco). In two of these states (Ceará and Piauí), human cases of rabies transmitted by marmosets were reported. According to Brazilian Health Ministry data, at least 19 human cases in which this species was the source of infection were registered in between 1990 and 2016. Recent findings in laboratory tests of 12 rabid samples from humans and marmosets and the regional transmission among these animals for over 20 years, together with the gradual increase in the affected geographic area, support the concept of the emergence of a new RABV reservoir. Regional tourism, the wild animal trade and the cultural practice of maintaining these animals as pets, particularly in coastal regions, appear to be major risk factors for the increase in human cases. Additional epidemiological and ecological studies are required to better understand local disease dynamics and to identify ideal opportunities for prevention and control of this fatal infection.

Analysis of rabies diagnosis in dogs and cats in the state of São Paulo, Brazil

The genetic lineage of rabies virus (RABV) associated with dogs has not been found in the state of São Paulo since 1998, and all cases of rabies in domestic animals reported since then have involved the RABV lineage that circulates in bats. As there has been a change in the rabies transmission cycle in cats and dogs, we decided to analyze the tests used to diagnose rabies in these animals in the 15-year period from 2002 to 2016 in the state of São Paulo. During this period, 85,508 central nervous system (CNS) samples from dogs and cats were submitted to the Rabies Diagnosis Section at the Pasteur Institute of São Paulo for testing. All of the samples were tested by the fluorescent antibody test (FAT) and at least one of the following three tests: mouse inoculation test (MIT), rabies tissue culture infection test (RTCIT) and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Of all the samples tested, twenty were positive in at least one of these assays. Four other positive samples were identified at other institutions in the state of São Paulo. Of the twenty samples that tested positive at the Pasteur Institute of São Paulo, nine were tested by FAT, and the results were subsequently confirmed by other techniques; five gave inconclusive results, and therefore, other techniques had to be used as soon as possible in case the samples were positive; and six were negative by FAT and positive by one or more of the following tests:...

Non-human primates as a reservoir for rabies virus in Brazil

Rabies virus (RABV) does not persist in the environment as it is a very fragile agent. The primary hosts are mammalian species in the orders Carnivora and Chiroptera. Since the late 1980s, RABV has been isolated from non­human primates, Callithrix jacchus (the white­tufted marmoset), in four coastal states (Rio Grande do Norte, Ceará, Piauí and Pernambuco) in north­eastern Brazil, where this species is indigenous. The original habitat of C. jacchus consisted of two Brazilian biomes, the Atlantic Forest and the Caatinga. However, these marmosets have since adapted to other ecosystems as a result of human activities. Between 1988 and 1989, RABV isolates were obtained from white­tufted marmosets in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, but antigenic and genetic identification studies were not conducted at that time. In the following years, three additional states reported cases (Ceará, Piauí and Pernambuco). In two of these states (Ceará and Piauí), human cases of rabies transmitted by marmosets were reported. According to Brazilian Health Ministry data, at least 19 human cases in which this species was the source of infection were registered in between 1990 and 2016. Recent findings in laboratory tests of 12 rabid samples from humans and marmosets and the regional transmission among these animals for over 20 years, together with the gradual increase in the affected geographic area, support the concept of the emergence of a new RABV reservoir. Regional tourism, the wild animal trade and the cultural practice of maintaining these animals as pets, particularly in coastal regions, appear to be major risk factors for the increase in human cases. Additional epidemiological and ecological studies are required to better understand local disease dynamics and to identify ideal opportunities for prevention and control of this fatal infection. (AU)

Long-term Retrospective Study of Implants Placed after Sinus Floor Augmentation with Fresh-frozen homologous block.

AIM: The aim of this study was to analyze and follow-up implants placed in the posterior maxillary regions previously grafted with homologous bone. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-one grafts with homologous bone blocks were performed in maxillary sinuses, and 121 implants were placed in premolar and molar regions approximately 6 months after the grafts. Patients were followed up for periods varying from 12 to 124 months after rehabilitation. RESULTS: The results showed two implant failures, for a 98.3% success rate during the follow-up period. DISCUSSION: The implants placed had an average torque of 40 N-cm, regardless of the, design, diameter, and length of the implants used. CONCLUSION: After following up on the implants placed in this study, we concluded that those placed in regions of the maxillary sinuses previously grafted with homologous bone blocks had high long-term success rates and met the functional masticatory requirements.

New records on the use of man-made constructions as diurnal roosts by bats from the southern Amazon in central Brazil / Novos registros sobre a utilização de construções humanas como abrigos diurnos por morcegos no sul da Amazônia Brasileira

Roosts are a key part of bat species' life stories. Information on roost use enables us to understand the biological processes underlying bat ecology and is crucial with regard to the natural-roost loss and environmental pressures related to habitat destruction that has been considered as a threat affecting bat conservation. The aim of this study was to collect new data on the diurnal artificial-roost use by bats in a landscape from the southern Amazon. We observed bat species roosting at an abandoned house in a highly fragmented ecotone between the Amazon and Cerrado biomes. We observed one Trachops cirrhosus individual roosting in physical contact with one Phyllostomus hastatus. One year later, we noticed a compositional change at this roost, in which we found a large colony of Pteronotus parnellii. These findings may shed light on the potential flexibility of the roosting requirements of these species in such landscapes. Moreover, this is one of the first records of the use of human constructions by P. parnelli in such fragmented landscapes, a bat species that until recently was thought of as being associated only with well-preserved natural roosts.

Abrigos desempenham um papel importante na história de vida dos morcegos. Informações sobre sua utilização possibilitam a compreensão dos processos biológicos associados à sua ecologia e são cruciais considerando que a perda de abrigos naturais e que as pressões ambientais relacionadas à descaracterização dos ecossistemas são ameaças para a conservação deste grupo. O objetivo desde estudo foi coletar novos dados sobre a utilização diurna de abrigos artificiais por espécies morcegos em uma região ao sul da Amazônia. Nós observamos espécies de morcegos abrigando uma casa abandonada em uma região ecotonal entre os biomas Amazônia e Cerrado. Neste local, observamos um indivíduo de Trachops cirrhosus em contato físico com um indivíduo de Phyllostomus hastatus. Após um ano, observamos uma mudança neste abrigo, no qual uma colônia de Pteronotus parnellii foi observada. Estes registros podem lançar luz sobre a possível plasticidade destas espécies com relação às suas necessidades para a utilização de abrigos nestas paisagens. O registro trazido aqui é um dos primeiros sobre a utilização de construções humanas por P. parnellii, uma espécie comumente associada a abrigos naturais e bem preservados.

Single-Joint Movements in Parkinson's Disease: A Pulse-Width and Pulse-Height Theory Review.

The process by which the brain controls single-joint movements (SJM) is still not well understood. Some studies have defined rules describing the duration and magnitude of the agonist and antagonist muscles. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze scientific publications about the electromyographic characteristics of SJM performed by patients with Parkinson's disease. A bibliographical review of the years 1989-2015 was performed using keywords such as electromyography, upper limb, and Parkinson's disease. After applying the inclusion criteria, 8 articles were included for analysis. The literature indicates that despite the lack of studies, it is possible to assume that considering the SJM, those with Parkinson's disease only control the magnitude of electromyography activation, being consistent only with the pulse-height theory control.

Implantes cerâmicos em casos estéticos: uma nova possibilidade clínica / Dental ceramic implants in aesthetic cases: a new clinical possibility

A substituição de um elemento dental por um implante em pacientes que apresentam tecido gengival delgado gera uma preocupação devido à translucidez gengival, onde a coloração acinzentada do titânio pode levar ao fracasso estético do tratamento. Desta maneira, os implantes de zircônia se diferenciam principalmente por sua coloração clara, a qual se aproxima das características de cor da raiz, e por sua biocompatibilidade, além de possibilitarem a escolha do paciente por um tratamento totalmente livre de metal. Portanto, este relato de caso clínico demonstrou uma inovação técnica por meio da utilização de um implante confeccionado em zircônia para solução de um caso clínico de alta complexibilidade estética em uma paciente jovem, com fenótipo gengival delgado e alto grau de exigência estética. O caso foi finalizado com prótese cimentada e facetas metal free confeccionadas por meio de cerâmica injetada. Após a finalização do caso, concluiu-se que, apesar da desvantagem relacionada à sensibilidade técnica, o implante confeccionado em zircônia possibilitou a solução estética deste caso clínico de fenótipo gengival delgado, sem a necessidade de utilização de enxertos gengivais.

The replacement of a dental element in patients with thin gingival tissue generates a concern due to gingival translucency, where the titanium gray coloration can lead to failure of the treatment. Thus, the zirconia implants are distinguished primarily by their coloration and their biocompatibility, in addition to enabling the selection of a totally metal-free treatment. Therefore, this clinical report, showed an innovative technique using a zirconia implant in a clinical situation with high complex esthetic needs for in a young patient with thin gingival phenotype and high level of aesthetic requirement. The clinical case was concluded with cemented prosthesis and metal-free veneers made by pressed ceramics. After the end of the case, it was concluded that, despite the disadvantage related to the technical sensitivity, the zirconia implant provided an aesthetic solution of this clinical case of thin gingival phenotype, without the need of gingival grafts.

Diagnóstico de cinomose canina por RT-PCR em amostras de cães do Estado de São Paulo enviadas para a vigilância laboratorial da raiva

A cinomose canina (CD) é uma das doenças infecciosas mais importantes dos cães domésticos. No Brasil é ainda a principal causa de mortalidade de cães em algumas populações urbanas. Embora sequências de diferentes genes do vírus sejam utilizadas como alvo para detecção do vírus da cinomose canina (CDV), o gene N parece ser o melhor para a amplificação de todas as suas linhagens. Utilizando-se a técnica de RT-PCR direcionada ao gene N do CDV, foram analisadas 190 amostras de sistema nervoso central (SNC) de cães do estado de São Paulo com quadros sugestivos de encefalite e que foram encaminhadas ao Instituto Pasteur para o diagnóstico da raiva, durante o ano de 2014. A positividade foi superior a 50% indicando que a cinomose continua a ser uma importante causa de mortalidade canina.

Identification of Different Species of Mammalians Involved in Zoonoses as Reservoirs or Hosts by Sequencing of the Mitochondrial DNA Cytochrome B Gene

Introduction: The identification of species that act as reservoirs or hosts of zoonotic agents is essential for control and epidemiological surveillance of the important illness in public health. Identification of the reservoirs for zoonoses can help to clarify how the pathogens are maintained in nature, leading to more effective disease control and avoiding indiscriminate extermination of wild animals.Aims: The objective of this study was to describe the genetic identification of 106 samples isolated from different mammalians species.Methodology: This study was conducted using 106 tissue samples from wild and domestic mammals sent to rabies diagnosis in Pasteur Institute, Brazil. Sequencing of the mitochondrial DNA b gene and Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) was used to confirm species identity.Results and Conclusion: By sequencing the mtDNA cyt-b gene 10 orders, 20 families, 34 genera and 38 species of mammalians were identified. In conclusion, the method used at this work was efficient for identification of different species of mammalians. Animals identified at this work with same method, belong to high distance order, as marsupials, chiropters and primates.

Genetic identification of species of bats that act as reservoirs or hosts for viral diseases

Introduction: Viruses have been identified as the main etiologic agents of both zoonoses and emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) and various species of wild fauna can be involved in the maintenance of these diseases. The very wide variety of bats, together with their ability to adapt to different environments and fly long distances, means that these animals are currently one of the main reservoirs for zoonoses and EIDs. For these reasons the correct identification of different bat species is essential.Aims: This paper describes the genetic identification of 56 samples isolated from different bat species.Methodology: Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b (mtDNA cyt-b) gene. Results: Four families (Molossidae, Vespertilionidae, Noctilionidae and Phyllostomidae), twelve genera and nineteen different species of bats were identified, and the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) was used to confirm species identity. The phylogenetic tree constructed revealed two main clusters (1 and 2), both consist in two subclusters.Conclusions: Our results were concordant with those obtained by morphometric identification and genetic identification carried out by other authors, showing that the method described here can be used as an effective alternative to, or in combination with, morphometric identification of bats