Coletânea de Respostas Rápidas-Turma 1: programa educacional em vigilância em saúde no enfrentamento da COVID-19 e de outras doenças virais VigiEpidemia / Collection of Rapid Responses-Class 1: educational program in health surveillance in coping with COVID-19 and other viral diseases VigiEpidemia

Coletânea dedicada aos estudos das respostas rápidas do Programa Educacional em Vigilância em Saúde no enfrentamento da COVID-19 e outras Doenças Virais (VigiEpidemia). Esse tema é de extrema relevância e atualidade em nosso contexto da saúde global e na resposta as emergências em saúde pública (ESP) de forma geral. As ESP, que englobam surtos e epidemias, desastres e desassistência à população, representam desafios complexos que exigem respostas ágeis e eficazes por parte das autoridades sanitárias, profissionais da saúde e comunidades como um todo. Até o momento, a pandemia de COVID-19 foi a maior ESP do Século XXI. Ela serviu como um lembrete doloroso da vulnerabilidade da humanidade diante da ameaça de doenças virais. Esta ESP, que teve resposta catastrófica em diversos momentos, evidenciou a importância do investimento em preparação, vigilância e resposta, destacando a necessidade de sistemas de vigilância robustos, colaboração internacional, Inteligência epidemiológica e comunicação transparente para mitigar o impacto devastador das doenças infecciosas na sociedade. As lições aprendidas com a pandemia de COVID-19 são vastas e multifacetadas. A importância da pesquisa, da educação em saúde e do desenvolvimento de vacinas foi evidenciada como uma prioridade crucial na proteção da saúde pública mundial. O investimento em pesquisas e em cursos para formação de profissionais que possam estar atentos as mudanças nos padrões e comportamentos das doenças infecciosas, além de atuar na resposta rápida quando necessário, é fundamental para estarmos preparados para as futuras pandemias. A vacinação, por exemplo, sempre foi uma das ferramentas mais poderosas para evitar surtos e epidemias e, durante a pandemia de COVID-19, ajudou a controlar os óbitos pela doença e possibilitou que voltássemos a ter uma vida normal. Além da vacina contra COVID-19, as vacinas de influenza e dengue também são exemplos notáveis de avanços científicos que desempenham um papel fundamental na prevenção de futuras ESP. Ao explorar os diversos aspectos da resposta, monitoramento e controle de surtos, epidemias e pandemias, esta coletânea visa fornecer uma compreensão abrangente dos desafios enfrentados, das melhores práticas e das estratégias eficazes para mitigar os impactos adversos desses eventos. Espera-se que este trabalho não apenas informe e eduque, mas também inspire ações concretas para fortalecer a recuperação e resiliência dos sistemas de saúde e proteger o bem-estar das comunidades mais vulneráveis do nosso pais.

A collection dedicated to the study of rapid responses by the Educational Program in Health Surveillance in addressing COVID-19 and other Viral Diseases (VigiEpidemia). This theme is of utmost relevance and timeliness in our context of global health and in responding to public health emergencies (PHE) in general. PHEs, which encompass outbreaks and epidemics, disasters, and neglect of the population, represent complex challenges that require swift and effective responses from health authorities, healthcare professionals, and communities as a whole. To date, the COVID-19 pandemic has been the largest PHE of the 21st century. It served as a painful reminder of humanity's vulnerability in the face of viral disease threats. This PHE, which had catastrophic responses at various times, highlighted the importance of investing in preparedness, surveillance, and response, underscoring the need for robust surveillance systems, international collaboration, epidemiological intelligence, and transparent communication to mitigate the devastating impact of infectious diseases on society. The lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic are vast and multifaceted. The importance of research, health education, and vaccine development was highlighted as a crucial priority in protecting global public health. Investing in research and training courses to prepare professionals who can be attentive to changes in the patterns and behaviors of infectious diseases and act quickly when needed is essential to be prepared for future pandemics. Vaccination, for example, has always been one of the most powerful tools to prevent outbreaks and epidemics, and during the COVID-19 pandemic, it helped control disease-related deaths and allowed us to return to a normal life. In addition to the COVID-19 vaccine, influenza and dengue vaccines are also notable examples of scientific advancements that play a key role in preventing future PHEs. By exploring the various aspects of response, monitoring, and control of outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics, this collection aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the challenges faced, best practices, and effective strategies to mitigate the adverse impacts of these events. It is hoped that this work will not only inform and educate but also inspire concrete actions to strengthen the recovery and resilience of health systems and protect the well-being of the most vulnerable communities in our country.

Coletânea de Respostas Rápidas-Turma 2: programa educacional em vigilância em saúde no enfrentamento da COVID-19 e de outras doenças virais VigiEpidemia / Collection of Rapid Responses-Class 2: educational program in health surveillance in coping with COVID-19 and other viral diseases VigiEpidemia

As Políticas Informadas por Evidências (PIE) tem ocupado uma posição de destaque nas últimas décadas. Nota-se, portanto, um aumento do estimulo e da valorização da síntese do conhecimento cientifico para apoiar o desenvolvimento de políticas públicas de saúde baseadas em evidências. No Brasil, o Ministério da Saúde institucionalizou em 2009 a Rede para Politicas Informadas por Evidencias (Evidence-Informed Policy Network ­ EVIPNet Brasil). Essa Rede foi uma criação da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) para promover o uso sistemático e transparente de evidências cientificas no desenvolvimento e na implementação de políticas de saúde, proporcionando o intercâmbio de conhecimento entre gestores, pesquisadores e representantes da sociedade civil, e facilitando a formulação, a implementação de políticas e a gestão dos serviços e sistemas de saúde. Coordenada pelo Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia da Secretaria de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação e do Complexo Econômico-Industrial da Saúde do Ministério da Saúde (DECIT/SCTICS/MS), a EVIPNet Brasil, integrada por Núcleos de Evidências em Saúde (NEv), oferece periodicamente cursos diversos sobre PIE, além de materiais, como diretrizes metodológicas, para auxiliar na síntese de evidências para tomada de decisão em saúde. Com o evento da pandemia da COVID-19, a busca por evidências cientificas tornou-se mais intensa. A cobrança por resposta a curto prazo marcou esse período recente, desafiando o mundo todo a aprimorar mecanismos de elaboração, tradução e disseminação de conhecimento científico. Nesse contexto, surge o VigiEpidemia, um Programa Educacional em Vigilância e Cuidado em Saúde no Enfrentamento da COVID-19 e de outras doenças virais que oferece qualificação aos trabalhadores do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Por meio desse programa, foram elaborados produtos, baseados no Portfolio de Produtos do Serviço de Produção de Evidências para Apoio a Tomada de Decisão, do DECIT, que tiveram como objetivo principal estimular o uso de evidências cientificas no cotidiano dos serviços de saúde. Este e-book oferece a leitora e ao leitor 26 pesquisas criteriosamente selecionadas com conteúdo interessante produzidos por especializandos no âmbito do VigiEpidemia, dividido em duas partes: a primeira sobre COVID-19 e outras doenças virais e a segunda sobre Dengue e outras arboviroses.

Evidence-Informed Policies (EIP) have gained prominence over the past few decades. Consequently, there has been an increase in the stimulation and appreciation of the synthesis of scientific knowledge to support the development of evidence-based public health policies. In Brazil, the Ministry of Health institutionalized the Evidence-Informed Policy Network (EVIPNet Brazil) in 2009. This network was an initiative by the World Health Organization (WHO) to promote the systematic and transparent use of scientific evidence in the development and implementation of health policies, facilitating knowledge exchange among managers, researchers, and representatives of civil society, and aiding in policy formulation, implementation, and the management of health services and systems. Coordinated by the Department of Science and Technology of the Secretariat of Science, Technology, Innovation, and the Economic-Industrial Health Complex of the Ministry of Health (DECIT/SCTICS/MS), EVIPNet Brazil, consisting of Health Evidence Centers (NEv), periodically offers various courses on EIP, along with resources such as methodological guidelines to assist in the synthesis of evidence for health decision-making. With the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic, the search for scientific evidence became more intense. The demand for short-term responses marked this recent period, challenging the world to enhance mechanisms for the elaboration, translation, and dissemination of scientific knowledge. In this context, the VigiEpidemia program emerged, an Educational Program in Health Surveillance and Care in addressing COVID-19 and other viral diseases, offering qualifications to workers of the Unified Health System (SUS). Through this program, products were developed based on the DECIT's Evidence Production Service Portfolio to Support Decision Making, primarily aimed at stimulating the use of scientific evidence in the daily operations of health services. This e-book provides the reader with 26 meticulously selected research studies with interesting content produced by specialists within the scope of VigiEpidemia, divided into two parts: the first on COVID-19 and other viral diseases, and the second on Dengue and other arboviruses.

An evidence-informed policymaking (EIPM) competency profile for the Brazilian Health System developed through consensus: process and outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Evidence-informed policymaking (EIPM) requires a set of individual and organizational knowledge, skills and attitudes that should be articulated with background factors and needs. In this regard, the development of an EIPM competency profile is important to support the diagnosis, planning and implementation of EIPM. PURPOSE: To present the process and outcomes of the development of an EIPM competency profile by an expert committee, to be applied in different contexts of the Brazilian Health System. METHODS: A committee of experts in EIPM shared different views, experiences and opinions to develop an EIPM competency profile for Brazil. In six consensus workshops mediated by facilitators, the committee defined from macro problems to key actions and performances essential for the competency profile. The development steps consisted of: (1) Constitution of the committee, including researchers, professionals with practical experience, managers, and educators; (2) Development of a rapid review on EIPM competency profiles; (3) Agreement on commitments and responsibilities in the processes; (4) Identification and definition of macro problems relating to the scope of the competency profile; and (5) Outlining of general and specific capacities, to be incorporated into the competency profile, categorized by key actions. RESULTS: The development of the EIPM competency profile was guided by the following macro problems: (1) lack of systematic and transparent decision-making processes in health policy management; (2) underdeveloped institutional capacity for knowledge management and translation; and (3) incipient use of scientific evidence in the formulation and implementation of health policies. A general framework of key actions and performances of the EIPM Competency Profile for Brazil was developed, including 42 specific and general key actions distributed by area of activity (Health Management, Scientific Research, Civil Society, Knowledge Translation, and Cross-sectional areas). CONCLUSIONS: The competency profile presented in this article can be used in different contexts as a key tool for the institutionalization of EIPM.

Follow-up of patients diagnosed with and treated for tuberculosis in Brazil: financial burden on the household.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the implications of the proportion of annual family income spent in the pre- and post-diagnosis periods in tuberculosis patients followed for after at least one year after completing tuberculosis treatment in Brazil. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of tuberculosis patients followed for at least one year after completing tuberculosis treatment in five Brazilian capitals (one in each region of the country). RESULTS: A total of 62 patients were included in the analysis. The overall average cost of tuberculosis was 283.84 Brazilian reals (R$) in the pre-diagnosis period and R$4,161.86 in the post-diagnosis period. After the costs of tuberculosis disease, 71% of the patients became unemployed, with an overall increase in unemployment; in addition, the number of patients living in nonpoverty decreased by 5%, the number of patients living in poverty increased by 6%, and the number of patients living in extreme poverty increased by 5%. The largest proportion of annual household income to cover the total costs of tuberculosis was for the extremely poor (i.e., 40.37% vs. 11.43% for the less poor). CONCLUSIONS: Policies to mitigate catastrophic costs should include interventions planned by the health care system and social protection measures for tuberculosis patients with lower incomes in order to eliminate the global tuberculosis epidemic by 2035-a WHO goal in line with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.

National Vaccine Coverage Survey 2020: methods and operational aspects.

OBJECTIVE: The national vaccination coverage survey on full vaccination at 12 and 24 months of age was carried out to investigate drops in coverage as of 2016. METHODS: A sample of 37,836 live births from the 2017 or 2018 cohorts living in capital cities, the Federal District, and 12 inner cities with 100 thousand inhabitants were followed for the first 24 months through vaccine record cards. Census tracts stratified according to socioeconomic levels had the same number of children included in each stratum. Coverage for each vaccine, full vaccination at 12 and 24 months and number of doses administered, valid and timely, were calculated. Family, maternal and child factors associated with coverage were surveyed. The reasons for not vaccinating analyzed were: medical contraindications, access difficulties, problems with the program, and vaccine hesitancy. RESULTS: Preliminary results showed that less than 1% of children were not vaccinated, full coverage was less than 75% at all capitals and the Federal District, vaccines requiring more than one dose progressively lost coverage, and there were inequalities among socioeconomic strata, favorable to the highest level in some cities and to the lowest in others. CONCLUSION: There was an actual reduction in full vaccination in all capitals and the Federal District for children born in 2017 and 2018, showing a deteriorating implementation of the National Immunization Program from 2017 to 2019. The survey did not measure the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, which may have further reduced vaccination coverage.

Prevalence and associated factors of mental health disorders among Brazilian healthcare workers in times of the COVID-19 pandemic: A web-based cross-sectional study.

The COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil affected mental health among healthcare workers. To objective of this study was to evaluate the mental health of healthcare workers in in the central-west region of the Brazil, estimating the prevalence of mental health disorders, and investigating associated factors, perceptions of safety, and self-perceptions about mental health in times of the COVID-19 pandemic. The questionnaire was divided into two parts that included general information and perceptions about the work process and identified symptoms using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21), and multiple linear regression analysis was conducted. A total of 1,522 healthcare workers participated in the survey. Overall prevalence of symptoms was calculated for depression (58.7%), anxiety (59.7%), and stress (61.7%). Physicians had 3.75 times greater risk of depression (1.59-8.85, 95% CI). Independent variables associated with depression symptoms were not feeling safe with the way services were organized (1.12:1.03-1.21, 95% CI) and self-perception of poor mental health (8.06: 4.03-16.10% CI). Working in management was protective, and married professionals had 12% lower risk of exhibiting symptoms of depression (0.79-0.99, 95% CI). Participants with self-perception of poor mental health had 4.63 greater risk for symptoms of anxiety (2.58-8.31, 95% CI). Protective factors were not having sought support for mental health (0.90: 0.82-0.99, 95% CI), having a graduate degree (0.71: 0.54-0.94, 95% CI), and not having been diagnosed with COVID-19 (0.90: 0.83-0.98, 95% CI). Perception of poor mental health was associated with 6.95-fold greater chance of developing stress symptoms. Protective factors from stress were having a degree in dentistry (0.81: 0.68-0.97, 95% CI), residing in Mato Grosso do Sul (0.91: 0.85-0.98, 95% CI), and not having sought mental health support services (0.88: 0.82-0.95, 95% CI). The prevalence of mental health disorders is high among healthcare workers, and is associated with professional category, organization of services provided, and self-perception of poor mental health, reinforcing the need for preventative measures.

Strategies to approach the judicialization of health in Brazil: an evidence brief. / Estratégias para abordar a Judicialização da Saúde no Brasil: uma síntese de evidências.

This article seeks to identify and discuss evidence-informed options to address the judicialization of health. The Supporting Policy Relevant Reviews and Trials Tools were used to define the problem and the search strategy, which was carried out in the following databases: PubMed, Health Systems Evidence, Campbell, Cochrane Collaboration, Rx for Change Database, and PDQ-Evidence. Selection and assessment of methodological quality was performed by two independent reviewers. The results were presented in a narrative synthesis. This study selected 19 systematic reviews that pointed out four strategies to address the judicialization of health in Brazil: 1) Rapid response service, 2) Continuous education program, 3) Mediation service between the parties involved, and 4) Adoption of a computer-based, online decision-making support tool and patient-mediated interventions. This study therefore presented and characterized four options that can be considered to address the judicialization of health. The implementation of these options must ensure the participation of different actors, reflecting on different contexts and the impact on the health system. The availability of human and financial resources and the training of teams are critical points for the successful implementation of the options.

A fim de identificar e discutir opções informadas por evidências para abordar a judicialização da saúde no Brasil, utilizou-se as Ferramentas SUPPORT (Supporting Policy Relevant Reviews and Trials). A busca foi realizada nas bases PubMed; Health Systems Evidence; Campbell Collaboration; Cochrane Library; Rx for Change Database e PDQ-Evidence. A seleção e avaliação da qualidade metodológica foi feita por dois revisores independentes. Os resultados foram apresentados numa síntese narrativa. Dezenove revisões sistemáticas apontam quatro opções: 1) Serviço de respostas rápidas; 2) Programa de educação permanente; 3) Serviço de mediação entre as partes envolvidas; e 4) Adoção de ferramenta online (baseada em computador) de suporte à decisão e de intervenções mediadas por pacientes. Conclusões: Apresentamos e caracterizamos quatro opções que podem ser consideradas para abordar a judicialização da saúde. A implementação dessas opções deve garantir a participação de diferentes atores, refletindo sobre variados contextos. Recursos humanos e financeiros, capacitação das equipes, são os principais pontos críticos.

Estratégias para abordar a Judicialização da Saúde no Brasil: uma síntese de evidências / Strategies to approach the judicialization of health in Brazil: an evidence brief

Resumo A fim de identificar e discutir opções informadas por evidências para abordar a judicialização da saúde no Brasil, utilizou-se as Ferramentas SUPPORT (Supporting Policy Relevant Reviews and Trials). A busca foi realizada nas bases PubMed; Health Systems Evidence; Campbell Collaboration; Cochrane Library; Rx for Change Database e PDQ-Evidence. A seleção e avaliação da qualidade metodológica foi feita por dois revisores independentes. Os resultados foram apresentados numa síntese narrativa. Dezenove revisões sistemáticas apontam quatro opções: 1) Serviço de respostas rápidas; 2) Programa de educação permanente; 3) Serviço de mediação entre as partes envolvidas; e 4) Adoção de ferramenta online (baseada em computador) de suporte à decisão e de intervenções mediadas por pacientes. Conclusões: Apresentamos e caracterizamos quatro opções que podem ser consideradas para abordar a judicialização da saúde. A implementação dessas opções deve garantir a participação de diferentes atores, refletindo sobre variados contextos. Recursos humanos e financeiros, capacitação das equipes, são os principais pontos críticos.

Abstract This article seeks to identify and discuss evidence-informed options to address the judicialization of health. The Supporting Policy Relevant Reviews and Trials Tools were used to define the problem and the search strategy, which was carried out in the following databases: PubMed, Health Systems Evidence, Campbell, Cochrane Collaboration, Rx for Change Database, and PDQ-Evidence. Selection and assessment of methodological quality was performed by two independent reviewers. The results were presented in a narrative synthesis. This study selected 19 systematic reviews that pointed out four strategies to address the judicialization of health in Brazil: 1) Rapid response service, 2) Continuous education program, 3) Mediation service between the parties involved, and 4) Adoption of a computer-based, online decision-making support tool and patient-mediated interventions. This study therefore presented and characterized four options that can be considered to address the judicialization of health. The implementation of these options must ensure the participation of different actors, reflecting on different contexts and the impact on the health system. The availability of human and financial resources and the training of teams are critical points for the successful implementation of the options.

Competências percebidas na condução de rodas de conversas para a promoção da saúde: relato de experiência / Perceived skills in conducting conversation circles for health promotion: experience report

O estudo discute as competências envolvidas na condução de rodas de conversas. Trata-se de um relato analítico e reflexivo desenvolvido a partir das experiências dos estudantes da disciplina de Promoção da Saúde de um programa de Mestrado Profissional em Saúde da Família, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. As experiências foram registradas no formato de relatórios de experiências e enfatizaram o uso de rodas de conversas em Unidades de Saúde da Família. A partir do corpus documental, foram levantados o público- alvo, temáticas/objetivos e quatro competências aplicadas para o desenvolvimento das rodas de conversa, a saber: aprender a conhecer, aprender a fazer, aprender a conviver, e aprender a ser. Observou-se que o público-alvo e as temáticas desenvolvidas nas rodas de conversas foram relacionados a situação epidemiológica do território. Ainda, foi identificado que a técnica é frequentemente baseada no referencial teórico de Paulo Freire, com etapas sistematizadas. As competências de saber conhecer e saber fazer foram desafiantes. As competências saber conviver e ser destacaram- se positivamente nas experiências descritas. Por fim, as experiências revelaram que há competências que precisam ser aprimoradas para a condução de rodas de conversas, com vistas a alcançar o seu potencial transformador.

Follow-up of patients diagnosed with and treated for tuberculosis in Brazil: financial burden on the household / Acompanhamento de pacientes com diagnóstico e tratamento de tuberculose no Brasil: ônus financeiro para a família

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the implications of the proportion of annual family income spent in the pre- and post-diagnosis periods in tuberculosis patients followed for after at least one year after completing tuberculosis treatment in Brazil. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of tuberculosis patients followed for at least one year after completing tuberculosis treatment in five Brazilian capitals (one in each region of the country). Results: A total of 62 patients were included in the analysis. The overall average cost of tuberculosis was 283.84 Brazilian reals (R$) in the pre-diagnosis period and R$4,161.86 in the post-diagnosis period. After the costs of tuberculosis disease, 71% of the patients became unemployed, with an overall increase in unemployment; in addition, the number of patients living in nonpoverty decreased by 5%, the number of patients living in poverty increased by 6%, and the number of patients living in extreme poverty increased by 5%. The largest proportion of annual household income to cover the total costs of tuberculosis was for the extremely poor (i.e., 40.37% vs. 11.43% for the less poor). Conclusions: Policies to mitigate catastrophic costs should include interventions planned by the health care system and social protection measures for tuberculosis patients with lower incomes in order to eliminate the global tuberculosis epidemic by 2035-a WHO goal in line with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar as implicações da proporção da renda familiar anual gasta nos períodos pré e pós-diagnóstico em pacientes com tuberculose acompanhados durante pelo menos um ano após o término do tratamento da tuberculose no Brasil. Métodos: Estudo transversal com pacientes com tuberculose acompanhados durante pelo menos um ano após o término do tratamento da tuberculose em cinco capitais brasileiras (uma em cada região do país). Resultados: Foram incluídos na análise 62 pacientes. O custo médio global da tuberculose foi de R$ 283,84 no período pré-diagnóstico e de R$ 4.161,86 no período pós-diagnóstico. Após os custos da doença tuberculosa, 71% dos pacientes ficaram desempregados, com um aumento global do desemprego; além disso, o número de pacientes não pobres diminuiu 5%, o número de pacientes pobres aumentou 6% e o número de pacientes extremamente pobres aumentou 5%. A maior proporção de renda familiar anual para cobrir os custos totais da tuberculose foi observada nos pacientes extremamente pobres (40,37% vs. 11,43% nos menos pobres). Conclusões: As políticas para mitigar os custos catastróficos devem incluir intervenções planejadas pelo sistema de saúde e medidas de proteção social para pacientes de baixa renda com tuberculose, a fim de eliminar a epidemia global de tuberculose até 2035, uma meta da OMS alinhada com os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável propostos pela Organização das Nações Unidas.

Late peripheral facial paralysis after COVID-19: a rapid systematic review and two case reports.

Peripheral facial paralysis (PFP) has been shown to be a neurological manifestation of COVID-19. The current study presents two cases of PFP after COVID-19, along with a rapid review of known cases in the literature. Both case reports were conducted following CARE guidelines. We also performed a systematic review of PFP cases temporally related to COVID-19 using PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases on August 30, 2021, using a rapid review methodology. The two patients experienced PFP 102 and 110 days after COVID-19 symptom onset. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in nasal samples through reverse-transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) testing. Anosmia was the only other neurological manifestation. PFP was treated with steroids in both cases, with complete subsequent recovery. In the rapid review, we identified 764 articles and included 43 studies. From those, 128 patients with PFP were analyzed, of whom 42.1% (54/128) were male, 39.06% (50/128) female, and in 23 cases the gender was not reported. The age range was 18 to 59 (54.68%). The median time between COVID-19 and PFP was three days (ranging from the first symptom of COVID-19 to 40 days after the acute phase of infection). Late PFP associated with COVID-19 presents mild symptoms and improves with time, with no identified predictors. Late PFP should be added to the spectrum of neurological manifestations associated with the long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection as a post COVID-19 condition.

Genomic epidemiology of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Brazil

The high numbers of COVID-19 cases and deaths in Brazil have made Latin America an epicentre of the pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 established sustained transmission in Brazil early in the pandemic, but important gaps remain in our understanding of virus transmission dynamics at a national scale. We use 17,135 near-complete genomes sampled from 27 Brazilian states and bordering country Paraguay. From March to November 2020, we detected co-circulation of multiple viral lineages that were linked to multiple importations (predominantly from Europe). After November 2020, we detected large, local transmission clusters within the country. In the absence of effective restriction measures, the epidemic progressed, and in January 2021 there was emergence and onward spread, both within and abroad, of variants of concern and variants under monitoring, including Gamma (P.1) and Zeta (P.2). We also characterized a genomic overview of the epidemic in Paraguay and detected evidence of importation of SARS-CoV-2 ancestor lineages and variants of concern from Brazil. Our findings show that genomic surveillance in Brazil enabled assessment of the real-time spread of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.

Late peripheral facial paralysis after COVID-19: a rapid systematic review and two case reports

Peripheral facial paralysis (PFP) has been shown to be a neurological manifestation of COVID-19. The current study presents two cases of PFP after COVID-19, along with a rapid review of known cases in the literature. Both case reports were conducted following CARE guidelines. We also performed a systematic review of PFP cases temporally related to COVID-19 using PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases on August 30, 2021, using a rapid review methodology. The two patients experienced PFP 102 and 110 days after COVID-19 symptom onset. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in nasal samples through reverse-transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) testing. Anosmia was the only other neurological manifestation. PFP was treated with steroids in both cases, with complete subsequent recovery. In the rapid review, we identified 764 articles and included 43 studies. From those, 128 patients with PFP were analyzed, of whom 42.1% (54/128) were male, 39.06% (50/128) female, and in 23 cases the gender was not reported. The age range was 18 to 59 (54.68%). The median time between COVID-19 and PFP was three days (ranging from the first symptom of COVID-19 to 40 days after the acute phase of infection). Late PFP associated with COVID-19 presents mild symptoms and improves with time, with no identified predictors. Late PFP should be added to the spectrum of neurological manifestations associated with the long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection as a post COVID-19 condition.

Promoção e uso de evidências em serviços de saúde / Promotion and use of evidence in health services

Este produto objetiva construir bases de conhecimento sobre o que é necessário para utilizar, com segurança e qualidade, as melhores evidências científicas disponíveis para a tomada de decisão, seja no cotidiano dos processos de trabalho, seja estrategicamente nas políticas e programas de saúde. Propomos reflexões sobre quais dos conceitos operacionais e das melhores práticas adotadas seriam úteis para aplicar no cotidiano de trabalho, entre equipe e instituição. Para isso, apresentaremos os melhores processos de transformação do conhecimento em prática, testados e validados internacionalmente.

This product aims to build a knowledge base on what is needed to safely and qualitatively use the best scientific evidence available for decision-making, both in day-to-day work processes and strategically in health policies and programs. We propose reflections on which of the operational concepts and best practices adopted would be useful to apply in day-to-day work, between the team and the institution. To this end, we will present the best processes for transforming knowledge into practice, which have been tested and validated internationally.

Produzindo evidências e respostas rápidas no TCC / Producing evidence and quick answers in the undergraduate thesis

Este produto visa orientar todo processo de elaboração de uma resposta rápida para desenvolver um produto que seja de interesse para seu local de trabalho e incorporação dos resultados à dinâmica do serviço. Ele foi pensado e construído para que você possa elaborar o seu produto de resposta rápida com bastante tranquilidade e segurança. Apresenta conteúdos bem explicativos de cada uma das etapas exemplificados, além de indicações de materiais complementares, os quais você poderá acessar para ampliar o seu conhecimento.

This product aims to guide you through the process of developing a rapid response product that is of interest to your workplace and incorporating the results into the dynamics of the service. It has been designed and constructed so that you can develop your rapid response product with a great deal of peace of mind. It contains explanatory content for each of the stages, as well as indications of complementary materials that you can access to broaden your knowledge.

Mask decontamination methods (model N95) for respiratory protection: a rapid review.

BACKGROUND: N95 respiratory protection masks are used by healthcare professionals to prevent contamination from infectious microorganisms transmitted by droplets or aerosols. METHODS: We conducted a rapid review of the literature analyzing the effectiveness of decontamination methods for mask reuse. The database searches were carried out up to September 2020. The systematic review was conducted in a way which simplified the stages of a complete systematic review, due to the worldwide necessity for reliable fast evidences on this matter. RESULTS: A total of 563 articles were retrieved of which 48 laboratory-based studies were selected. Fifteen decontamination methods were included in the studies. A total of 19 laboratory studies used hydrogen peroxide, 21 studies used ultraviolet germicidal irradiation, 4 studies used ethylene oxide, 11 studies used dry heat, 9 studies used moist heat, 5 studies used ethanol, two studies used isopropanol solution, 11 studies used microwave oven, 10 studies used sodium hypochlorite, 7 studies used autoclave, 3 studies used an electric rice cooker, 1 study used cleaning wipes, 1 study used bar soap, 1 study used water, 1 study used multi-purpose high-level disinfection cabinet, and another 1 study used chlorine dioxide. Five methods that are promising are as follows: hydrogen peroxide vapor, ultraviolet irradiation, dry heat, wet heat/pasteurization, and microwave ovens. CONCLUSIONS: We have presented the best available evidence on mask decontamination; nevertheless, its applicability is limited due to few studies on the topic and the lack of studies on real environments.

Catastrophic costs and social sequels due to tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment in Brazil. / Custos catastróficos e sequelas sociais decorrentes do diagnóstico e tratamento da tuberculose no Brasil.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of catastrophic costs on unfavorable tuberculosis treatment outcomes. METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study, conducted in five Brazilian state capitals (Manaus, Recife, Vitória, Campo Grande and Porto Alegre) from June 2016 to July 2018. Logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). RESULTS: Of the 350 participants, 310 were included, of whom 30 presented unfavorable outcomes. Catastrophic cost (OR=2.53 -95% CI 1.13;5.67) and divorce (OR=5.29 -95% CI 1.39;20.05) increased the chances of unfavorable outcomes. CONCLUSION: Financial difficulties during tuberculosis treatment may impair its outcome. Catastrophic cost and divorce were determining factors for treatment outcomes.

Catastrophic costs and social sequels resulting from the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis in Brazil / Costos catastróficos y consecuencias sociales resultantes del diagnóstico y tratamiento de la tuberculosis en Brasil / Custos catastróficos e sequelas sociais decorrentes do diagnóstico e tratamento da tuberculose no Brasil

Objective: To assess the impact of catastrophic costs on the unfavorable outcome of tuberculosis treatment. Methods: This is prospective cohort made in five capitals of Brazilian states (Manaus, Recife, Vitória, Campo Grande and Porto Alegre) between June 2016 and July 2018. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Results: The 350 participants, 310 were included, and 30 had unfavorable outcome. Catastrophic cost (OR=2.53 ­ 95%CI 1.13;5.67) and divorce episode (OR=5.29 ­ 95%CI 1.39;20.05) increased the chance of unfavorable outcome. Conclusion: financial difficulties faced during the treatment of tuberculosis can impair the treatment outcome. The determinants for the treatment outcome were catastrophic cost and divorce.

Objetivo: Avaliar o impacto dos custos catastróficos no desfecho desfavorável do tratamento da tuberculose. Métodos: Estudo de coorte prospectiva, realizado em cinco capitais de estados brasileiros (Manaus, Recife, Vitória, Campo Grande e Porto Alegre) no período de junho de 2016 a julho de 2018. Empregou-se regressão logística para calcular a razão de chances (odds ratio, OR) e os intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%). Resultados: Dos 350 participantes, 310 foram incluídos, dos quais 30 apresentaram desfecho desfavorável. Custo catastrófico (OR=2,53 ­ IC95% 1,13;5,67) e divórcio (OR=5,29 ­ IC95% 1,39;20,05) aumentaram as chances de desfecho desfavorável. Conclusão: Dificuldades financeiras durante o tratamento da tuberculose podem prejudicar seu desfecho. Os fatores determinantes para o desfecho do tratamento foram custo catastrófico e divórcio.

Promoção à saúde vocal em homens transgêneros / Promotion of vocal health in transgenders men / Promoción de la salud vocal en hombres transgénero

Objetivo: Relatar a experiência da assistência fonoaudiológica na promoção à saúde vocal em homens transgêneros. Método: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, qualitativo do tipo relato de experiência desenvolvido a partir das vivências do projeto de extensão universitária. O campo de práticas aconteceu em uma universidade privada, durante o segundo semestre do ano de 2019. Participaram oito homens trans com faixa etária entre 19 a 24 anos. Os atendimentos aconteceram uma vez por semana, em formato individual, pautados na integralidade, ou seja, as condutas terapêuticas foram adotadas a partir das necessidades e demandas dos sujeitos. Foi realizada uma avaliação vocal e aplicados instrumentos de avaliação vocal. Resultados: A principal queixa referida pelos participantes foi a oscilação entre grave e agudo da voz durante sua comunicação e atividades de vida diária. Observou-se a satisfação dos participantes quanto aos exercícios vocais de fonoterapia. Considerações finais: A assistência fonoaudiológica, no âmbito da população trans, tem mostrado sua importância no aprimoramento vocal, tornando-se mais um campo de atuação da Fonoaudiologia.

Objective: To report the experience of speech therapy assistance in promoting vocal health in transgender men. Method: It is a descriptive, qualitative study of the experience report type developed from the experiences of the university extension project. The practice field took place at a private university, during the second semester of 2019. Eight trans men aged between 19 and 24 years participated. The consultations took place once a week, in an individual format, guided in full, that is, the therapeutic behaviors were adopted based on the needs and demands of the subjects. A vocal assessment was carried out and vocal assessment instruments were applied. Results: The main complaint mentioned by the participants was the oscillation between low and high voice during their communication and activities of daily living. Participants' satisfaction with vocal therapy exercises was observed. Final considerations: Speech therapy assistance, in the context of the trans population, has shown its importance in vocal improvement, becoming another field of action of Speech Therapy.

Objetivo: Informar la experiencia de la asistencia de terapia del habla en la promoción de la salud vocal en hombres transgénero. Método: Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, cualitativo del tipo relato de experiencia desarrollado a partir de las experiencias del proyecto de extensión universitaria. El campo de práctica se llevó a cabo en una universidad privada, durante el segundo semestre de 2019. Participaron ocho hombres trans de entre 19 y 24 años. Las consultas se realizaron una vez por semana, en formato individual, guiadas en su totalidad, es decir, se adoptaron las conductas terapéuticas en función de las necesidades y demandas de los sujetos. Se realizó una evaluación vocal y se aplicaron instrumentos de evaluación vocal. Resultados:La principal queja mencionada por los participantes fue la oscilación entre voz baja y alta durante su comunicación y actividades de la vida diaria. Se observó la satisfacción de los participantes con los ejercicios de terapia vocal. Consideraciones finales:La asistencia de terapia del habla, dentro de la población trans, ha demostrado su importancia en la mejora vocal, convirtiéndose en otro campo de acción de la terapia del habla.

Custos catastróficos e sequelas sociais decorrentes do diagnóstico e tratamento da tuberculose no Brasil / Costos catastróficos y consecuencias sociales resultantes del diagnóstico y tratamiento de la tuberculosis en Brasil / Catastrophic costs and social sequels due to tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment in Brazil

Objetivo: Avaliar o impacto dos custos catastróficos no desfecho desfavorável do tratamento da tuberculose. Métodos: Estudo de coorte prospectiva, realizado em cinco capitais de estados brasileiros (Manaus, Recife, Vitória, Campo Grande e Porto Alegre) no período de junho de 2016 a julho de 2018. Empregou-se regressão logística para calcular a razão de chances (odds ratio, OR) e os intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%). Resultados: Dos 350 participantes, 310 foram incluídos, dos quais 30 apresentaram desfecho desfavorável. Custo catastrófico (OR=2,53 - IC95% 1,13;5,67) e divórcio (OR=5,29 - IC95% 1,39;20,05) aumentaram as chances de desfecho desfavorável. Conclusão: Dificuldades financeiras durante o tratamento da tuberculose podem prejudicar seu desfecho. Os fatores determinantes para o desfecho do tratamento foram custo catastrófico e divórcio.

Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de los costos catastróficos en el resultado desfavorable del tratamiento de la tuberculosis. Métodos: Estudio de cohorte prospectiva realizado en cinco capitales de estados brasileños (Manaus, Recife, Vitória, Campo Grande y Porto Alegre) entre junio de 2016 y julio de 2018. Se utilizó la regresión logística para calcular los odds ratios (OR) y los intervalos de confianza del 95% (IC95%). Resultados: De los 350 participantes, se incluyeron 310, y 30 tuvieron resultado desfavorable. El costo catastrófico (OR=2,53 - IC95% 1,13;5,67) y el divorcio (OR=5,29 - IC95% 1,39;20,05) aumentaron la obtención de un resultado desfavorable. Conclusión: Dificultades económicas enfrentadas durante el tratamiento de la tuberculosis pueden perjudicar el resultado del tratamiento. Las determinantes del tratamiento fueron el costo catastrófico y el divorcio.

Objective: To evaluate the impact of catastrophic costs on unfavorable tuberculosis treatment outcomes. Methods: This was a prospective cohort study, conducted in five Brazilian state capitals (Manaus, Recife, Vitória, Campo Grande and Porto Alegre) from June 2016 to July 2018. Logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Results: Of the 350 participants, 310 were included, of whom 30 presented unfavorable outcomes. Catastrophic cost (OR=2.53 -95% CI 1.13;5.67) and divorce (OR=5.29 -95% CI 1.39;20.05) increased the chances of unfavorable outcomes. Conclusion: Financial difficulties during tuberculosis treatment may impair its outcome. Catastrophic cost and divorce were determining factors for treatment outcomes.