Agronomic performance of salad tomatoes grown in different conduction systems and fertilization doses

Looking to reduce the cost and maximize tomato productivity, this study aimed to evaluate fertilizer doses and conduction systems. For this, a field experiment was carried out in randomized blocks, in a simple factorial scheme, which consists in four fertilizer doses, (50, 100, 150 and 200% dose), and four conduction systems (with one or two plants per pit, and one or two stems per plant). Plants were spaced 0.44m and 1.5m between lines. Each plot consisted of 10 plants. The evaluated characteristics were fruit mass, number of fruits, total production per plant and pit, longitudinal and transversal dimension of the fruit. Under the experiment conditions, interactions were observed between fertilization and conduction only for the transversal and longitudinal diameter. The C4 conduction system showed superior results for the estimated yield when compared to the treatments containing only one plant per pit (C1 and C2). For the fertilizer doses, the observed yield was 142.68 t ha -1, in the 150% dose, and 114.84 t ha -1 for the 50% dose. The highest production per pit was obtained in the 150% fertilizer dose and the C4 conduction, but this treatment showed a lower average fruit mass. The treatment with two plants per pit and two stems provided lower fruit average mass than the treatments containing a single plant. The fertilization influenced only in the longitudinal diameter, and the largest diameter was observed in the recommended fertilization dose. Aiming at cost/efficiency relation, the 100% dose and the C3 were considered the best treatments.

Resistance to diseases of sour, sweet and wild passion fruit genotypes

The cultivation of passion fruit is important for Brazil, since the country is currently the largest producer and consumer of fruit in the world. However, the fields of passion fruit still face important problems due to the incidence and severity of diseases in the field. Thus, the present study aimed to assess resistance to bacterial and fungal diseases in 13 genotypes of sour, sweet and wild passion fruit, in field conditions in the Distrito Federal, Brazil. For this, a field experiment was installed in a randomized block design, with four replications and 13 treatments (genotypes). The characteristics of incidence, severity and degree of resistance for bacteriosis, septoriosis, scab and anthracnose diseases were evaluated in 5 fruits per plot of each genotype. Genetic parameters of the evaluated traits were also estimated. High heritability values and CVg/Cve ratio were observed for most of the evaluated characteristics. The genotypes presented mean values of incidence and severity of bacteriosis, septoriosis, scab and anthracnose different among them, and the one that presented the best results in the degree of resistance for all diseases was F1 (MAR20 # 24 x ECL7 P1 R4).

Agronomic assessment of 32 sour passionfruit genotypes in federal district

The production of passion fruit is important in Brazil. In order to contribute to the development of the most promising cultivars of passion fruit, this study aimed to evaluate the agronomic performance of 32 genotypes of passion fruit in Federal District of Brazil, and to estimate genetic parameters for use in breeding programs. Thirty-two genotypes were used in a randomized block design, with eight plants per plot and four replications. The experiment was conducted in field. Twenty-eight harvests were performed, and the variables analyzed were: productivity estimated, total number of fruits per hectare, average fruit weight and these characteristics following classification of fruits in five categories. The genotypes that presented the highest total yield estimated were MAR20 # 23, AR 01 and PLANTA 7. For industrial purposes, genotypes MAR 20 # 21 and BRS Gigante Amarelo were superior. For fresh consumption, the genotypes with the best performance were PLANT 7, AR 01 and MSC. Total productivity estimated and total number of fruits per hectare in the first-class classification showed high values of heritability and CVg/CVe ratio. These results indicate a favorable condition for selection.

Seed size and presence of thorns in Caryocar brasiliense on seedling emergence

Commercial propagation of pequizeiro, which stands out among the main native fruits of the Cerrado region for its high economic potential, has been done by seeds, despite their erratic germination. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of seed size and presence of thorns on the endocarp on seedling emergence of pequizeiro in the field. Seeds were collected in a pequizeiro commercial area in Canarana-MT, Brazil. Due to availability, 2,353 thorny seeds (3 sizes) and 106 seeds without thorns (medium sized) were tested. Thorny seeds were classified as large ­ longer than 50 mm; medium ­ between 40 and 50 mm; small ­ less than 40 mm. Seedling emergence started after 50 days in all seed categories, extending up to 100 days in the large seeds and to about 1 year after sowing in the small and medium sized ones. Small seeds showed a lower rate and speed of emergence compared to the others. Large seeds showed higher emergence speed compared to the medium ones. The presence of thorns did not affect seedling emergence. These results indicate the advantages of pequizeiro seed classification for sowing purposes.

Air layering in Caryocar brasiliense - effect of stem diameter / Alporquia em pequizeiro - efeito do diâmetro do caule

Seed propagation of pequizeiro (Caryocar brasiliense) has many disadvantages, including low germination rates and high genetic variability of the resulting plants. Therefore, vegetative propagation techniques, such as the air layering process, are potentially important for this species. This study evaluated the effects of stem diameter and parental plant on the air layering efficacy of pequizeiro. The air layering process was carried out in mid-December 2019, in the following stem diameters: less than 15 mm; 15-19 mm; 20-24 mm; 25-29 mm and above 29 mm. The treatments comprised four replicates of 10 air layers. After 3 months, the percentages of survival, callus formation and rooting were evaluated, in addition to the rooting vigor. The percentages of survival and callus formation observed in the air layering, regardless the parental plant, were higher than 85%, showing the high potential of this technique in the propagation of pequizeiro. The callus differentiation rate in roots varied between the parental plants. Considering the evaluated parameters, stem diameters ranging from 20 to 24 mm are the most suitable ones for the air layering process in pequizeiro. These results indicated the high potential of the air layering technique for the commercial propagation of pequizeiro.

A propagação seminal de pequizeiro acarreta grande variabilidade na taxa de germinação e no genótipo das mudas produzidas, mostrando a necessidade do desenvolvimento de técnicas para a propagação vegetativa dessa espécie, como a alporquia. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar a eficácia da alporquia, bem como o efeito do diâmetro do caule e da planta-mãe na sobrevivência, no calejamento e no enraizamento de alporques de pequizeiro. O processo de alporquia foi realizado em meados de dezembro de 2019, nos seguintes diâmetros de caule: inferior a 15 mm; 15-19 mm; 20-24 mm; 25-29 mm e superior a 29 mm. Os tratamentos foram testados em quatro repetições de 10 alporques. Após três meses, avaliaram-se as porcentagens de sobrevivência, de calejamento e de enraizamento, além do vigor de enraizamento. As porcentagens de sobrevivência e de calejamento nos alporques, independentemente da planta matriz, foram superiores a 85%, mostrando o grande potencial dessa técnica na reprodução de pequizeiro. A taxa de diferenciação de calos em raízes variou entre as matrizes. Considerando os parâmetros avaliados, diâmetros de caule de 20 a 24 mm são os mais adequados para a alporquia em pequizeiro. Esses resultados indicam o potencial da técnica de alporquia para a produção comercial de mudas de pequizeiro.

Desempenho de bezerros leiteiros submetidos a diferentes dietas líquidas e instalações durante o período hibernal / Performance of dairy calves under different liquid diets and facilities during the winter period

Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho de 24 bezerros machos e fêmeas da raça Holandesa do nascimento ao desaleitamento submetidos a diferentes dietas líquidas e instalações durante o período hibernal distribuídos aleatoriamente de acordo com a ordem de nascimento num delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado não balanceado num arranjo fatorial 23(duas instalações x duas dietas x duas épocas). Após o oitavo dia de idade os bezerros receberam concentrado farelado com 16% de proteína bruta e feno de milheto (Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke), como volumoso. Não houve diferença (p>0,05) em relação às medidas do peso vivo ao nascer (37,07kg), ao desaleitamento (53,43kg) e o ganho médio diário de peso vivo (0,327kg) durante o período hibernal. O peso vivo ao desaleitamento em diferentes épocas não foi significativo (p>0,05). Os efeitos das diferentes dietas líquidas sobre o desempenho não diferiram (p>0,05). O peso vivo ao desaleitamento e o ganho médio diário (54,65kg e 0,358kg/dia, respectivamente) dos alimentados com leite foram 4,67% e 20,53% superiores do que o peso vivo ao desaleitamento e ganho médio diário dos que receberam sucedâneo (52,21kg e 0,297kg/dia). Os diferentes tipos de instalações também não tiveram efeito (p>0,05) sobre o desenvolvimento dos bezerros. O ganho de peso diário em bezerreiros (0,362g/dia) e abrigos individuais (0,292g/dia) foram semelhantes. O uso de diferentes dietas líquidas e instalações não interferem no desempenho dos bezerros nascidos durante as estações do outono ou inverno. A utilização do substituto lácteo utilizado só é justificado se o preço do mesmo, depois de diluído, for inferior ao preço da venda do leite.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of 24 Holstein black and white male and female calves from birth to weaning under different liquid diets and facilities during the winter period distributed by the order of birth in an experimental design completely randomized not balanced according to a factorial arrangement 23 (two facilities x two diets x two seasons). After the eighth day of age all calves received ground concentrate with 16% crude protein and Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke hay as roughage. There was no difference (p>0.05) on birth weight (37.07 kg), weaning weight (53.43 kg) and average daily body gain weight (0.327 kg) during the winter. The weaning weight of the animals born at different seasons was not significant (p>0.05). The effect of the different liquid diets on the performance of the animals did not differ (p> 0.05). Weaning body weight and average daily gain of calves fed with milk (54.65 kg and 0.358 kg / day, respectively), were 4.67% and 20.53% higher than weaning body weight and average daily gain of animals that received milk replacer (52.21 kg and 0.297 kg/day). The different kind of facilities had no effect (p>0.05) on the development of animals. The daily weight gain of animals in calf barns (0.362 g/day) and single hutches (0.292 g/day) were similar. The use of different liquid diets and facilities did not interfere with the performance of calves born during the fall or winter. The use of milk substitutes used is justified only if the price of it, after diluted, were lower than the price of the sale of milk.