Aflagellar Epimastigote of Trypanosoma caninum: Biological and Ultrastructural Study of this Atypical Evolutionary Form.

PURPOSE: Trypanosoma caninum exhibits atypical epimastigote forms under axenic conditions. This study aimed to analyze this evolutionary form under different cultivation conditions and provide more information about this evolutionary form. METHODS: We selected a T. caninum isolate with a high percentage of aflagellar epimastigote forms in axenic cultures. Two separate growth curves were generated for T. caninum cultured in Schneider axenic medium and co-cultured with the DH82 cell line, followed by analysis and quantification of evolutionary forms using bright field microscopy. In addition, ultrastructural analysis of T. caninum was performed under both cultivation conditions. RESULTS: The growth curves of T. caninum under axenic and co-cultivation conditions exhibited similar profiles. However, in the axenic culture, the number of parasites was three times higher at the peak of the exponential phase than in the co-culture. In contrast to that in the axenic culture, in which only the epimastigote forms were observed along the entire curve, during co-cultivation with the DH82 cell line, differentiation was observed for the trypomastigote and spheromastigote forms in low proportions. These results demonstrated that when cultured alone, the T. caninum isolate preserved the aflagellar epimastigote form, but in the presence of DH82 canine macrophages, they differentiated into evolutionary forms, particularly trypomastigote forms. Moreover, this study is the first to describe the presence of lipid bodies, structure described as the parasite's nutritional reserve, throughout the body of T. caninum. CONCLUSIONS: These findings describe biological and ultrastructural aspects of epimastigote aflagellar and suggest that this evolutionary form may be involved in the biological cycle of T. caninum, still unknown.

Insights into the tracking of the cysteine proteinase B COOH-terminal polypeptide of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis by surface plasmon resonance.

Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis has adaptive mechanisms to the host environment that are guided by its proteinases, including cysteine proteinase B (CPB), and primarily its COOH-terminal region (Cyspep). This work aimed to track the fate of Cyspep by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of promastigotes and amastigotes to gain a greater understanding of the adaptation of this parasite in both hosts. This strategy consisted of antibody immobilization on a COOH1 surface, followed by interaction with parasite proteins and epoxysuccinyl-L-leucylamido(4-guanidino)butane (E-64). Pro-CPB and Cyspep were detected using specific polyclonal antibodies against a recombinant Cyspep in both parasite forms. The parasitic supernatants from amastigotes and promastigotes exhibited higher anti-Cyspep recognition compared with that in the subcellular fractions. As the supernatant of the promastigote cultures exhibited resonance unit values indicative of an effective with to E-64, this result was assumed to be Pro-CPB detection. Finally, after using three sequential SPR assay steps, we propose that amastigotes and promastigotes release Cyspep into the extracellular environment, but only promastigotes release this polypeptide as Pro-CPB.

Antileishmanial Activity of 2-Methoxy-4H-spiro-[naphthalene-1,2'-oxiran]-4-one (Epoxymethoxy-lawsone): A Promising New Drug Candidate for Leishmaniasis Treatment.

Epoxymethoxylawsone is a naphthoquinone derivative promising as drug candidate for the treatment of leishmaniases. In the present work the effectiveness of epoxymethoxylawsone, and meglumine antimoniate on Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis parasites and on mice paw lesions of infected BALB/c mice was assessed. In an intracellular amastigotes assay, the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value for epoxymethoxylawsone was slightly higher (1.7-fold) than that found for meglumine antimoniate. The efficacy of both drugs became more evident after 48 h of exposure when either the oxirane compound and reference drug reached 18-fold and 7.4-fold lower IC50 values (0.40 ± 0.001 µM and 0.60 ± 0.02 µM), respectively. Promastigotes were also affected by epoxymethoxylawsone after 24 h of incubation (IC50 = 45.45 ± 5.0 µM), but with IC50 6-fold higher than those found for intracellular amastigotes. Cytotoxicity analysis revealed that epoxymethoxylawsone (CC50 = 40.05 ± µM) has 1.7-fold higher effects than meglumine antimoniate (CC50 = 24.14 ± 2.6 µM). Treatment of the paw lesion in infected BALB/c mice with epoxymethoxy-lawsone led to a significant 27% reduction (p < 0.05) of the lesion size, for all administrated doses, compared to the control group. Lesion reduction was also detected after mice treatment with meglumine antimoniate, reaching 31.0% (0.23 mg of Sb(V)/Kg/day and 2.27 mg of Sb(V)/Kg/day) and 64.0% (22.7 mg of Sb(V)/Kg/day). In addition, mice lesion ultrastructural changes were evidenced in amastigotes. The set of data gathered here indicate that epoxymethoxylawsone has pronounced effects on parasites and merits furthering to the preclinical stage.

Morphologic study of the effect of iron on pseudocyst formation in Trichomonas vaginalis and its interaction with human epithelial cells

BACKGROUND Trichomonas vaginalis is the aetiological agent of human trichomoniasis, which is one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted diseases in humans. Iron is an important element for the survival of this parasite and the colonisation of the host urogenital tract. OBJECTIVES In this study, we investigated the effects of iron on parasite proliferation in the dynamics of pseudocyst formation and morphologically characterised iron depletion-induced pseudocysts. METHODS We performed structural and ultrastructural analyses using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. FINDINGS It was observed that iron depletion (i) interrupts the proliferation of T. vaginalis, (ii) induces morphological changes in typical multiplicative trophozoites to spherical non-proliferative, non-motile pseudocysts, and (iii) induces the arrest of cell division at different stages of the cell cycle; (iv) iron is the fundamental element for the maintenance of typical trophozoite morphology; (v) pseudocysts induced by iron depletion are viable and reversible forms; and, finally, (vi) we demonstrated that pseudocysts induced by iron depletion are able to interact with human epithelial cells maintaining their spherical forms. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Together, these data suggest that pseudocysts could be induced as a response to iron nutritional stress and could have a potential role in the transmission and infection of T. vaginalis.

Participation of heparin binding proteins from the surface of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis promastigotes in the adhesion of parasites to Lutzomyia longipalpis cells (Lulo) in vitro.

BACKGROUND: Leishmania (V.) braziliensis is a causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Brazil. During the parasite life cycle, the promastigotes adhere to the gut of sandflies, to avoid being eliminated with the dejection. The Lulo cell line, derived from Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae), is a suitable in vitro study model to understand the features of parasite adhesion. Here, we analyze the role of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) from Lulo cells and proteins from the parasites in this event. METHODS: Flagellar (Ff) and membrane (Mf) fractions from promastigotes were obtained by differential centrifugation and the purity of fractions confirmed by western blot assays, using specific antibodies for cellular compartments. Heparin-binding proteins (HBP) were isolated from both fractions using a HiTrap-Heparin column. In addition, binding of promastigotes to Lulo cells or to a heparin-coated surface was assessed by inhibition assays or surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis. RESULTS: The success of promastigotes subcellular fractionation led to the obtainment of Ff and Mf proteins, both of which presented two main protein bands (65.0 and 55.0 kDa) with affinity to heparin. The contribution of HBPs in the adherence of promastigotes to Lulo cells was assessed through competition assays, using HS or the purified HBPs fractions. All tested samples presented a measurable inhibition rate when compared to control adhesion rate (17 ± 2.0% of culture cells with adhered parasites): 30% (for HS 20 µg/ml) and 16% (for HS 10 µg/ml); HBP Mf (35.2% for 10 µg/ml and 25.4% for 20 µg/ml) and HBP Ff (10.0% for 10 µg/ml and 31.4% for 20 µg/ml). Additionally, to verify the presence of sulfated GAGs in Lulo cells surface and intracellular compartment, metabolic labeling with radioactive sulfate was performed, indicating the presence of an HS and chondroitin sulfate in both cell sections. The SPR analysis performed further confirmed the presence of GAGs ligands on L. (V.) braziliensis promastigote surfaces. CONCLUSIONS: The data presented here point to evidences that HBPs present on the surface of L. (V.) braziliensis promastigotes participate in adhesion of these parasites to Lulo cells through HS participation.

Atuação das proteínas que ligam à heparina no ciclo biológico do trypanosoma cruzi / Actions of proteins that bind to heparin in the biological cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi

A doença de Chagas, causada pelo protozoário Trypanosoma cruzi, é uma doença tropical negligenciada que representa um grave problema de saúde pública. Assim, compreender a biologia da interação T. cruzi-hospedeiros constitui um grande desafio, uma vez que o ciclo de vida deste parasito exige um repertório de adaptações para garantir sua dispersão em hospedeiros vertebrados e invertebrados. O presente estudo demonstra o potencial das proteínas com propriedade de ligação à heparina (PLHs) em atuar no ciclo biológico do T. cruzi. Durante este trabalho foi oportuno isolar uma fração de proteínas hidrofóbicas com propriedade de ligação à heparina, com massas moleculares entre 70 kDa e 59 kDa em formas epimastigotas e tripomastigotas de T. cruzi por cromatografia de afinidade à heparina. A presença destas proteínas na superfície celular destes parasitos foi confirmada por ressonância plasmônica de superfície. Tais ensaios também foram decisivos na determinação da especificidade e estabilidade da ligação das PLHs a heparina, heparam sulfato (HS) e condroitim sulfato (CS). Os ensaios de competição realizados indicaram que a interação entre PLHs e GAGs pode influenciar a adesão dos epimastigotas à superfície de células epiteliais do trato intestinal de Rhodnius prolixus...

O envolvimento de GAGs na invasão de amastigotas em cardiomiócitos, célula alvo da infecção pelo T. cruzi, também foi demonstrado através de ensaios de competição com 20 g/ml de GAGs solúveis, incluindo heparina, HS, CS, dermatam sulfato (DS) e queratam sulfato (KS). Uma drástica redução no nível de infecção foi evidenciada apenas com heparina e HS, atingindo 82 por cento e 65 por cento de redução da invasão, respectivamente. Ensaios com células deficientes em GAGs (CHO-745) corroboraram o importante papel destes componentes de matriz extracelular no processo de reconhecimento e invasão de amastigotas. Na continuidade deste estudo, avançamos na caracterização bioquímica de PLHs, na determinação da expressão e distribuição espacial destas proteínas em tripomastigotas. As análises por citometria de fluxo revelaram que PLHs são abundantes na superfície de tripomastigotas, clone Dm28c, e a detecção destas proteínas por imunofluorescência indireta revelou uma localização predominante na membrana flagelar do parasito. Com os ensaios de zimografia realizados neste trabalho, revelamos que as PLHs de tripomastigotas tem atividade de protease sobre gelatina em uma ampla faixa de pH (5,5 - 8,0). A sensibilidade destas enzimas a presença de inibidores de serino protease indicam que..

Caracterização de ligantes de heparina em Trypanosoma cruzi e determinação do domínio de heparam sulfato envolvido no processo de invasão T. cruzi-cardiomiócito in vitro / Characterization of ligand of heparin in trypanosoma cruzi and determination of the domain of heparan sulfate involved in the process of invasion T. cruzi-cardiomyocyte in vitro

A capacidade do Trypanosoma cruzi de reconhecer moléculas na superfície de células fagociticas e não-fagociticas profissionais é essencial para sua sobrevivência no hospedeiro vertebrado. O papel de proteoglicanos sulfatados no processo de reconhecimento celular tem sido relatado em muitos patógenos humanos, incluindo o T. cruzi. Dados do nosso grupo demonstraram a participação de proteoglicanos de heparam sulfato (PGHS) de cardiomiócitos na invasão por formas tripomastigotas. Entretanto, a estrutura da molécula de PGHS envolvida na interação receptor-ligante e o papel de outros glicosaminoglicanos (GAGs) sulfatados no processo de invasão ainda não foram elucidados. Para avaliar a participação dos GAGs na invasão do T. cruzi, tripomastigotas, clone Dm28c, foram pré-tratados com 20ug/ml de heparina, queratam sulfato (KS) ou três fragmentos distintos de heparam sulfato (HS), os quais foram obtidos por tratamento enzimático (heparitinase I e II) e ácido nitroso. Nos ensaios de competição, os parasitas controles ou pré-tratados com GAGs solúveis foram incubados por 2 hs a 37graus C com culturas de cardiomiócitos e o percentual de infecção foi determinado após coloração pelo Giemsa. Nossos resultados revelaram uma inibição significante no índice de infecção de 84,8por cento e 45por cento após tratamento dos parasitas com heparina e com o fragmento N-acetilado/N-sulfatado (NA/NS), respectivamente , sugerindo o importante papel do domínio ([ldoUA-GlcNAc]-[GlcUA-GlcNS]3-[GlcUA-GlcNAc]4[GlcNAc]), da cadeia de HS no reconhecimento T. cruzi-cardiomiócito. Em contraste, o tratamento dos parasitas com KS, fragmento N-acetilado ou N-sulfatado não apresentou efeito no processo de invasão. O papel da sulfatação no processo de reconhecimento e invasão foi avaliado pelo tratamento de culturas de cardiomiócitos por 16 hs a 37graus C com diferentes concentrações de clorato de sódio e posteriormente, infectados com tripomastigotas (2hs). O declínio da sulfatação...