Hyperarousal features in the sleep architecture of individuals with and without insomnia.

Sleep architecture encodes relevant information on the structure of sleep and has been used to assess hyperarousal in insomnia. This study investigated whether polysomnography-derived sleep architecture displays signs of hyperarousal in individuals with insomnia compared with individuals without insomnia. Data from Phase 3 clinical trials, private clinics and a cohort study were analysed. A comprehensive set of sleep architecture features previously associated with hyperarousal were retrospectively analysed focusing on sleep-wake transition probabilities, electroencephalographic spectra and sleep spindles, and enriched with a novel machine learning algorithm called the Wake Electroencephalographic Similarity Index. This analysis included 1710 individuals with insomnia and 1455 individuals without insomnia. Results indicate that individuals with insomnia had a higher likelihood of waking from all sleep stages, and showed increased relative alpha during Wake and N1 sleep and increased theta power during Wake when compared with individuals without insomnia. Relative delta power was decreased and Wake Electroencephalographic Similarity Index scores were elevated across all sleep stages except N3, suggesting more wake-like activity during these stages in individuals with insomnia. Additionally, sleep spindle density was decreased, and spindle dispersion was increased in individuals with insomnia. These findings suggest that insomnia is characterized by a dysfunction in sleep quality with a continuous hyperarousal, evidenced by changes in sleep-wake architecture.

Effect of daridorexant on sleep architecture in patients with chronic insomnia disorder - A pooled post hoc analysis of two randomized Phase 3 clinical studies.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Post-hoc analysis to evaluate the effect of daridorexant on sleep architecture in people with insomnia, focusing on features associated with hyperarousal. METHODS: We studied sleep architecture in adults with chronic insomnia disorder from two randomized Phase 3 clinical studies (Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT03545191 and NCT03575104) investigating 3 months of daridorexant treatment (placebo, daridorexant 25 mg, daridorexant 50 mg). We analyzed sleep-wake transition probabilities, EEG spectra and sleep spindle properties including density, dispersion, and slow oscillation phase coupling. The Wake EEG Similarity Index (WESI) was determined using a machine learning algorithm analyzing the spectral profile of the EEG. RESULTS: At Month 3, daridorexant 50 mg decreased Wake-to-Wake transition probabilities (P<0.05) and increased the probability of transitions from Wake-to-N1 (P<0.05), N2 (P<0.05), and REM sleep (P<0.05), as well as from N1-to-N2 (P<0.05) compared to baseline and placebo. Daridorexant 50 mg decreased relative beta power during Wake (P=0.011) and N1 (P<0.001) compared to baseline and placebo. During Wake, relative alpha power decreased (P<0.001) and relative delta power increased (P<0.001) compared to placebo. Daridorexant did not alter EEG spectra bands in N2, N3, and REM stages or in sleep spindle activity. Daridorexant decreased the WESI score during Wake compared to baseline (P=0.004). Effects with 50 mg were consistent between Month 1 and Month 3 and less pronounced with 25 mg. CONCLUSION: Daridorexant reduced EEG features associated with hyperarousal as indicated by reduced Wake-to-Wake transition probabilities and enhanced spectral features associated with drowsiness and sleep during Wake and N1.

The burden of untreated insomnia disorder in a sample of 1 million adults: a cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Insomnia disorder is a highly prevalent, significant public health concern associated with substantial and growing health burden. There are limited real-world data assessing the burden of insomnia disorder on daytime functioning and its association with comorbidities. The objective of this study was to leverage large-scale, real-world data to assess the burden of untreated insomnia disorder in terms of daytime impairment and clinical outcomes. METHODS: This United States medical claims database study compares patients diagnosed with insomnia disorder but not receiving treatment ('untreated insomnia' cohort) to patients without an insomnia disorder diagnosis and without treatment ('non-insomnia' cohort). International Classification of Disease, Tenth Revision codes were used as a proxy to represent the three symptom domains (Sleepiness, Alert/Cognition, Mood) of the Insomnia Daytime Symptoms and Impacts Questionnaire (IDSIQ), a newly developed and validated tool used in clinical studies to assess daytime functioning in insomnia disorder. Chronic Fatigue (R53.83) and Other Fatigue (R53.83), Somnolence (R40.0) and Disorientation (R41.0) were selected as categories representing one or more IDSIQ domains. Clinical outcomes included cardiovascular events, psychiatric disorders, cognitive impairment and metabolic disorders. RESULTS: Approximately 1 million patients were included (untreated insomnia: n = 139,959; non-insomnia: n = 836,975). Compared with the 'non-insomnia' cohort, the 'untreated insomnia' cohort was more likely to experience daytime impairments, with mean differences in occurrences per 100 patient-years for: (a) fatigue, at 27.35 (95% confidence interval [CI] 26.81, 27.77, p < 0.01); (b) dizziness, at 4.66 (95% CI 4.40, 4.90, p < 0.01); (c) somnolence, at 4.18 (95% CI 3.94, 4.43, p < 0.01); and (d) disorientation, at 0.92 (95% CI 0.77, 1.06, p < 0.01). During the 1-year look-back period, patients in the 'untreated insomnia' cohort were also more likely to have been diagnosed with arterial hypertension (40.9% vs. 26.3%), psychiatric comorbidities (40.1% vs. 13.2%), anxiety (29.2% vs. 8.5%), depression (26.1% vs. 8.1%) or obesity (21.3% vs. 11.1%) compared with those in the 'non-insomnia' cohort. CONCLUSIONS: This large-scale study confirms the substantial burden of insomnia disorder on patients in a real-world setting, with significant daytime impairment and numerous comorbidities. This reinforces the need for timely insomnia disorder diagnosis and treatments that improve both sleep, as well as daytime functioning.

Evaluation of the diagnostic accuracy of a new point-of-care rapid test for SARS-CoV-2 virus detection.

BACKGROUND: The easy access to a quick diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a key point to improve the management of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and to contain its spread. Up to now, laboratory real-time PCR is the standard of care, but requires a fully equipped laboratory and significant infrastructure. Consequently, new diagnostic tools are required. METHODS: In the present work, the diagnostic accuracy of the point-of-care rapid test "bKIT Virus Finder COVID-19" (Hyris Ltd) is evaluated by a retrospective and a prospective analysis on SARS CoV-2 samples previously assessed with an FDA "authorized for the emergency use-EUA" reference method. Descriptive statistics were used for the present study. RESULTS: Results obtained with the Hyris Kit are the same as that of standard laboratory-based real time PCR methods for all the analyzed samples. In addition, the Hyris Kit provides the test results in less than 2 h, a significantly shorter time compared to the reference methods, without the need of a fully equipped laboratory. CONCLUSIONS: To conclude, the Hyris kit represents a promising tool to improve the health surveillance and to increase the capacity of SARS-CoV-2 testing.

The temporal impact of aging on the burden of herpes zoster.

BACKGROUND: The risk of Herpes Zoster (HZ) increases with age and various studies have also demonstrated an increasing HZ incidence globally. Simultaneously, the global trend of an aging population has placed a greater burden on the healthcare system. This study aims to estimate the potential burden of HZ over time accounting for the increasing trends of both HZ incidence and global aging. METHODS: A recent systematic review on HZ incidence identified studies that evaluated the temporal effects of HZ incidence. Data from the identified studies were extracted to estimate the trend of HZ incidence in the ≥65-year-old age cohort. The incidence rates were estimated up to the year 2030 using two scenarios: a linear extrapolation and a last observation carried forward. Three countries were chosen to perform the analysis on: Australia, Japan and the United States. RESULTS: The incidence data from the three countries showed an average annual increase between 2.35 and 3.74% over the time period of the studies selected. The elderly population for the US, Japan and Australia are expected to increase by 55, 10 and 53% respectively by the year 2030 compared to the levels in 2015. Under the first scenario between 2001 and 2030, the number of annual incident cases of HZ in those aged ≥65 years is expected to increase by +343% (293,785 to 1,303,328), +176% (158,616 to 437,867) and +376% (18,105 to 86,268) in the US, Japan and Australia respectively while those for the second scenario are +150%, +83% and +223% respectively. In the US alone, the estimated annual cost of HZ-related cases in the ≥65 age cohort is approximately 4.74 Billion US$ in 2030. CONCLUSIONS: The increasing incidence of HZ coupled with the demographic trends (i.e., aging population and greater life expectancy) in many countries are likely to imply a rising economic burden of HZ on already constrained healthcare budgets.

Association between nondipper behavior and serum calcium in hypertensive patients with mild-to-moderate chronic renal dysfunction.

A nondipping BP pattern has been shown to be predictive of end-organ damage, cardiovascular events, and mortality. The mechanisms of blunted nocturnal BP fall are multifactorial. We assessed whether total corrected serum calcium and ionic calcium (iCa) are associated with a blunted nocturnal BP fall in both treated and untreated hypertensive patients with stages 1-3 of the National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (NKF KDOQI). Clinical data and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring were obtained in a cohort of 231 essential hypertensive patients. Among the entire cohort, 107 were nondippers and 124 were dippers. Only in nondippers, we found significant correlations between iCa and 24-hour systolic blood pressure (SBP; r = 0.21, P < .03), diurnal SBP (r = 0.21, P < .03), and 24-hour pulse pressure (PP; r = 0.23, P < .02). The ambulatory arterial stiffness index (AASI) was significantly related with 24-hour PP in both dippers and nondippers after adjusting for age. Both AASI and 24-hour PP were higher in nondippers than in dippers. In addition, in nondippers, the prevalence of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 mL/minute/1.73 m2 was higher than in dippers (50% vs. 33.7%, P < .02). Logistic regression showed that patients with eGFR ≥ 60 mL/minute/1.73 m2 had lower risk of nondipper status than patients with eGFR < 60 mL/minute/1.73 m2 (odds ratio = 2.445; 95% confidence interval = 1.398-4.277, P < .002). In conclusion, serum iCa could participate in the pathogenesis of nondipping pattern. Increased large artery stiffness may be a mechanism of the deleterious influence of nondipping on cardiovascular outcome. Hypertensive subjects with stage 3 of NKF KDOQI had a greater loss of circadian BP rhythm than those in stages 1 and 2.

Asociación entre el comportamiento non-dipper de la presión arterial y las fracciones del calcio sérico en pacientes hipertensos con disfunción renal crónica leve a moderada / Association between non-dipper blood pressure behavior and serum calcium fractions in hypertensive patients with mild to moderate chronic renal dysfunction

Objetivos: Determinar asociación entre calcio total sérico y calcio iónico, con las determinaciones del MAPA en pacientes hipertensos en estadios 1-3 de enfermedad renal crónica. Métodos: se incluyeron 231 pacientes hipertensos. Resultados: En non dippers la prevalencia de Clcr <60 mL/ min/1,73 m2 fue mayor que en dippers (p < 0,02). El análisis de covarianza mostró que en estadío 3 de K/DOQI el Cat fue menor en non-dippers que en dippers (9,03 ± 0,66 vs 9,41 ± 1 mg/dL, p<0,02). En non-dippers hubo correlaciones significativas entre Cai y PAS 24 hs (r = 0,21, p < 0,03), PAS diurna 24 hs.(r=0,21, p<0,03) y PP 24 hs (r = 0,23; P < 0,02). Los non dippers tuvieron una mayor prevalencia del tercilo mas elevado de PP 24 horas que dippers. Los pacientes con Clcr > 60 mL/min/1,73 m2 tienen menor riesgo de presentar comportamiento non dipper que pacientes con (Clcr<60 mL/min/1,73 m2 (OR 2,445, IC 95% 1,398-4,277, p < 0,002). Conclusiones: los hipertensos en estadio 3 de K/DOQI tienen una mayor alteración de ritmo circadiano de PA que aquéllos en estadías 1-2. La alta prevalencia de non dipper en estadio 3 K/ DOQI sugiere que aun en disfunción renal moderada este patrón circadiano es común. Se puede especular que el Cai tiene un rol en patogénesis de alteración en descenso fisiológico nocturno de PA. El aumento de rigidez arterial puede ser un mecanismo significativo por el que comportamiento non dipper ejerce su influencia deletérea sobre evolución cardiovascular y renal de pacientes con ERC.

Objectives: To determine the association between total serum calcium (tCa) and ionic calcium (tCa), with MAPA measurements in hypertensive patients with early renal failure. Methods: 231 hypertensive patients stages 1-3 of chronic kidney disease (CKD) were included. 24 Hr arterial pressure (AP) was determined by MAPA. Results: in non-dippers, the prevalence of Cr.Cl. <60 ml/mins/1.73 m2 was greater than in dippers (p<0.02). Covariance analysis showed that in stage 3 of K/DOQI, tCa was less in non-dippers than dippers (9.03 ± 0.66 vs. 9.41 ± 1 mg/dL, p<0.02). In non-dippers, there were significant correlations between iCa and 24 hr- systolic AP (SAP)(r = 0.21, p < 0.03), diurnal SAP (r=0.21, p<0.03) and 24hr-PP(r = 0.23; p < 0,02). Non- dippers showed a greater prevalence of the 24 Hr-PP in the highest tertile than dippers. Patients with Cr.Cl. 2::60 mL/min/1, 73 m2 have less propensity to present non-dipper patterns than patients with Clcr<60 mL/min/1, 73 m2 (OR 2.44, IC 95% 1.39-4.27, p < 0.002). Conclusions: Hypertensive patients in K/ DOQI's stage 3 present a greater alteration of AP's circadian rhythm than those on stages 1-2. High prevalence of non-dippers in K/DOQI's stage 3 suggests that even in moderate renal dysfunction, this circadian pattern is common. We can speculate that iCa has a role in the pathogenesis of disturbances in the nocturnal physiological drop of AP. The Increase in arterial stiffness can be an irnportant mechanism by which the non-dipper pattern exerts its deleterious influence on cardiovascular and renal evolution of patients with CKD.

Asociación entre el comportamiento non-dipper de la presión arterial y las fracciones del calcio sérico en pacientes hipertensos con disfunción renal crónica leve a moderada / Association between non-dipper blood pressure behavior and serum calcium fractions in hypertensive patients with mild to moderate chronic renal dysfunction

Objetivos: Determinar asociación entre calcio total sérico y calcio iónico, con las determinaciones del MAPA en pacientes hipertensos en estadios 1-3 de enfermedad renal crónica. Métodos: se incluyeron 231 pacientes hipertensos. Resultados: En non dippers la prevalencia de Clcr <60 mL/ min/1,73 m2 fue mayor que en dippers (p < 0,02). El análisis de covarianza mostró que en estadío 3 de K/DOQI el Cat fue menor en non-dippers que en dippers (9,03 ± 0,66 vs 9,41 ± 1 mg/dL, p<0,02). En non-dippers hubo correlaciones significativas entre Cai y PAS 24 hs (r = 0,21, p < 0,03), PAS diurna 24 hs.(r=0,21, p<0,03) y PP 24 hs (r = 0,23; P < 0,02). Los non dippers tuvieron una mayor prevalencia del tercilo mas elevado de PP 24 horas que dippers. Los pacientes con Clcr > 60 mL/min/1,73 m2 tienen menor riesgo de presentar comportamiento non dipper que pacientes con (Clcr<60 mL/min/1,73 m2 (OR 2,445, IC 95% 1,398-4,277, p < 0,002). Conclusiones: los hipertensos en estadio 3 de K/DOQI tienen una mayor alteración de ritmo circadiano de PA que aquéllos en estadías 1-2. La alta prevalencia de non dipper en estadio 3 K/ DOQI sugiere que aun en disfunción renal moderada este patrón circadiano es común. Se puede especular que el Cai tiene un rol en patogénesis de alteración en descenso fisiológico nocturno de PA. El aumento de rigidez arterial puede ser un mecanismo significativo por el que comportamiento non dipper ejerce su influencia deletérea sobre evolución cardiovascular y renal de pacientes con ERC.(AU)

Objectives: To determine the association between total serum calcium (tCa) and ionic calcium (tCa), with MAPA measurements in hypertensive patients with early renal failure. Methods: 231 hypertensive patients stages 1-3 of chronic kidney disease (CKD) were included. 24 Hr arterial pressure (AP) was determined by MAPA. Results: in non-dippers, the prevalence of Cr.Cl. <60 ml/mins/1.73 m2 was greater than in dippers (p<0.02). Covariance analysis showed that in stage 3 of K/DOQI, tCa was less in non-dippers than dippers (9.03 ± 0.66 vs. 9.41 ± 1 mg/dL, p<0.02). In non-dippers, there were significant correlations between iCa and 24 hr- systolic AP (SAP)(r = 0.21, p < 0.03), diurnal SAP (r=0.21, p<0.03) and 24hr-PP(r = 0.23; p < 0,02). Non- dippers showed a greater prevalence of the 24 Hr-PP in the highest tertile than dippers. Patients with Cr.Cl. 2::60 mL/min/1, 73 m2 have less propensity to present non-dipper patterns than patients with Clcr<60 mL/min/1, 73 m2 (OR 2.44, IC 95% 1.39-4.27, p < 0.002). Conclusions: Hypertensive patients in K/ DOQIs stage 3 present a greater alteration of APs circadian rhythm than those on stages 1-2. High prevalence of non-dippers in K/DOQIs stage 3 suggests that even in moderate renal dysfunction, this circadian pattern is common. We can speculate that iCa has a role in the pathogenesis of disturbances in the nocturnal physiological drop of AP. The Increase in arterial stiffness can be an irnportant mechanism by which the non-dipper pattern exerts its deleterious influence on cardiovascular and renal evolution of patients with CKD.(AU)

Hepatitis B vaccine effectiveness in the face of global HBV genotype diversity.

Recombinant hepatitis B vaccines are of the A2 genotype; one of ten known genotypes whose distribution varies globally. Reports of rare HBV infections in blood donors with an imbalance of non-A2 genotype HBV in vaccinated subjects have raised questions about the cross-protection afforded by HBV-A2 vaccines. Infections in HBV vaccinees were asymptomatic and transient, indicating that vaccination prevented clinical disease. Preclinical data demonstrate cross-reactivity and cross-protection by A2 vaccines against non-A2 HBV genotypes. Substantial improvements in HBV control have been demonstrated in countries with diverse genotype distribution that have introduced universal childhood HBV vaccination programs. Available data show that current HBV-A2 vaccines are highly effective in preventing infections and clinical disease caused by all known HBV genotypes.

Long-term effects of parathyroidectomy on hypertension prevalence and circadian blood pressure profile in primary hyperparathyroidism.

Our aims were to evaluate the prevalence and outcome of hypertension in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), previously and after follow-up of parathyroidectomy. A group of 46 consecutive patients with sporadic PHPT due to adenoma undergoing surgery were followed an average of 3.5 years (range 36 to 53 months). In 16 nonselected, consecutive parathyroidectomized patients, with normalized biochemical measurements, circadian rhythm of blood pressure was evaluated with ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM). Prevalence of hypertension in PHPT was 54.35%, and there was no significant association of PTH, total and ionic calcium levels with SBP and DBP. During follow-up, none of the patients with presurgical hypertension became normotensive and five of the normotensive patients developed clinical hypertension. In ABPM, 6/11 hypertensive and 3/5 normotensive subjects showed nondipper behavior. Serum total calcium was significantly related to night-time systolic blood pressure (SBP) (r = 0.620, P < 0.02), and night-time diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (r = 0.758, P < 0.002). In dippers, creatinine clearance was significantly higher (91.3 +/- 18.5 vs. 64.3 +/- 11.5 ml/min, P < 0.01), while serum total calcium was lower (2.42 +/- 0.13 vs. 2.23 +/- 0.17 mmol/L, P < 0.04) than in nondippers. In conclusion, our results suggest that parathyroidectomy has little effect on hypertension prevalence. Renal impairment, a condition that did not improve after parathyroidectomy, may be a causal factor of hypertension in PHPT. Also, the high prevalence of nondipper behavior in hypertensive and normotensive subjects after parathyroidectomy, suggests that target organ risk persists. We hypothesized that slight elevations of serum total calcium even in the normal range could be involved in the alteration of the circadian rhythm of blood pressure.

A comparison of body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio as indicators of hypertension risk in an urban Argentine population: a hospital-based study.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: To examine the relationship between 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) and three commonest anthropometric measurements for obesity [body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and waist-hip ratio (WHR)] in patients with essential hypertension never treated or after a 3 week placebo period, living in Buenos Aires. METHODS AND RESULTS: Cross-sectional survey among outpatients at the Hypertension Program of Buenos Aires University Hospital de Clinicas. Three-hundred seventy-seven essential hypertensives, aged 18-86 years, of either sex, were consecutively recruited. All subjects underwent 24 h ABPM performed with a blood pressure (BP) device. The prevalence of overweight-obesity was 56.76% in women and 75.86% in men. High WHR prevalence in non-obese women was 4.5% and 4.1% in non-obese men while high values of WC were observed in 3.0% of non-obese women and in 0% of non-obese men. The two-way ANCOVA showed that in women with high values of WHR, 24 h DBP was higher in those with BMI<25 than in those with BMI> or =25. Those females with a BMI> or =25 had a higher prevalence of top tertile values of PP (> or =68 mmHg) (P<0.05) than non-obese females. Only in women was mean pulse pressure (PP) significantly correlated with age (r=0.38; P<0.0001), WC (r=0.22; P<0.005), WHR (r=0.21, P<0.008), and BMI (r=0.20; P<0.01) while in men there was no significant correlation between variables. Logistic regression showed that the odds of morning blood pressure surge (MBPS) increased with age, central obesity (represented by high WHR and dipper status), while the odds of higher mean PP increased with age and high WHR. CONCLUSION: These results indicated a high prevalence of overweight-obesity (more than 56% of women and 75% of men) in our hospital-based sample of essential hypertension and that the WHR offers additional information beyond BMI and WC to predict the hypertension risk according to the ABPM.

[Treatment of hypertension in type 2 diabetes: importance of therapeutic selection]. / Tratamiento de la hipertension arterial en la diabetes tipo 2: importancia de la selección terapeutica.

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes and essential hypertension are the most common causes of end-stage renal disease in Argentina. Over 887 organ transplantations performed in the year 2004, 577 were kidney transplants. In urban and rural populations hypertension was more prevalent in type 2 diabetics, in particular systolic hypertension. Outcome studies are used to measure clinically meaningful primary end points, such as mortality and cardiovascular morbidity. Our current knowledge of the effects of antihypertensive agents on cardiovascular risk in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes has been achieved from subgroups included in large-scale studies. SCOPE: The present study, based on a search of MEDLINE literature in the period 1990-2005, revised major randomised studies with the purpose of finding out which are the most advisable therapeutic strategies against this morbid association. The majority of patients require 2 to 4 antihypertensive medications to achive BP levels that correlate with diminished progression of target organ damages. Despite the advantages of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors the initial choice of medications should be based on the evidences of target organ damages. In those patients without any evidence of complications, the primary goal seems to be achieving their BP to < 130/80 mm Hg beyond the differences among antihypertensive drugs classes, while in those with target organ damage evidences maintain BP < 120/75 mm Hg.

Tratamiento de la hipertensión arterial en la diabetes tipo 2: importancia de la selección terapéutica / Treatment of hypertension in type 2 diabetes: importance of therapeutic selection

ANTECEDENTES: La hipertensión y la diabetes son las causas mas comunes de insuficiencia renal terminal en Argentina, Sobre 887 transplantes de órganos efectuados en el año 2004, correspondieron 577 a transplantes renales, Sn poblaciones urbanas y rurales argentinas la hipertensión tiene una prevalencia mas alta en diabéticos, siendo el tipo mas frecuente la hipertensión sistólica. Los estudios sobre la evolución se utilizan para estimar los puntos finales altamente significativos desde la perspectiva clínica. Nuestros conocimientos actuales sobre los efectos del tratamiento de la hipertensión en la diabetes tipo 2 se fundan en los resultados obtenidos en estudios longitudinales randomizados. AMBITO: El presente trabajo, basado sobre una búsqueda en el periodo 19902005 de la literatura MEDLINE, revisa los estudios randomizados con el objetivo de determinar cuales son las mejores estrategias terapéuticas en esta asociación mórbida. La mayoría de los pacientes requieren dos a cuatro drogas antihipertensivas para enlentecer la progresión de daño de órganos nobles. La elección inicial de las drogas a utilizar debería fundarse sobre la presencia o no de complicaciones en órganos blanco. En aquellos pacientes sin evidencias de complicaciones, el objetivo primario es alcanzar niveles de PA < 130/80 mm Hg., mas allá de las diferencias que existen entre las distintas clases de fármacos, mientras que en aquellos con afectaciones de órgano blanco se requiere mantener la PA en < 120/75 mm Hg.

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes and essential hypertension are the most common causes oi end-stage renal disease in Argentina. Over 887 organ transplantations performed in the year 2004, 577 were kidney transplants. In urban and rural populations hypertension was more prevalent in type 2 diabetics, in particular systolic hypertension, Outcome studies are used to measure clinically meaningful primary end points, such as mortality and cardiovascular morbidity. Our current knowledge of the effects of antihypertensive agents on cardiovascular risk in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes has been achieved fram subgroups included in large scale studies. SCOPE: The present study, based on a search of MEDLINE literature in the period 1990-2005, revised major randomised studies with the purpose of finding out which are the most advisable therapeutic strategies against this morbid association. The majority of patients require 2 to 4 antihypertensive medications to achive BP levels that correlate with diminished progression of target organ damages. Despite the advantages of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors the initial choice of medications should be based on the evidences of target organ damages. In those patients without any evidence of complications, fue primary goal seems to be achieving their BP to < 130/80 mm Hg beyond the differences among antihypertensive drugs classes, while in those with target organ damage evidences maintain BP < 120/75 mm Hg.

Tratamiento de la hipertensión arterial en la diabetes tipo 2: importancia de la selección terapéutica / Treatment of hypertension in type 2 diabetes: importance of therapeutic selection

ANTECEDENTES: La hipertensión y la diabetes son las causas mas comunes de insuficiencia renal terminal en Argentina, Sobre 887 transplantes de órganos efectuados en el año 2004, correspondieron 577 a transplantes renales, Sn poblaciones urbanas y rurales argentinas la hipertensión tiene una prevalencia mas alta en diabéticos, siendo el tipo mas frecuente la hipertensión sistólica. Los estudios sobre la evolución se utilizan para estimar los puntos finales altamente significativos desde la perspectiva clínica. Nuestros conocimientos actuales sobre los efectos del tratamiento de la hipertensión en la diabetes tipo 2 se fundan en los resultados obtenidos en estudios longitudinales randomizados. AMBITO: El presente trabajo, basado sobre una búsqueda en el periodo 19902005 de la literatura MEDLINE, revisa los estudios randomizados con el objetivo de determinar cuales son las mejores estrategias terapéuticas en esta asociación mórbida. La mayoría de los pacientes requieren dos a cuatro drogas antihipertensivas para enlentecer la progresión de daño de órganos nobles. La elección inicial de las drogas a utilizar debería fundarse sobre la presencia o no de complicaciones en órganos blanco. En aquellos pacientes sin evidencias de complicaciones, el objetivo primario es alcanzar niveles de PA < 130/80 mm Hg., mas allá de las diferencias que existen entre las distintas clases de fármacos, mientras que en aquellos con afectaciones de órgano blanco se requiere mantener la PA en < 120/75 mm Hg.(AU)

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes and essential hypertension are the most common causes oi end-stage renal disease in Argentina. Over 887 organ transplantations performed in the year 2004, 577 were kidney transplants. In urban and rural populations hypertension was more prevalent in type 2 diabetics, in particular systolic hypertension, Outcome studies are used to measure clinically meaningful primary end points, such as mortality and cardiovascular morbidity. Our current knowledge of the effects of antihypertensive agents on cardiovascular risk in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes has been achieved fram subgroups included in large scale studies. SCOPE: The present study, based on a search of MEDLINE literature in the period 1990-2005, revised major randomised studies with the purpose of finding out which are the most advisable therapeutic strategies against this morbid association. The majority of patients require 2 to 4 antihypertensive medications to achive BP levels that correlate with diminished progression of target organ damages. Despite the advantages of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors the initial choice of medications should be based on the evidences of target organ damages. In those patients without any evidence of complications, fue primary goal seems to be achieving their BP to < 130/80 mm Hg beyond the differences among antihypertensive drugs classes, while in those with target organ damage evidences maintain BP < 120/75 mm Hg.(AU)

La hipertensión arterial en la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 ¿Cuáles son las mejores estrategias para lograr la nefroprotección? / Arterial hypertension in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Best strategies for renal protection

La hipertensión esencial y la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 son enfermedades interrelacionadas. Factores metabólicos y hemodinámicos conducen a la nefropatía diabética. La presencia de un alelo de un polimorfismo de inserción/supresión en el gen de la enzima convertidora ejercería un efecto protector contra la nefropatía. La hipertensión acelera la progresión de la nefropatía diabética, de allí la imperiosa necesidad de la detección temprana de la hipertensión y la pronta indicación no sólo de modificaciones en el estilo de vida sino también en el tratamiento farmacológico, que es mandatorio aún en aquellos con presión arterial normal-alta. Entre los cambios en el estilo de vida se destacan la restricción del consumo de sal a 6 g diarios, pues la mayoría de los diabéticos tipo 2 son sensibles a la sal. Se requiere un adecuado control de la glucemia y normalización de la hemoglobina glucosilada. El objetivo del tratamiento antihipertensivo es disminuir la presión arterial a <130/85 mm Hg si no hay microalbuminuria, o a 120/80 mm Hg si hay signos de nefropatía. Evidencias incontrovertibles demuestran que el bloqueo del sistema renina-angiotensina, ya sea con inhibidores de ECA o lo que pareciera aún más efectivo, con bloqueantes de receptores de angiotensina ll, constituye la mejor forma de reducir la progresión de la nefropatía. Ambos disminuyen la presión intraglomerular mejor que otras clases de drogas antihipertensivas...

La hipertensión arterial en la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 ¿Cuáles son las mejores estrategias para lograr la nefroprotección? / Arterial hypertension in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Best strategies for renal protection

La hipertensión esencial y la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 son enfermedades interrelacionadas. Factores metabólicos y hemodinámicos conducen a la nefropatía diabética. La presencia de un alelo de un polimorfismo de inserción/supresión en el gen de la enzima convertidora ejercería un efecto protector contra la nefropatía. La hipertensión acelera la progresión de la nefropatía diabética, de allí la imperiosa necesidad de la detección temprana de la hipertensión y la pronta indicación no sólo de modificaciones en el estilo de vida sino también en el tratamiento farmacológico, que es mandatorio aún en aquellos con presión arterial normal-alta. Entre los cambios en el estilo de vida se destacan la restricción del consumo de sal a 6 g diarios, pues la mayoría de los diabéticos tipo 2 son sensibles a la sal. Se requiere un adecuado control de la glucemia y normalización de la hemoglobina glucosilada. El objetivo del tratamiento antihipertensivo es disminuir la presión arterial a <130/85 mm Hg si no hay microalbuminuria, o a 120/80 mm Hg si hay signos de nefropatía. Evidencias incontrovertibles demuestran que el bloqueo del sistema renina-angiotensina, ya sea con inhibidores de ECA o lo que pareciera aún más efectivo, con bloqueantes de receptores de angiotensina ll, constituye la mejor forma de reducir la progresión de la nefropatía. Ambos disminuyen la presión intraglomerular mejor que otras clases de drogas antihipertensivas...(AU)

Hiperinsulinemia/resistencia a la insulina, monitoreo ambulatorio de la presión arterial y perfil lipídico en hipertensos normoponderales y obesos / Hyperinsulinemia/insulin resistance, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and lipid profile in lean and overweight hypertensives

Para determinar si el grado de sobrepeso afecta la relación insulinemia/presión arterial, se estudió una población de hipertensos esenciales varones, dividida en tres grupos de acuerdo con su índice de masa corporal (IMC) (alto, mediano y bajo). Se midió el índice antropométrico y se efectuó un monitoreo ambulatorio de presión arterial de 24 horas. Se realizó una prueba de tolerancia oral a la glucosa (PTOG) (75 g), determinando los niveles de insulinemia, glucemia y relación insulinemia/glucemia. Se efectuó un perfil lipídico. No hubo correlaciones significativas entre la presión arterial y los niveles de insulinemia. Los niveles de insulinemia durante la PTOG de los pacientes con IMC alto y mediano fueron más elevados que en los de bajo IMC. El grupo con IMC alto tuvo niveles de colesterol-HDL inferiores y de triglicéridos superiores a los del grupo con IMC bajo; la relación colesterol total/colesterol-HDL fue significativamente más elevada en el grupo con IMC alto que en el de IMC mediano. En el grupo total, los dippers tuvieron menor IMC, PAS casual, PAS y PAD promedios de 24 horas, PAS durante el día y producto FC-PAS promedio de 24 horas que en los non-dippers. El análisis de los resultados sugiere que la hipertensión arterial y el sobrepeso tienen efectos aditivos sobre la hiperinsulinemia/resistencia a la insulina, y que el sobrepeso se asocia con una menor caída nocturna de la presión arterial que la observada en los hipertensos normoponderales

Hiperinsulinemia/resistencia a la insulina, monitoreo ambulatorio de la presión arterial y perfil lipídico en hipertensos normoponderales y obesos / Hyperinsulinemia/insulin resistance, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and lipid profile in lean and overweight hypertensives

Para determinar si el grado de sobrepeso afecta la relación insulinemia/presión arterial, se estudió una población de hipertensos esenciales varones, dividida en tres grupos de acuerdo con su índice de masa corporal (IMC) (alto, mediano y bajo). Se midió el índice antropométrico y se efectuó un monitoreo ambulatorio de presión arterial de 24 horas. Se realizó una prueba de tolerancia oral a la glucosa (PTOG) (75 g), determinando los niveles de insulinemia, glucemia y relación insulinemia/glucemia. Se efectuó un perfil lipídico. No hubo correlaciones significativas entre la presión arterial y los niveles de insulinemia. Los niveles de insulinemia durante la PTOG de los pacientes con IMC alto y mediano fueron más elevados que en los de bajo IMC. El grupo con IMC alto tuvo niveles de colesterol-HDL inferiores y de triglicéridos superiores a los del grupo con IMC bajo; la relación colesterol total/colesterol-HDL fue significativamente más elevada en el grupo con IMC alto que en el de IMC mediano. En el grupo total, los dippers tuvieron menor IMC, PAS casual, PAS y PAD promedios de 24 horas, PAS durante el día y producto FC-PAS promedio de 24 horas que en los non-dippers. El análisis de los resultados sugiere que la hipertensión arterial y el sobrepeso tienen efectos aditivos sobre la hiperinsulinemia/resistencia a la insulina, y que el sobrepeso se asocia con una menor caída nocturna de la presión arterial que la observada en los hipertensos normoponderales (AU)