Effect of music therapy on anxiety and depression in patients with Alzheimer's type dementia: randomised, controlled study.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Numerous studies have indicated the value of music therapy in the management of patients with Alzheimer's disease. A recent pilot study demonstrated the feasibility and usefulness of a new music therapy technique. The aim of this controlled, randomised study was to assess the effects of this new music therapy technique on anxiety and depression in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer-type dementia. METHODS: This was a single-centre, comparative, controlled, randomised study, with blinded assessment of its results. The duration of follow-up was 24 weeks. The treated group (n = 15) participated in weekly sessions of individual, receptive music therapy. The musical style of the session was chosen by the patient. The validated 'U' technique was employed. The control group (n = 15) participated under the same conditions in reading sessions. The principal endpoint, measured at weeks 1, 4, 8, 16 and 24, was the level of anxiety (Hamilton Scale). Changes in the depression score (Geriatric Depression Scale) were also analyzed as a secondary endpoint. RESULTS: Significant improvements in anxiety (p < 0.01) and depression (p < 0.01) were observed in the music therapy group as from week 4 and until week 16. The effect of music therapy was sustained for up to 8 weeks after the discontinuation of sessions between weeks 16 and 24 (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: These results confirm the valuable effect of music therapy on anxiety and depression in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. This new music therapy technique is simple to implement and can easily be integrated in a multidisciplinary programme for the management of Alzheimer's disease.

Rabies virus glycoprotein pseudotyping of lentiviral vectors enables retrograde axonal transport and access to the nervous system after peripheral delivery.

In this report it is demonstrated for the first time that rabies-G envelope of the rabies virus is sufficient to confer retrograde axonal transport to a heterologous virus/vector. After delivery of rabies-G pseudotyped equine infectious anaemia virus (EIAV) based vectors encoding a marker gene to the rat striatum, neurons in regions distal from but projecting to the injection site, such as the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta, become transduced. This retrograde transport to appropriate distal neurons was also demonstrated after delivery to substantia nigra, hippocampus and spinal cord and did not occur when vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV-G) pseudotyped vectors were delivered to these sites. In addition, peripheral administration of rabies-G pseudotyped vectors to the rat gastrocnemius muscle leads to gene transfer in motoneurons of lumbar spinal cord. In contrast the same vector pseudotyped with VSV-G transduced muscle cells surrounding the injection site, but did not result in expression in any cells in the spinal cord. Long-term expression was observed after gene transfer in the nervous system and a minimal immune response which, together with the possibility of non-invasive administration, greatly extends the utility of lentiviral vectors for gene therapy of human neurological disease.

Clinical neurophysiology and electrodiagnostic testing of the pelvic floor.

This article summarizes our current understanding of the neuroanatomy and neurophysiology of the pelvic floor. The electrodiagnostic evaluation of the pelvic floor muscles and external anal sphincter, including pudendal nerve conduction studies, sacral reflexes, and needs EMG is presented. The discussion reviews the test methodology, the strengths and limitations of each test, and their clinical utility. The authors have tried to critically review the objective evidence to support the use of electrodiagnostic tests in the evaluation and management of pelvic floor disorders. The reader will have a better understanding of the rationale, methodology, clinical utility, and potential pitfalls for each of the commonly used neurophysiological tests of the pelvic floor.

Urethral sphincter needle electromyography in women: comparison of periurethral and transvaginal approaches.

Needle electromyography (EMG) of the striated urethral sphincter is the only technique that permits detection of individual motor unit action potentials (MUAPs) and is a valuable diagnostic tool in the evaluation of women with urinary incontinence and voiding disorders. The purpose of this study was to compare two methods of urethral needle EMG with respect to the number of MUAPs identified, the amount of patient discomfort, and the duration of the examination. Twenty consecutive women referred for electrodiagnostic testing to evaluate symptoms of urinary incontinence and/or voiding dysfunction underwent both methods of the needle examination in a prospective randomized cross-over study design with each patient acting as her own control. A full cross-over analysis was conducted to detect period and sequence effects using analysis of variance with a power of 0.85 and a significance level of P < 0.05. Twice as many MUAPs were identified using the periurethral approach (8.8 versus 3.9) with a mean difference of 5.0 (P=0.0008). There was a non-significant trend to greater patient discomfort with the periurethral approach; however, the discomfort was generally rated as mild to moderate. The length of time required to count all identifiable MUAPs did not vary significantly between the two methods. We conclude that the periurethral approach is superior to the transvaginal approach with respect to the quantity of electrodiagnostic information obtained and propose that this method be standardized to characterize more accurately the neurogenic component of urinary incontinence and voiding dysfunction for future electrodiagnostic studies.

LARD: a new lymphoid-specific death domain containing receptor regulated by alternative pre-mRNA splicing.

Fas and TNF-R1 are cysteine-rich cell surface receptors related to the low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor family. Engagement of these receptors by their respective ligands, FasL and tumor necrosis factor, leads to apoptosis that is signaled through a conserved intracellular portion of the receptor termed the "death domain." We have cloned a new member of this family, lymphocyte-associated receptor of death (LARD), which leads to spontaneous apoptosis when expressed in 293T cells. The expression of LARD is more tightly regulated than that of either Fas or TNF-R1 as it is found predominantly on lymphocytes (T and B cells) but not on macrophages or a number of transformed lymphocyte cell lines. Alternative pre-mRNA splicing generates at least 11 distinct isoforms of LARD. The full-length isoform, LARD-1, extends to include the transmembrane and death domains, whereas the other isoforms encode potentially secreted molecules. Naive B and T cells express very little LARD-1 but express combinations of the other isoforms. Upon T cell activation, a programmed change in alternative splicing occurs so that the full-length, membrane-bound LARD-1 predominates. This may have implications for the control of lymphocyte proliferation following activation.

Epidemiology of surgically managed pelvic organ prolapse and urinary incontinence.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of surgically managed pelvic organ prolapse and urinary incontinence in a population-based cohort, and to describe their clinical characteristics. METHODS: Our retrospective cohort study included all patients undergoing surgical treatment for prolapse and incontinence during 1995; all were members of Kaiser Permanente Northwest, which included 149,554 women age 20 or older. A standardized data-collection form was used to review all inpatient and outpatient charts of the 395 women identified. Variables examined included age, ethnicity, height, weight, vaginal parity, smoking history, medical history, and surgical history, including the preoperative evaluation, procedure performed, and details of all prior procedures. Analysis included calculation of age-specific and cumulative incidences and determination of the number of primary operations compared with repeat operations performed for prolapse or incontinence. RESULTS: The age-specific incidence increased with advancing age. The lifetime risk of undergoing a single operation for prolapse or incontinence by age 80 was 11.1%. Most patients were older, postmenopausal, parous, and overweight. Nearly half were current or former smokers and one-fifth had chronic lung disease. Reoperation was common (29.2% of cases), and the time intervals between repeat procedures decreased with each successive repair. CONCLUSION: Pelvic floor dysfunction is a major health issue for older women, as shown by the 11.1% lifetime risk of undergoing a single operation for pelvic organ prolapse and urinary incontinence, as well as the large proportion of reoperations. Our results warrant further epidemiologic research in order to determine the etiology, natural history, and long-term treatment outcomes of these conditions.

Polarization in Cary model 14 spectrophotometers and its effect on transmittance measurements of anisotropic materials.

Cary model 14 spectrophotometers like other prism and grating instruments have polarization characteristics that affect the transmittance values of anisotropic or dichroic materials. In the uv, the degree of polarization is fairly constant from 3000 A to 4000 A, whereas in the visible, it shows some variation with wavelength. In the near ir, the variation of the degree of polarization with wavelength is large, showing sharply defined maxima at approximately 0.77 micro, 0.97 micro, and 1.27 micro. The spectral transmittance of optical quality sapphire, a uniaxial crystal, cut at 45 degrees , 60 degrees , and 90 degrees to the c axis, showed undulations for certain orientations of the privileged directions.

Measurements of infrared fluorescence of certain optical materials as stimulated by visible light.

Some ir transmitting materials fluoresce in the near ir spectral region when they are stimulated by visible light. An investigation of twenty-three different optical materials that might be used as elements in ir samples revealed that thirteen of these materials fluoresced to some degree. Quantitative measurements of the fluorescence were made by irradiating disks of the materials on one side with 0.2-W of visible light and measuring the radiance of the other side. Spectral measurements of the fluorescence of some of the samples were also made by use of bandpass interference filters. This fluorescence is of interest in instances where it might diminish the image contrast in instruments or adversely influence calibration.