Obtaining the best temperature parameters for co-carbonization of lignite (yatagan)-biomass (peach seed shell) by structural characterization.

In this study, Yatagan lignite (YL) and peach kernel shells (PKS) were originally taken separately and in a 1: 1 ratio by weight. Experiments were carried out in a 3-zone heated cylindrical furnace in a steel reactor. Structural characterization of all the solid products obtained was made by FTIR, XRD, and SEM analysis. When the FTIR and XRD spectra of the raw samples are examined, it is seen that they are rich in functional groups. It is seen that the PKS has aliphatic and aromatic structures and cellulosic structure -OH stresses (3500 cm-1). The sharp peak around 2918 cm-1 in Yatagan lignite belongs to the aliphatic C-H stretch. In the XRD spectrum, it is seen that both structures are largely amorphous. The raw PKS contains 3 different amorphous macromolecular structures. Yatagan lignite, on the other hand, contains crystalline peaks of clay and inorganic structures, depending on the ash content, as well as the amorphous structure. As the temperature increases depending on the carbonization temperature, as seen in the FTIR spectrum, the peaks of the functional groups decrease and disappear with the disruption of small macromolecular structures. As a result of the structural adjustment with the temperature increase, M-O-M peaks around 1000 cm-1 remain due to the aromatic C-H stretching and ash content. The paper centers around test assurance of operating temperatures in the consuming layer during co-carbonization. It is obtained that 800 °C is the best temperature condition for the co-carbonization process. It has been concluded that the chars obtained as a result of pyrolysis will be used as a solid fuel in both environmental (the lowest sulfur content) and economic (400 °C) sense. However, the fact that it has a very low sulfur content with the increase in the liquid and gas efficiency obtained at high temperatures again proves the production of an environmentally friendly liquid fuel.

Graphene quantum dots prepared from dried lemon leaves and microcrystalline mosaic structure.

There are the smallest structural units (carbon and/or quantum dots) in the structure of living plants. This carbon and/or quantum dots are stem cells of plants.

Genotoxic effects of sulfur dioxide in human lymphocytes.

Sulfur dioxide (SO2), which is used as food preservative in apricot sulfurization and several fabricated foods, is a common air pollutant. The aim of this study was to reveal the possible genotoxic effects of SO2 using in vitro human lymphocytes. The different endpoints of genotoxicity: sister chromatid exchange (SCE), micronuclei (MN) tests and cell growth kinetics such as mitotic index (MI) and replication index (RI) were studied. The cells were treated with 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 ppm concentrations of SO2. It was shown that SO2 caused significant increases in the frequency of SCE and MN in the middle and high dosage groups and also induced mitotic delays and decreased MI and RI. In conclusion, the results have confirmed that SO2 has potent mutagenicity and it can cause genetic damage leading to a malignancy.

The effect of regular exercise and massage on oxidant and antioxidant parameters.

This experimental study aimed to determine the effects of the combined application of regular exercises and massage on the values of Malondialdehyde (MDA), Nitric Oxide (NOx), Glutathione (GSH), Adenosine Deaminase (ADA) and Superoxide Dismutase (SOD). Twenty five sedentary women (32-50 years) who did not have the habit of getting regularly massages or exercising and participated voluntarily in the study. The subjects were randomly separated into three groups: control group (CG, n = 9), exercise group (EG, n = 8), and massage and exercise group (MEG, n = 8). The basic result of this study was that a statistically significant decrease was observed in the post-test MDA values of both EG and MEG subjects. Moreover, when the GSH and SOD values are compared to CG, a statistically significant increase was determined in the values of both EG and MEG. As a result, the findings show that regular physical activities and massage manipulations significantly decrease MDA, increase SOD and GSH activities, and result in no change in NOx and ADA activities supports the assumption that regular physical activity has positive health effects.

Kinetics of adsorption of dyes from aqueous solution using activated carbon prepared from waste apricot.

Adsorbent (WA11Zn5) has been prepared from waste apricot by chemical activation with ZnCl(2). Pore properties of the activated carbon such as BET surface area, pore volume, pore size distribution, and pore diameter were characterized by N(2) adsorption and DFT plus software. Adsorption of three dyes, namely, Methylene Blue (MB), Malachite Green (MG), Crystal Violet (CV), onto activated carbon in aqueous solution was studied in a batch system with respect to contact time, temperature. The kinetics of adsorption of MB, MG and CV have been discussed using six kinetic models, i.e., the pseudo-first-order model, the pseudo-second-order model, the Elovich equation, the intraparticle diffusion model, the Bangham equation, the modified Freundlich equation. Kinetic parameters and correlation coefficients were determined. It was shown that the second-order kinetic equation could describe the adsorption kinetics for three dyes. The dyes uptake process was found to be controlled by external mass transfer at earlier stages (before 5 min) and by intraparticle diffusion at later stages (after 5 min). Thermodynamic parameters, such as DeltaG, DeltaH and DeltaS, have been calculated by using the thermodynamic equilibrium coefficient obtained at different temperatures and concentrations. The thermodynamics of dyes-WA11Zn5 system indicates endothermic process.

Environmental exposure to asbestos in eastern Turkey.

In this study, the authors investigated the prevalence of asbestos-related disorders among the inhabitants of Güzelyurt, a town in Malatya, located in eastern Turkey. The authors examined river bed, white soil, and stucco samples taken from various locales in Güzelyurt, and they confirmed the presence of tremolite and chrysotile asbestos fibers. Subjects (N = 920; 449 males and 471 females) were examined by photofluoroscopy. Eighty-five patients (9.2%) had asbestos-related radiological findings; risk increased with age. Calcified pleural plaques were seen more frequently in individuals > or = 50 yr of age, compared with younger subjects (p < 0.01). Asbestos-related disorders were prevalent in the inhabitants of Güzelyurt, the population of which is exposed environmentally to asbestos--primarily the result of the stuccoing and whitewashing of houses with soil that contains asbestos.