Radionuclide migration modeling through the soil-plant system as adapted for Hungarian environment.

The migration of radionuclides released as fallout through the food-chain to humans was modelled using the MODELMAKER software. In the established dynamic environmental transfer model ETM-2002 with compartmental structure, the principal pathways of vegetable contamination were studied specifically for the Hungarian environment. These pathways were: direct deposition on plant surface, root uptake and deposition after resuspension from the soil surface. As result of the modeling the variation of activity-concentration with time was obtained in the compartments. The validation of the model was done by comparing the calculated results with those obtained in field experiments. A sensitivity analysis of the input parameters was also carried out and the parameters were categorized by their sensitivity index (SI). According to this study, the most sensitive parameters are the daily human intake of vegetable, the distribution coefficient, the transfer factor from soil to plant and the weathering half-time. The most probable distribution types for the parameter values were also determined based on Monte Carlo simulations.

Evaluation of a model for leaf to fruit transfer of radionuclides in processing tomato plants using an independent set of data.

Because of their varied possibilities of consumption, tomatoes are an important component of the human diet. This paper presents results of the evaluation of a dynamic model (Ventomod) for the short-term behaviour of radionuclides deposited on tomato plants following a direct contamination event. To check its forecasting capability in assessing the risk of radionuclide contamination of the human diet, it has been tested with an independent dataset on the leaf to fruit transfer of 134Cs in a typical Hungarian tomato variety, "Dwarf of Kecskemet". Data obtained from this pot experiment were used to evaluate model behaviour. Model constants were varied according to the differences between the Hungarian dataset and the one used to calibrate it. Results show that the model output well reproduces the observed activity of fruits for various levels of contamination and at different contamination dates. The main part of this report summarises the experimental protocol, compares the experimental results with model predictions generated by Ventomod and makes recommendations for both updating model parameters and undertaking further experimental work.

A validation study for the transport of 134Cs to strawberry.

The paper presents results on model validation by field experiment for transport of 134Cs to strawberry. The transfer of 134Cs to herbaceous plants was investigated following a wet deposition after an acute release during 2000. Leaf-to-fruit, soil-to-fruit and direct fruit pathways were examined. The available meteorological and local soil information together with the experimental data were taken into account by the model RUVFRU. The processes are described by first order differential equations. In the case of foliar contamination scenarios measured and calculated results for fruit are in good agreement. However, the results of soil contamination scenarios provide large differences of up to three orders of magnitude between model predictions and experimental values for either fruit or other parts of the plant. The bias could be explained by the underestimation of the interception of the plant at the beginning of the season, in the soil contamination scenario. The model output permits prompt assessment of emergency situations and provides aid making decisions concerning mitigation of the consequences of the accident.

Trace metal levels in freshwater fish, sediment and water.

The trace metal concentrations in water, sediment and aquatic organisms, such as fish, could indicate the level and tendency of the pollution. This is important not only for the protection of the environment, but for evaluation of the quality of fish meat either captured from natural waters or cultured in fishponds. The total trace metal concentrations in samples of fish from different regions of Hungary and from different species have been determined by using an X-ray fluorescence technique (EDXRF). Water, sediment and fish samples from fishpond systems with different feeding and stocking has also been analyzed. In the case of zinc contents, differences have been traced between the cultured and wild common carp. In the case of common carp reared under different feeding conditions, differences were also observed in the zinc concentration. The retention of the trace metals in the fish has been studied by measuring the levels in sediment, water and feed. The different retention can be explained by the different availability of zinc in the applied feeds, which can be related to the presence of different metal species in the feeds.