Low-Volume High-Intensity Interval Training as a Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes.

Our purpose was to investigate the effects of low-volume, high-intensity interval training (HIT) on cardiometabolic risk and exercise capacity in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Sedentary overweight/obese T2DM women (age=44.5±1.8 years; BMI=30.5±0.6 kg/m(2)) were randomly assigned to a tri-weekly running-based HIT program (n=13) or non-exercise control follow-up (CON; n=10). Glycemic control, lipid and blood pressure levels, endurance performance, and anthropometry were measured before and after the follow-up (16 weeks) in both groups. Medication intake was also assessed throughout the follow-up. Improvements (P<0.05) on fasting glucose (14.3±1.4%), HbA1c (12.8±1.1%), systolic blood pressure (3.7±0.5 mmHg), HDL-cholesterol (21.1±2.8%), triglycerides (17.7±2.8%), endurance performance (9.8±1.0%), body weight (2.2±0.3%), BMI (2.1±0.3%), waist circumference (4.0±0.5%) and subcutaneous fat (18.6±1.4%) were found after HIT intervention. Patients of HIT group also showed reductions in daily dosage of antihyperglycemic and antihypertensive medication during follow-up. No changes were found in any variable of CON group. The HIT-induced improvements occurred with a weekly time commitment 56-25% lower than the minimal recommended in current guidelines. These findings suggest that low-volume HIT may be a time-efficient intervention to treat T2DM women.

Gestational hypothyroidism increases the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in adult offspring.

BACKGROUND: Maternal thyroid hormones play a fundamental role in appropriate fetal development during gestation. Offspring that have been gestated under maternal hypothyroidism suffer cognitive impairment. Thyroid hormone deficiency during gestation can significantly impact the central nervous system by altering the migration, differentiation, and function of neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes. Given that gestational hypothyroidism alters the immune cell ratio in offspring, it is possible that this condition could result in higher sensitivity for the development of autoimmune diseases. METHODS: Adult mice gestated under hypothyroidism were induced with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Twenty-one days after EAE induction, the disease score, myelin content, immune cell infiltration, and oligodendrocyte death were evaluated. RESULTS: We observed that mice gestated under hypothyroidism showed higher EAE scores after disease induction during adulthood compared to mice gestated in euthyroidism. In addition, spinal cord sections of mice gestated under hypothyroidism that suffered EAE in adulthood showed higher demyelination, CD4(+) and CD8(+) infiltration, and increased oligodendrocyte death. CONCLUSIONS: These results show for the first time that a deficiency in maternal thyroid hormones during gestation can influence the outcome of a central nervous system inflammatory disease, such as EAE, in their offspring. These data strongly support evaluating thyroid hormones in pregnant women and treating hypothyroidism during pregnancy to prevent increased susceptibility to inflammatory diseases in the central nervous system of offspring.

Past, present and future of newborn screening in Chile.

The history of the Newborn Screening Program in Chile begins in 1984, when a pilot plan was developed that demonstrated the feasibility of its implementation. In 1992, the Ministry of Health started a national newborn screening program for phenylketonuria (PKU) and congenital hypothyroidism (CH), and in 1998, this was extended to the entire country. Throughout this period, a total of 2,478,123 newborns (NB) have been analyzed, obtaining initial coverage of 48.8%, which was later increased to 87.7%, and at present it is at 98.7% of all NB of our country. During this period, 131 cases with PKU have been diagnosed, resulting in an incidence of 1:18,916 NB, an average age of diagnosis of 18 ± 10.2 days and average phenylalanine level of 19,9 ± 8.8 mg/dl. In relation to CH, 783 cases have been confirmed, arriving at an incidence of 1:3,163 NB, with average age of diagnosis of 12.5 ± 6.9 days. Due to the good results of the program, the government is evaluating the initiation of an extended pilot program, to introduce other pathologies.

Ganglio centinela en cáncer de cuello uterino inicial: [revisión] / Sentinel lymph node in early cervical cancer: [review]

La determinación del primer ganglio que drena un tumor, denominado ganglio centinela (GC), permite su estudio selectivo, resultado que puede reducir las linfadenectomías cuando este ganglio resulta ser un adecuado predictor del estado ganglionar regional. Con ésta técnica diagnóstica, el estudio histopatológico de los ganglios se realiza con micro disección e inmunohistoquímica eventual de uno o 2 ganglios centinelas ganglios v/s un promedio de 18 ganglios de una linfadenectomía pelviana sistemática tradicional, estudiada con bisección y tinción clásica con hematoxilina eosina (gold standard).Entre un 16 por ciento a 18 por ciento de las pacientes en estadio IA2-IB1, presentan compromiso ganglionar las cuales se beneficiarían de ésta técnica diagnóstica al evitarse una linfadenectomía pelviana sistemática y eventualmente una histerectomía radical, dado que la presencia de metástasis ganglionares, tiene indicación de radioquimioterapia complementaria con similar control de la enfermedad, menor morbilidad y reducción de costos sanitarios. Por otro lado el 82 por ciento a 84 por ciento de pacientes sin compromiso ganglionar pueden verse favorecidas, si el test demuestra un valor predictivo negativo alto, con una tasa de falsos negativos menor al 5 por ciento, con lo cual el tratamiento podría quedar reducido a una histerectomía radical . Los datos publicados para casos de cáncer de cervix inicial, demuestran que este test ejecutado con técnica mixta, tiene una frecuencia de detección del93-97 por ciento, sensibilidad de 92-96 por ciento, un valor predictivo negativo de 96 por ciento, y tasa de Falsos Negativos cercano al 2 por ciento.

The determination of the first node to drain a tumor, called sentinel lymph node, allows its selective study, result that can reduce the linfadenectomies when this lymph node proves to be a proper predictor of the state regional lymph node. With this one diagnostic technology, the histopathology study is more comprehensive, when looking at fewer nodes (1 or 2) with nodal micro dissection and temporary employee immunohistochemistry v / s an average of 18 nodes in a systematic pelvic lymphadenectomy with traditional bisection and classic staining (goldstandard). Near 16 percent to 18 percent percent of the patients in stadium IA2-IB1, presented node involvement which would benefit from this diagnostic technique to avoid the pelvic lymphadenectomy and eventually a radical hysterectomy, given that the presence of lymph nodal metastasis is an indication of complementary radio chemotherapy with similar control of the disease, child morbidity and reducing health care costs. On the other hand 82 to 84 percent of patients without commitment lymphnode, may be favoured, if the test demonstrate a negative predictive value high, with a rate of false-negative less of 5 percent, with what the treatment could be reduced to a radical hysterectomy only.The data published for the cases of early cervical cancer, show that this test executed with mixed media, has a frequency of detection of 93-97 percent, sensitivity of 92-96 percent, a negative predictive value of 96 per cent, and rate of false-negative near to 2 percent.

Maternal hypothyroxinemia impairs spatial learning and synaptic nature and function in the offspring.

Neurological deficits in the offspring caused by human maternal hypothyroxinemia are thought to be irreversible. To understand the mechanism responsible for these neurological alterations, we induced maternal hypothyroxinemia in pregnant rats. Behavior and synapse function were evaluated in the offspring of thyroid hormone-deficient rats. Our data indicate that, when compared with controls, hypothyroxinemic mothers bear litters that, in adulthood, show prolonged latencies during the learning process in the water maze test. Impaired learning capacity caused by hypothyroxinemia was consistent with cellular and molecular alterations, including: 1) lack of increase of phosphorylated c-fos on the second day of the water maze test; 2) impaired induction of long-term potentiation in response to theta-burst stimulation to the Schaffer collateral pathway in the area 1 of the hippocampus Ammon's horn stratum radiatum, despite normal responses for input/output experiments; 3) increase of postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95), N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor subunit 1, and tyrosine receptor kinase B levels in brain extracts; and 4) significant increase of PSD-95 at the PSDs and failure of this molecule to colocalize with N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor subunit 1, as it was shown by control rats. Our findings suggest that maternal hypothyroxinemia is a harmful condition for the offspring that can affect key molecular components for synaptic function and spatial learning.

Características de cepas chilenas de Pyrenochaeta lycopersici y perspectivas de control biológico / Characteristics of chilean Pyrenochaeta lycopersici strains and perspectives of biological control

Raíz corchosa es una de las principales enfermedades que afecta al cultivo de tomate que se produce bajo invernadero frío en Chile. En esta investigación se entregan antecedentes referentes a las principales características reproductivas de su agente causal, Pyrenochaeta lycopersici, como: picnidios, conidióforos y conidios. Ademßs, antecedentes sobre la estrategia de control biológico de esta enfermedad. En base a estudios preliminares, se determinó a Trichoderma harzianum, como el taxa mßs promisorio (según cultivos duales). Se caracterizaron cepas de ambas especies de acuerdo a crecimiento micelial a diferentes temperaturas, pH, y salinidad (NaCl). Finalmente, se efectuó un ensayo bajo condiciones controladas de invernadero, destacßndose la cepa Th11 como la mßs promisoria en el biocontrol de este patógeno.

[Renovascular hypertension and abdominal bruit in a case: has its interpretation modified technology?]. / Hipertensión renovascular y soplo abdominal en un caso: ha modificado la tecnología su interpretación?

A lateral abdominal bruit is considered an important finding for the detection of renovascular hypertension. However, the precision and accuracy of new techniques such as angiography, Doppler ultrasound and studies with radioisotopes have changed its value and clinical interpretation. We report a 75 years old woman with a bilateral renal artery stenosis in whom a bruit was heard over the artery that did not contribute to the genesis of hypertension and the significant arterial stenosis causing hypertension was silent. This particular situation could lead to erroneous clinical decisions.

Influencia de la talla materna sobre el crecimiento fetal / Influence of the maternal stature on the intrauterine growth

Un estudio prospectivo de crecimiento fetal se ha realizado en los últimos 10 años. Damos cuenta en este trabajo de la influencia de la talla materna y de la curva de Crecimiento Intrauterino (CIU) obtenida. Métodos: Enrolamiento de Recién Nacidos (RN) vivos, seleccionados sin factores de retardo de crecimiento intrauterino. Técnicas antropométricas controladas. Resultados: 10.615 madres presentan una talla 158 cm ñ 5,7 cm ( x ñ DE). Fueron divididas en 3 grupos: 2.128 con talla > 163 cm, 6.549 con talla 153-162 y 1.938 con talla < 152. Los 3 grupos tuvieron recién nacidos con peso, talla circunferencia craneana y edad gestacional significativamente relacionados en forma directa a la talla materna. Test de hipótesis para promedios: p < 0,01. El índice ponderal no fue influido por la talla materna. Novecientos cuarenta y cuatro madres de talla baja tuvieron recién nacidos adecuados a la edad gestacional, que se compararon a 944 RN AEG con peso de nacimiento pareado y cuyas madres tenían talla normal. Los recién nacidos de las madres bajas tuvieron mayor riesgo de Apgar < 7 al min. y de meconio en líquido amniótico, riesgo atribuible a las condiciones obstétricas. Conclusiones : La talla materna influye significativamente sobre el peso, talla y circunferencia craneana de nacimiento. No hubo diferencia de morbilidad neonatal a un mismo peso de nacimiento. Por lo tanto, es apropiado tomar en cuenta la talla materna en la clasificación del recién nacido. Los pesos de nacimiento obtenidos en este estudio son similares a los comunicados por otros autores chilenos. Estos recién nacidos se consideran representativos del recién nacido chileno y la Sociedad Chilena de Pediatría ha aprobado el uso de esta curva a nivel nacional